德钦—维西地区地貌特征及其对构造活动的响应

基于ASTER GDEM 30 m数据,使用ArcGIS空间分析模块提取了德钦—维西地区流域盆地范围,得到了德钦—维西地区亚流域盆地及主要次级流域盆地面积-高程积分(HI)值,获得990个亚流域盆地HI等值分区及12个主要次级流域盆地HI曲线。结果表明：阿东河、东水河和三岔河3个次级流域盆地HI曲线呈微凸型,处于地貌演化的幼年期,其它9个次级流域盆地HI曲线呈S型,处于壮年期。研究区HI值表现为北高南低趋势,HI低值条带的展布方向与研究区活动构造的延伸方向基本一致;HI高值主要分布于断裂带两侧及构造交会区域。研究区地貌演化的主控因素是构造活动,岩性和气候影响不明显,地貌对区内构造活动具有很好的响应关系。     

丽江-小金河断裂南、中段地貌特征及构造指示意义

丽江-小金河断裂位于青藏高原东南缘，是川滇菱形块体内重要的次级边界断裂。构造活动对区域河流水系的发育有重要影响，因此，定量研究水系地貌特征可在一定程度上反映区域内构造活动信息。本文采用地形坡度、地形起伏度、面积-高程积分值（HI）等地貌参数研究沿该断裂区域地貌对构造活动的响应。研究发现，断裂北侧坡度和地形起伏度较断裂南侧高，跨断裂4级流域盆地内亚流域盆地面积-高程积分值变化也指示断裂北侧流域成熟度低于断裂南侧，这反映了丽江-小金河断裂存在一定逆冲分量。     

龙门山中北段流域地貌特征及其构造意义

龙门山中北段位于青藏高原东缘，该区作为高原向东扩展的前缘部位，其地形与河流水系的演化记录了高原隆升与挤压扩展及其气候环境效应的各种信息。龙门山中北段构造活动有明显差异，从中段逆冲为主转化为北段的走滑为主，本文采用定量化地貌参数从构造地貌的角度揭示了区域构造活动的差异。龙门山中北段地貌因子（坡度、地形起伏度和条带状剖面）的阶梯状分布特点，显示了高原扩展的逆冲推覆特征，在中央断裂处构造抬升作用最强，同时显示出了南北向构造活动减弱的趋势，由中段的逆冲转换为北段逆冲兼走滑的形式。北川-映秀断裂两侧流域的HI值也显示了断裂上盘高、下盘低、沿走向减弱的趋势。综合分析认为，本区构造活动是地貌演化的主控因素，龙门山中北段地形存在差异，北川-映秀断裂两侧的小流域地貌指数分析显示，构造抬升活动自南向北减弱，中段以逆冲为主，北段为逆冲兼走滑。     

福建沿海地区流域盆地的面积-高程积分特征及其新构造指示意义

基于ASTER GDEM V2数据,提取福建沿海地区主要的水系网络和流域盆地,计算亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分值(HI值),以分析区内流域地貌与新构造运动的响应关系。结果表明,HI值从沿海向内陆呈条带状逐渐递减,与本区NW向主要断裂带的活动特征和小震活动分布特征具有较好的一致性,这也可能是区内向内陆地区方向受到台湾岛动力触角的影响逐渐减弱的原因。同时南海盆地打开的裂谷扩张和太平洋板块向东俯冲过程的博弈结果在福建沿海地区的流域地貌中也得到了比较充分的反映。     

青海达日断裂中段构造活动与地貌发育的响应关系探讨

青海达日地区发育了多条晚第四纪活动断裂带,以NW—NNW向和近SN向为主。通过航卫片解译和野外实地调查发现,达日断裂中段晚第四纪新活动性尤为显著,其性质以左旋走滑为主,至今部分地段仍保存了清晰的1947年达日7级地震地表破裂带,其破裂样式具有分段性和多样性,反映了局部构造应力的差异。达日地区作为典型的活动构造区,是研究新构造运动与地貌响应的理想场所。因此,文中采用ASTER GDEM V2数据提取了该地区的水系网络和亚流域盆地参数,计算了亚流域盆地面积-高程积分曲线和积分值(HI值),讨论了其构造活动性及地貌响应的关系。区内黄河的6个亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分曲线形态分析结果表明,这6个亚流域盆地均处于地貌演化阶段的"壮年期",其演化过程表现出很好的同步性,反映了区域性构造隆升或沉降作用的总体结果。而且,区内亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分值(HI值)分布特征表明,HI低值分布与第四纪断陷盆地和河谷盆地范围相一致,反映了局部不同构造沉降和侵蚀作用的结果;HI高值则主要出现在达日地震地表破裂带由NWW向NW转向的部位,以及早侏罗世与晚三叠世花岗闪长岩体分布的地方,也很好地反映了局部构造作用的变化和地层岩性的差异。     

涪江流域河流地貌特征对虎牙断裂带活动性的响应

青藏高原东缘岷山东边界的虎牙断裂带强震频发,但因第四系保留有限,目前对于该断裂的活动性仍认识不清。而基岩山区河流地貌与活动构造关系研究发现,河流地貌特征能够很好地记录构造活动信息。虎牙断裂带横跨涪江流域,这为通过河流地貌研究虎牙断裂的活动特征提供了条件。文中选择涪江流域SRTM 30m精度数字高程模型(DEM)数据,利用GIS技术提取了涪江流域坡度(slope)、局部起伏度(local relief)、标准化陡峭指数(ksn)、面积-高程积分值(HI)等地貌指数,并对跨虎牙断裂带小流域盆地的平均陡峭指数(ks)和面积-高程积分值进行对比,结合野外调查、岩性、降水与现代侵蚀速率等特征,分析讨论了涪江流域地貌特征与虎牙断裂带活动特征的关系。研究表明:1)涪江流域基本处于稳态状况,区内仅有跨雪山断裂带的河道剖面显示明显的裂点,其余跨断裂河道剖面无明显裂点存在;2)虎牙断裂带两侧地貌指数差异明显,整体上表现为西高东低,这应与虎牙断裂的逆断活动有关;3)断裂两侧的小流域地貌指数差异分析表明,沿虎牙断裂带自北向南抬升作用逐渐增强,反映了虎牙断裂带北段以走滑为主,南段以逆断为主。该研究有助于提高对青藏高原东缘隆升变形机制的理解。     

祁连山西段疏勒河流域地貌特征及其构造意义

疏勒河流域盆地位于祁连山西段,跨越了该区多条不同方向和不同性质的活动断裂带,其所呈现的地貌特征反映了该区最新构造活动的信息。文中基于GIS空间分析技术,利用SRTM-3数字高程模型(DEM)数据,系统提取了疏勒河流域及其4个亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分曲线、疏勒河水系的Hack剖面以及河流坡降指标(SL),并对整个流域地形做了坡谱分析,获得了疏勒河流域的地貌特征。研究表明,疏勒河的流域地貌发育受到该区的阿尔金断裂、昌马断裂、托勒南山断裂以及疏勒南山断裂等强烈构造活动和区域岩性差异的影响,坡度以0°~35°的区段为主;整个流域盆地处于河流发育的"壮年期";构造活动是造成河流纵剖面发生改变的最主要因素,局部河段同时还受到岩性因素的控制和影响。这表明在活跃的造山带内部,河流地貌的发育过程中,活动断裂的构造作用是重要的控制因素。     

祁连山—河西走廊黑河流域地貌特征及其构造意义

采用定量化的地貌因子研究区域构造活动及其演化已成为构造地貌学的一种常用手段。祁连山—河西走廊位于青藏高原东北部边缘,是高原向NE方向挤压扩展的前缘部位,该区河流水系的地貌发育过程记录了高原隆升与挤压扩展及其气候环境效应的重要信息。位于祁连山北部山前的黑河流域向N穿过河西走廊和北山地区,其河流地貌的发育与祁连山的构造隆升直接相关。基于诸多地貌因子(面积-高程积分、地貌信息熵以及河流纵剖面)的研究结果均显示黑河流域所涉及的祁连山东、西段的构造活动存在明显差异,具有西强东弱的特点,如西段流域的平均面积高程积分值(HI)为0.541而东段仅为0.4661;并且根据河流纵剖面分析得到的差异隆升值西段为754m,也远高于东段的219m;而降雨等气候因素则存在东强西弱的特点。综合对比分析发现,本区岩性与降水条件等对研究区地貌因子的影响有限;构造活动是地貌演化发育的主控因素,控制着该区现今的构造变形、地貌发育及其演化历史。     

怀安盆地北缘断裂构造几何与活动特征

结合前人调查和研究资料,综合运用地形地貌分析、地质调查、遥感解译等方法,详细分析了怀安盆地北缘断裂的构造地貌特征,较为系统地研究了断裂带的几何结构、构造变形及活动特征。怀安盆地北缘断裂控制着怀安盆地附近的第四纪构造演化和地貌发育,根据断裂展布和活动性可分为3段,即东段(洗马林—东洋河)、中段(东洋河—马市口)和西段(马市口—韩家营)。怀安盆地北缘断裂为典型的山、盆构造界线,沿线断裂活动特征明显,断面上留有断层活动的痕迹——镜面构造、擦痕;不同段落具有不同的活动特征,东段活动性最强,中段次之,西段最弱。     

成都盆地南缘第四纪构造变形及地貌响应特征

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查与数字地形分析,研究了成都盆地南缘构造变形特征及与地貌的响应关系,重点为邛西构造和熊坡背斜的晚第四纪构造变形。结果表明：中更新世是成都盆地南缘地区一个较重要的构造变形阶段,邛西构造与熊坡背斜的发育与演化也主要集中在这一阶段,并导致了古青衣江数次改道,遗留下规模巨大的冲洪积扇——名邛台地。熊坡背斜亚流域盆地的面积—高程积分值（HI值）自SW向NE总体呈逐渐减小的趋势,反映了熊坡背斜主要受到来自南部的动力作用,并呈现自SW向NE扩展变形的过程,显示成都盆地南缘地区流域地貌对其构造变形存在着明显的反馈作用。     

GEOMORPHIC FEATURES OF THE HEIHE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN IN WESTERN QILIAN SHAN-HEXI CORRIDOR AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

Using quantitative geomorphic factors for regional active tectonic evolution is becoming more and more popular. Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor which locates in the northern edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau is the most leading edge of the plateau's northward extension. The uplift rate of all segments and the intensity of influence from tectonic activity are the important evidences to understand the uplift and extension of the plateau. Heihe River Basin is located at the northern piedmont of the western segment of Qilian Mountains, the development of the rivers is influenced by the tectonic activity of the Qilian Mountains, and the unique river morphology is important carriers of the regional tectonic uplift. Geomorphologic indexes such as hypsometric integral, geomorphologic comentropy and river longitudinal profiles were extracted by GIS tools with free access to the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)DEMs, and according to the different expression of the geomorphological indexes in the Heihe River Basin, we divided the drainage basin into two parts and further compared them to each other. Recent studies reveal that obvious differences exist in the landscape factors(hypsometric integral, geomorphology entropy and river profiles)in the east and west part of the Heihe Basin. The structural intensity of the west part is stronger than that of the east, for example, in areas above the main planation surface on the western part, the average HI value is 0.337 8, and on the eastern part the HI value is 0.355. Accordingly, areas under the main planation surface are just on the contrary, indicating different structural strength on both sides. Similar phenomenon exists in the whole drainage basins. Furthermore, by comparing the fitting river profiles with the real river profiles, differential uplift is derived, which indicates a difference between west and east(with 754m on the western part and 219m on the east). Comprehensive comparison and analysis show that the lithologic factors and precipitation conditions are less influencing on the geomorphic factors of the study area, and the tectonic activities, indicated by field investigation and GPS inversion, are the most important element for geomorphic evolution and development. The variation of the geomorphologic indexes indicates different tectonic strength derived from regional structures of the Qilian Shan.     

秦岭北麓晚第四纪断层陡坎的初步研究

根据航片解译和野外调查,发现在秦岭北麓第四纪松散沉积物中发育有断层陡坎,本文依据对这些陡坎的地质地貌分析、地形剖面测制、探槽揭露及测年数据,讨论了断层陡坎的空间分布和形态学特征、生成时代和断距,评估了秦岭北麓断裂在晚第四纪的活动强度。由断层陡坎高度经过校核获得断距变化范围在1.1至7.9米之间,由此求得秦岭北麓断裂中段全新世中晚期以来平均滑动速率接近1mm/a,西段在眉县一带为0.5mm/a左右。晚更新世以来,发生过3—4次古地震事件     

邯郸、汤阴断陷地质结构及其活动性

根据人工地震及部分钻井资料研究,邯郸、汤阴断陷是太行山南段东麓的北北东向箕状断陷,邯郸断陷形成于早第三纪,主要受其东缘的邯东铲式正断裂控制。汤阴断陷形成于第三纪,其北部主要受东缘的汤东铲式正断裂控制,南部受东、西边缘的汤东、汤西铲式正断裂控制。两个断陷均为浅源震区,近几年来时有小震出现。邯东断裂没有明显的新活动,地震活动也较微弱,而汤阴断陷的汤东、汤西断裂,新活动明显,推测南部地震活动水平较高,是更应注意的地段     

地貌参数揭示的三危山构造活动性差异及其原因探讨

三危山断裂位于青藏高原北缘,沿三危山西北麓展布,全长约175 km。根据其几何特征,可以将断裂分为三段:西段(西水沟—树沟子段)、中段(树沟子—十工口子段)和东段(十工口子—双塔段),其构造活动强度与地貌发育程度各段存在明显差异。根据断层陡坎测量和区域年代对比,三危山断裂西段垂直滑动速率约0.1 mm/a,中东段则较低。为进一步量化三危山断裂对研究区地形地貌的影响,利用地貌因子(高程、坡度、河道陡峭指数值和河道坡降指数值)对三危山各段地貌特征进行定量化分析。结果显示三危山西段值远大于中东段,揭示三危山抬升速率西段大于中东段,反映出地貌形态对活动构造具有良好的响应。对比岩性、降雨及构造活动,分析认为三危山断裂分段活动是造成三危山差异抬升的主要原因,而鸣沙山断裂的新活动及巴兔山断裂对中东段变形量的吸收也加速了三危山西段的隆升。     

六盘山东麓断裂断层泥的组构特征及其意义

本文采用宏观与微观相结合的方法 ,研究六盘山东麓断裂的滑动方式。结果表明 :(1)根据断层泥组构特征 ,六盘山东麓断裂可划分为北、中、南 3段 ,这与前人宏观分段结果相一致 ;(2 )北段断层泥局部强烈变形 ,发育牵引褶皱 ,吕德剪切角 (R1)介于 11°～ 2 6° ,以及伊利石无明显的优选方位组构 ,表明该段断层活动是以粘滑为主的左旋走滑运动 ;(3)中、南段断层泥普遍变形 ,吕德剪切角 (R1)一般小于 11° ,P叶理、带状褶皱和肠状构造发育 ,以及伊利石复杂的优选方位组构 ,显示该断层的活动是以蠕滑为主的多期逆冲滑动     

华南上地壳速度分布与基底、盖层构造研究

对华南地区有代表性的几条宽角地震剖面进行了研究,利用初动到时资料拟合剖面地带地壳上部详细的速度分布,结合其他地球物理资料与地质资料对地壳基底和沉积盖层的构造进行了综合解释. 结果表明,浙-闽-粤东部地区在地壳基底上分布一系列中生代火山岩断陷盆地,火山岩盖层厚度变化为1000-4000m. 浙西-皖南以及湘-赣地区地壳基底起伏较大,盖层主要为古生界,并发育许多受基底形态与边界断裂控制的小型中生代白垩纪盆地. 华南西部的楚雄盆地为一构造复杂的深坳陷,其中侏罗-白垩系的厚度超过10km,并被分割为东部斜坡和西部坳陷两个单元,而西部坳陷又被一中央隆起分割为东、西两个更次级的凹陷. 区内一些主要的断裂构造在速度等值线图上均有明显的反映,如东部的江绍断裂、莲花山断裂和吴川-四会断裂以及西部的程海断裂和绿汁江断裂都是重要的构造分界,此外众多的基底断裂多是盆地与隆起的边界.     

龙门山南段前缘地区活褶皱-逆断层运动学机制——以芦山地震为例

2013年4月20日发生在龙门山南段的芦山MS7.0地震是继发生在龙门山中北段的汶川MS8.0地震之后的又一次强震。本文通过震后地表变形特征、余震分布、震源机制解、石油地震勘探剖面、历史地震数据等资料,结合前人对龙门山南段主干断裂、褶皱构造特征的研究以及野外实地考察,应用活动褶皱及"褶皱地震"的相关理论,初步分析芦山地震的发震构造模式。认为芦山地震为典型的褶皱地震,发震断裂为前山或山前带一隐伏断裂。构造挤压产生的地壳缩短大部分被褶皱构造吸收。认为龙门山南段前缘地区具有活褶皱-逆断层的运动学特征,表明龙门山逆冲作用正向四川盆地内部扩展。     

TECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BAOTOU UPLIFT IN HETAO DEPRESSION ZONE

The Hetao depression zone, located to the north of Ordos block, is a complex depression basin that consists of two sub-uplifts and three sub-depressions. The depression zone is subject to the regional extensional stress field driven by the Indo-Asian continental collision and the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate. The Baotou uplift that separates the Baiyanhua sub-depression and Huhe sub-depression is mainly composed of Archean gneiss and is overlaid by Quaternary sedimentary strata. The two sub-depressions are bordered by the Wula Mountains and Daqing Mountains to the north, respectively. The bedrock exhumed in Wula Mountains and Daqing Mountains consists mostly of Precambrian granitic gneiss, and the piedmont depressions are infilled by thick Cenozoic strata. The Wulashan piedmont fault and Daqingshan piedmont fault extend along the range front of Wula Mountains and Daqing Mountains, respectively. The subsidence is controlled by the two boundary faults. Previous studies have preliminarily documented the characteristics of the northwest boundary fault of Baotou uplift. Combining shallow seismic exploration, active fault mapping, and geological drilling, this paper presents a detailed study on the tectonic characteristics of the Baotou uplift. The shallow seismic exploration reveals that the Baotou uplift is an asymmetrical wedge with a steep southeast wing and a gentle dipping northwest wing. The Baotou uplift is wider in the northeastern part and narrows down towards the southwest. In seismic profiles, the Baiyanhua sub-depression and the Huhe sub-depression manifest as asymmetric dustpan-like depressions with south-dipping controlling faults. Baotou uplift is bounded by the Xishawan-Xingsheng Fault to the northwest and Daqingshan piedmont fault to the southeast. The two faults exhibit significant difference in many aspects, such as fault geometry, fault displacement, the latest active time, and so on. The southeast boundary fault of Baotou uplift is the Baotou section of the Daqingshan piedmont fault which is a Holocene active fault and the major boundary fault of Huhe sub-depression. East of Wanshuiquan, the fault strikes EW-NEE; west of Wanshuiquan, the strike changes to NW. The Daqingshan piedmont fault appears as a south-dipping listric fault in seismic profiles whose dip decreases with depth and cuts through all the sedimentary strata in Huhe sub-depression; the fault extends along the late Pleistocene lacustrine platform at surface with prominent geomorphological evidences. The Xishawan-Xingsheng Fault is a buried high-angle normal fault that mainly dips to the northwest and strikes NE. The fault strike changes to NNE at the eastern tip. Based on the results of seismic exploration and geological drilling, the Xishawan-Xingsheng buried fault is an early to middle Pleistocene Fault capped by late Pleistocene lacustrine strata. We reckon that the Xishawan-Xingsheng Fault is one of the synthetic faults that dip towards the main boundary fault of Baiyanhua sub-depression. Similarities in lithology, geometry, and structural characteristics of south boundary faults all indicate that Baotou uplift is the western extension of Daqing Mountains. Multiple factors may contribute to the formation of Baotou uplift, such as tectonic subsidence and the development of large-scale river system and mega-lake. We suggest that the upwelling of asthenosphere may play a primary role in the evolution of Wulanshan piedmont fault and Daqingshan piedmont fault. Separated by the Baotou uplift, the Wulashan piedmont fault and Daqingshan piedmont fault can be regarded as independent seismogenic faults. The Hetao depression zone is featured by complex inner structures, and many scientific issues are subject to further researches. Thus, more attention should be paid to the secondary structures within the depression zone for a better understanding on the formation and evolution of Hetao depression zone.     

Tilting of active folds and drainage asymmetry on the Manawatu anticlines,New Zealand: a preliminary investigation

The apparent southward tilting of five anticlines in the Manawatu, North Island, New Zealand, is investigated using two drainage basin analysis techniques: the transverse topographic symmetry factor (T) and the asymmetry factor (AF). The techniques are used to determine whether westward‐flowing trunk streams on the gentle western limbs of five anticlines are migrating southwards across their drainage basins, concomitant with down‐tilting of the fold axes. While results show potential for the techniques to be applied in such a tectonic setting, our findings are inconclusive. This could be due to the incipient nature of the folds (c. 0·5 Ma in age), and it would seem more appropriate to apply the techniques in concert with detailed field analyses of river migration patterns. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.