金沙江水网及其地震地下水前兆监测能力的讨论

金沙江下游梯级水电站水库地震地下水动态监测网(简称金沙江水网),是中国第2个专门用于水库区地震前兆监测与研究为目的的企业地下水动态监测网.文中简要介绍了该网的布设、观测网的技术构成、观测井与观测含水层的基本特征及试运行的基本结果,从观测井-含水层特征及观测到的水位与水温多月、月、日动态特征,评估了其地震前兆监测能力.     

三峡井网的布设与观测井建设

介绍了我国第 1个以监测水库诱发地震的地下水前兆为目标的三峡井网布设与观测井建设的科学思路及其实施结果。由于水库蓄水引发一定震级的诱发地震时 ,会引起含水层应力应变状态及与其相关的孔隙压力变化 ,并导致观测井水位的异常变化 ,为此利用震级 (MS)、孕震断层长度(L)与应力应变场变化范围 (R)的关系确定了井数与井间距 ;井位的选择 ,主要依据了地下水动态为映震灵敏条件的科学认识 ,选择了断裂带及其应力易集中的端点、拐点与交点等特殊构造部位 ;井深与井孔结构的确定 ,遵循了在有限投资的前提下 ,尽可能揭露封闭性好的承压含水层 (带 )和尽可能减少地表水文气象因素干扰的原则。按照上述思想与原理 ,在坝区和库首区各布设了 4口井 ,井深为10 0～ 2 0 0m ,均揭露出封闭性较好的承压含水层 (带 )。初步观测结果表明 ,三峡井网的布设与观测井的建设较为成功 ,为诱发地震前兆监测奠定了良好的基础     

金沙江水网地下水动态在彝良M_S5.7地震前的异常及其特征

金沙江下游水库区地震地下水动态监测网(简称金沙江水网)布设在金沙江下游向家坝水库区与溪洛渡水库区内,共有6口观测井,同时观测井水位与井水温动态。2012年9月7日云南省彝良MS5.7地震前有4口井水位与水温动态表现出明显的下降型异常,异常的时间大体上同步,异常的幅度较大,与地震的对应关系较好。金沙江水网的水位、水温动态干扰较多,特别是降雨干扰十分明显,在这样不利的条件下出现如此明显的异常,除了井震距较小外,可能与观测区与孕震区同处同一个地震构造带有关。     

中国地震地下水动态观测网

本文介绍了中国地震地下水动态观测井网的概貌。文中论述了该网观测井的分布、井孔结构、观测层与地下水特征、观测项目与仪器以及地下水位动态类型,分析了井网的地震监测与预报效能。     

对水库诱发地震研究的几点认识

回顾了过去半个多世纪水库诱发地震观测与研究的进展,分析了当前水库诱发地震研究面临的主要问题,认为进一步积累资料、确定水库诱发地震的关键影响因子、采用观测和实验手段研究水库诱发地震机理,并在此基础上研究有效的水库诱发地震预测技术,是今后水库诱发地震研究的重点.     

水库诱发地震活动特征及其预测方法研究

根据国内外水库诱发地震的观测与研究震例,分析研究了一些著名水库诱发序列的地震活动特征,并根据水库诱发地震随水库蓄水时间的变化,把水库诱发地震活动归纳为迅速响应型、延迟响应型和混合响应型三类,分析讨论了这三类水库诱发地震活动在时间和空间分布上的不同特点,并在此基础上综合分析了水库诱发地震预测方法研究的技术途径.     

关于地震地下水观测井建设的若干问题

根据有关的国家与地震行业技术标准,结合建井的实践经验,论述了地震地下水观测井的定位、观测井结构设计与钻井施工的技术要求。     

关于地震地下水观测井建设的若干问题

根据有关的国家与地震行业技术标准,结合建井的实践经验,本文论述了地震地下水观测井的定位、观测井结构设计与钻井施工的技术要求。     

三峡井网地下水动态观测的技术系统

三峡井网是我国第 1个以监测水库诱发地震的地下水前兆为目的的专业网 ,由 8口观测井构成。其中 4口井台有水温和土氡观测 ,3口井台有降雨、气压与气温观测 ,另有一处库水位观测 ;每口井台中均有水位动态观测。观测项目共有 2 6项。文中主要介绍三峡井网的观测技术系统 ,其中包括井网的技术系统与井台的技术构成 ,各类仪器设备的技术指标与安装调试 ,相关的供电、通讯与防雷等技术支撑设施。此外 ,还简要介绍了观测技术系统的运行及其基本结果     

隔河岩水库诱发地震的环境条件

隔河岩水库蓄水后相继发生地震１０００余次,共中最大震级ＭＬ＝３．３。微震活动与水库蓄水过程密切相关,属水库诱发地震。库水渗透、地下水储积、岩溶和现代应力场等因素的研究表明,水库蓄水使库区水文地质环境发生变化,从而诱发了一系列微震。     

地震地下流体汞前兆监测现状与发展方向

汞是地震地下流体化学量前兆监测中的重要测项之一,在地震监测预测和活断层探测方面得到广泛应用。自1985年把测汞技术引用到地震监测预测中以来,建成了以水汞和气汞为对象的汞前兆监测网,并获得了较好的震例。本文阐述地震行业汞观测发展历程,概述测汞仪类型和典型技术,同时也提出汞观测中亟需解决的问题,并对汞监测技术的发展方向提出了建议。     

Continuous Observation of Groundwater and Crustal Deformation for Forecasting Tonankai and Nankai Earthquakes in Japan

In 2006, we started construction of an observation network of 12 stations in and around Shikoku and the Kii Peninsula to conduct research for forecasting Tonankai and Nankai earthquakes. The purpose of the network is to clarify the mechanism of past preseismic groundwater changes and crustal deformation related to Tonankai and Nankai earthquakes. Construction of the network of 12 stations was completed in January 2009. Work on two stations, Hongu-Mikoshi (HGM) and Ichiura (ICU), was finished earlier and they began observations in 2007. These two stations detected strain changes caused by the slow-slip events on the plate boundary in June 2008, although related changes in groundwater levels were not clearly recognized.     

Prediction and verification of earthquakes induced by the Xiluodu hydropower station reservoir

Research has been conducted on reservoir-induced earthquakes in China since the Xinfengjiang reservoir-induced earthquakes in the 1960s. Regulations now require the risk of reservoir-induced earthquakes to be evaluated in the pre-research stage of all hydropower projects. Although nearly 40 cases of reservoir-induced earthquakes have been reported in China, analyses comparing the changes in seismic activity following reservoir impoundment with predictions are rare. In this study, we compared seismic activities observed in the reservoir area before and after the impoundment of the Xiluodu hydropower station in terms of the spatial distribution, frequency, and focal depths of the earthquakes, and clarified the correlation between their frequency/timing and reservoir level after impoundment. We then concluded that the seismic events in the head region were karst-type earthquakes, while those in the second segment of the reservoir were tectonic earthquakes. The spatial distribution of the earthquake epicenters and the seismic intensities validated some of the results for the reservoir-induced seismic risk assessment for the Xiluodu hydropower station, indicating that the proposed earthquake triggers and predictive models are reasonable. This study can provide a valuable reference for investigating the mechanism (s) of reservoir-induced earthquakes, revising reservoir-induced earthquake hazard assessment codes, and predicting the hazard zones of reservoir-induced seismicity under similar conditions.     

Research and Practice on the Crustal Deformation Mobile Monitoring Network Layout in the Hydropower Station Reservoir Area

According to the construction project of the crustal deformation mobile monitoring network in the cascade hydropower stations built in the lower reaches of Jinsha River,this paper analyzes the design ideas and layout principles of crustal deformation mobile monitoring used in the monitoring of reservoir induced earthquakes. This paper introduces three types of monitoring networks used in the Xiluodu reservoir and Xiangjiaba reservoir, as well as the work already undertaken,in order to provide a kind of reference for the related engineering construction and comprehensive monitoring of reservoir induced earthquakes.     

我国地震地下流体前兆观测的"九五"进展与台站管理体制的改革意向

主要介绍了我国在“九五”期间实施的前兆台站流体测项的数字化中推广的仪器型号、主要性能指标及改造的规模,观测取得的成果及其有待完善的技术问题;简要介绍了我国长江三峡工程诱发地震监测系统中地下水动态监测井网的布设,观测井下地下水特征,数字化观测技术系统及建设的基本结果;最后介绍了流体学科前兆台站分级分类管理的改革意向。     

糯扎渡、景洪水库地震监测台网修复重建

糯扎渡、景洪水库地震监测台网于2008年建成,用于监测糯扎渡、景洪水电站周边水库地震活动,受历史原因影响,监测设备老旧,设备用房破损,截至2016年,该水库地震监测台网基本处于停测状态。2017年,华能澜沧江水电股份有限公司对整个水库地震监测台网进行设计优化、修缮,对15个台站及中心机房设备进行维修、更换,恢复台站网地震监测。修缮以后,水库地震台网考核运行率达95%以上,可满足监测M_L≥0.5地震的需求,台网观测的动态范围优于恢复重建前水平。此次糯扎渡、景洪水库地震台网的恢复重建,不仅对水库地震监测起到保障作用,也是对防震减灾事业的重要推进。     

Establishment of the ELF Network in Yunnan and Electromagnetic Precursory Monitoring Results of the Yangbi MS5.1 Earthquake on March 27, 2017

This paper summarizes the layout of the Yunnan seismic ELF electromagnetic observation network, site selection, ELF electromagnetic instrument system, data processing and other construction. The principle and method of using the ELF electromagnetic wave technique to monitor and predict earthquakes are expounded. The long term monitoring of ELF electromagnetic fields is carried out in the Yunnan earthquake prone area, and at the same time, the changes in electrical parameters and spatial electromagnetic fields of the regional crustal medium structure are monitored. The functions such as automatic, quasi real time, remote monitoring, network monitoring, data processing specialization, data service, data sharing and industrialization of the ELF electromagnetic observation data have been realized. In order to capture the deep electromagnetic precursory information of the earthquakes, service for earthquake prediction research, which has broad application prospects and development potential. Through the research of the seismicity of Yunnan in the trial run period of the project, the preliminary results of the extreme low frequency electromagnetic observation of the Yunnan earthquake in recent years are given. The electromagnetic precursors and the electromagnetic effects of the Yangbi earthquake are recorded. In the 3-month period before the earthquake, the power spectrum of the electric and magnetic fields, the apparent resistivity and the impedance phase in the observed signals are all abnormal, and gradually increased with time. The maximum value is reached 20 days before the earthquake, and an earthquake occurs when the change is restored to normal.     

甘肃省地下水台网监测效能及地震短临异常指标

本文系统研究了甘肃省地下水台网各井点的干扰情况，并通过资料处理，分析了地下水短临异常的某些特征，讨论了其监测效能，最后提出了该地区地震短临异常指标。     

我国的水库地震及有关成因问题的讨论

本文介绍了我国八个水库地震的概况,总结了水库地震的一般特点,同时讨论了与成因有关的几个问题。指出库水沿周围岩石向深处的渗漏及入渗库水的封闭环境是主要的诱发条件。除构造应力外,岩体的重力可能是另一种更具普遍意义的发震初始应力。水库地震属粘滑机制。它与岩溶密切相关