黄土地震动力学过程及其发展条件

利用乌兹别克斯坦安格连露天采煤场的工业爆破试验，研究了黄土的地震动力学效应，对不同烈度区地震裂隙、地震沉陷、滑坡和液化等地震形变进行了分析。认为这些地震形变的发育取决于一系列工程地质和地震因素，如黄土的地貌、土层厚度、工程地质性质、土层湿度、沉陷形、变形、稳定性特征以及地下水埋藏深度和土层的静荷载，等等。此研究对黄土的抗震性能和建筑安全性评价具有重要意义。     

1850年西昌地震地表破裂带的考察研究

根据实地考察研究结果，1850年西昌地震地表形变带全长约90km。现存的地表破裂形迹有地震断层、地震裂缝、地震沟槽、地堑、地震陷坑、冲沟及山脊位错、崩塌滑坡等。最大左旋水平位错5．7m，垂直位错3．8m，形变带严格沿则木河断裂展布。该次地震的发震构造应为则木河断裂，震级M≥7.5级。     

2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震区的冻土及地震破坏特征

通过对2001年昆仑山口西8．1级地震区冻土震害考察研究表明，震区主要存在冰碛、冲积、洪积和湖积等成因的冻土，沿地震破裂带冻土厚度变化较大。震区冻土变形破坏主要包括地震构造成因的地震破裂带和由地震振动引起的裂缝、液化、震陷和崩塌等。冻土中地震破裂带在地表主要以脆性变形为主，在地震断裂左旋走滑运动作用下，主要由剪切裂缝、张裂缝和开裂的挤压鼓包等组成。裂缝、液化、震陷和崩塌等变形破坏的展布特征及其组合形式与震区岩土与环境条件密切相关；本次地震震害具有地震破裂带规模大、有建筑物分布的青藏公路一线地震烈度衰减较快和震害分布受岩土条件影响大等特点。     

用变形分析软件研究鲜水河断裂带地震形变的初步结果

地壳形变测量是监测地壳变形，研究地壳构造运动、地震形变和地震预报的重要手段。变形观测数据分析方法的研究，对于正确把握变形状态和变形过程，了解变形机理，提高地震预报实用化水平都有重要作用，引起了国内外地震测量界的高度重视。     

1125年兰州7.0级地震形变破裂带特征及有关问题的讨论

根据大量的野外现场考察资料，对1125年兰州7．0级地震形变破裂带的特征以及庄浪河断裂带晚第四纪以来的活动性进行了初步研究，探讨了该次地震的宏观震中位置及其构造背景。并在古地震破裂形迹分析的基础上，运用年代学资料，对庄浪河断裂带全新世以来的古地震事件等问题作了讨论。     

基于震害调查数据的液化侧向变形预测模型框架

基于地震统计数据,前人就统计回归分析影响因子和变形值的关系提出若干评估液化侧向变形的方法,能计算得到给定土体条件和地震作用下的侧向变形,但这些方法为确定性描述,无法根据震害历史预测变形,较难为城市抗震合理布局提供切合实际的依据。本文采用地面峰值加速度PGV和震级MW联合分布概率的计算方法,以蒙特卡洛方法模拟已有的地震液化侧向变形回归公式中场地参数的随机性,建立对区域性地震液化侧向变形超过指定阈值的年平均率的预测模型框架,并应用于实例,以期对区域性震害进行液化侧向变形评估及其非确定性描述研究提供思路。     

基于震害调查数据的液化侧向变形预测模型框架

基于地震统计数据,前人就统计回归分析影响因子和变形值的关系提出若干评估液化侧向变形的方法,能计算得到给定土体条件和地震作用下的侧向变形,但这些方法为确定性描述,无法根据震害历史预测变形,较难为城市抗震合理布局提供切合实际的依据。本文采用地面峰值加速度PGV和震级MW联合分布概率的计算方法,以蒙特卡洛方法模拟已有的地震液化侧向变形回归公式中场地参数的随机性,建立对区域性地震液化侧向变形超过指定阈值的年平均率的预测模型框架,并应用于实例,以期对区域性震害进行液化侧向变形评估及其非确定性描述研究提供思路。     

丽江地震后形变场变化与中强地震之间关系的研究

研究了1996年2月3日丽江7．0级地震前后云南地区断层观测及地倾斜观测的特点与中强地震活动之间的关系。研究结果表明，丽江地震后云南地区断层基线变化幅度与地震活动水平具有较强的相关性，地震活动水平和形变变化幅度基本上逐年减弱；丽江地震后5年内中强地震都发生在快速变形以后恢复的时间段内；而5年之后，中强地震则往往发生在一些快速变化的极值点时刻附近。在对每次中强地震前形变特征分析的基础上，归纳了短期形变前兆的非同步性、非遍历性、不可重复性及无记忆性等特性。     

陕西蓝田新街仰韶遗址史前地震遗迹的发现和初析

蓝田新街仰韶遗址在抢救性发掘中揭露出疑似自然变形现象.地震和考古人员共同进行现场分析,认为该遗址存在史前地震遗迹,表现为文化层被错动、砂土混杂掠裹和砂土液化,变形条带呈现近南北向和东西向延伸.初步研究结果表明,研究部位在仰韶文化期后曾遭受地震变形作用.     

唐山大地震的重复间隔

在1976年唐山地震形成的地面裂缝带上三个地段(市十中、市畜产公司牛马库和礼尚庄东)开挖了三个探槽,揭示出保存在晚更新世沉积物中的两次古地震遗迹。在唐山外围的地震地质调查中,也相应地发现了一次古地震形迹。文中通过对地裂缝和液化规模的类比分析,推测其烈度与1976年7.8级地震相近。古地震发生年代,经年~(14)C年代测定和沉积速率估算,分别发生于距今7665±105年和14865年。大震重复间隔近似值为7500年     

粉粒含量对粉土场地液化后变形影响的试验研究

利用全自动多功能三轴仪进行了粉土场地的液化后变形试验,探讨了粉粒含量对液化后应力应变关系的影响.试验时施加动加载使试样达到设定的液化程度,然后立即施加单调荷载,以模拟地震现场发生强震时初始液化到液化后变形的整个过程.研究发现,不同粉粒含量粉土场地发生液化后变形得到的液化后应力应变关系可采用推导的同一理论关系式表示,其系数的差异表明了粉粒含量对粉土液化后变形的影响.验证结果表明该关系式能较好地模拟粉粒含量对粉土场地液化后应力-应变的影响,为同一地区或相似地区粉粒含量变化的粉土场地液化评估提供依据.     

基于非线性剪切梁方法的堤防液化判别分析研究

很多河流的堤防工程修建在人口密集地区,失事后往往会造成严重后果,尤其是细粒土填筑而成的堤防,在地震作用下存在液化破坏的可能。采用合理方法对堤防进行液化判别,确定其在地震作用下的动力稳定性十分必要。针对某实际堤防工程,进行五种拟用筑堤土料动力特性试验研究,并基于试验成果,采用能够考虑地基-堤身相互作用的非线性剪切梁方法,对堤防的液化可能性进行判别。研究表明:提出的非线性剪切梁方法能够考虑地基和堤身间的相互作用,且简单实用、可操作性强;土体的相对密度、空隙比和颗粒粒径大小及其他粒分布特性对其抗地震液化能力影响较大;在设定运行工况下,Ⅷ度地震时除拟选粉质壤土外,其他四种土筑堤均有发生液化的可能,选用粉质壤土筑堤较合适。     

Modelling liquefaction-induced building damage in earthquake loss estimation

The assessment of building damage caused by liquefaction-induced ground deformations requires the definition of building capacity and vulnerability as a function of the demand, as well as damage scales to describe the state of the damaged building. This paper presents a framework for resolving these issues within the context of earthquake loss estimations, where large variations in building stock and ground conditions must be considered. The principal modes of building response to both uniform and differential ground movements are discussed and the uncertainties in their evaluation are highlighted. A unified damage scale is proposed for use in both reconnaissance and assessment of all modes of building damage, including ‘rigid body’ response of structures on stiff foundations to uniform or differential ground movements. The interaction of ground shaking and liquefaction in the context of induced structural damage is also briefly considered. The paper raises important aspects of earthquake loss estimations in regions of liquefaction potential, which remain relatively poorly defined at present.     

强震作用下深厚砂质覆盖层土坝有效应力动力分析

利用基于Biot的饱和多孔介质理论和砂土多重机构模型的动力分析有限元程序FLIP,对遭受M6.7地震的国外某深厚砂质覆盖层土坝进行有效应力动力分析,研究坝体和地基的动力反应特性及其超静孔隙水压力的分布规律。通过对坝体加速度和永久变形的计算结果与现场实测数据的比较分析,证明两者之间存在一定差异,但计算结果基本上反映坝体加速度与永久变形的实际分布特征,从而说明采用的数值计算方法和本构模型具有一定精度。根据计算结果可以得出:坝体无液化发生;坝底上游浅层地基可能会发生局部液化,但范围较小,可以不进行加固处理;坝趾附近浅层地基可能会发生较大范围的液化,因此须采取相应的抗液化加固措施。     

砂土液化诱发的地面侧移机理研究

本文分析了砂土液化诱发的地面侧移的机理，提出了估计砂土液化诱发的地面侧移的一种新的方法。     

某核电站导流堤地基液化及地震永久变形分析

在地震反应分析中常采用总应力分析法,但总应力法没有考虑孔隙水压力的变化规律和液化随时间的发展过程。基于二维有效应力动力分析方法,结合Biot动力固结理论,采用自行开发的有效应力动力分析程序对某核电站导流堤地基进行液化分析,给出在地震作用下砂土层的液化范围,并计算出永久变形。所得结论可以给类似工程提供理论指导。     

Dynamic liquefaction of Jurassic sand dunes: processes,Origins, and implications

Soft‐sediment deformation occurs in ancient eolian dune deposits, but understanding its extent and the conditions and forces behind the deformation often remains elusive. Here we gain insight into the aerial extent and environmental conditions related to intense soft‐sediment deformation, based on an exceptional three dimensional (3D) exposure of eolian dune deposits and preserved geomorphic landscape expressions in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone at White Pocket, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona. Deformation features include elongate northeast trending decameter‐scale mounds and raised ridges cored by deformed and upturned eolian dune sets, overlain by a massive blanket sandstone with breccia blocks. The geomorphic mounds display ~40–60 m spacing, roughly perpendicular to the southerly paleoflow dune foreset directions. The geometry of the deformation is imaged by oblique aerial photography using cameras mounted on a remote control airplane and high resolution panoramas with a robotic camera mount. We interpret the exquisitely preserved deformation features as liquefaction‐induced ground failure, consistent with theoretical and laboratory studies of deformation in saturated sand. A shallow water table affected by differential dune loading facilitated lateral spreading and failure. The transition to steady‐state flow liquefaction near the top of the shallow water table destroyed original sedimentary structure, creating a massive sand blanket that entrained brecciated blocks ripped up during flow. The water‐pressurized, upwelled sediment created the mounds (a relief inversion). In underlying deformed dune sets, deformation was intense but sedimentary structure was not obliterated as deformation progressed from initial cyclic mobility to strain‐softening, but ceased prior to steady‐state flow liquefaction. The spatial extent, topographic relief, and intensity of dynamic deformation suggest an origin of strong ground motion driven by long‐duration surface waves of a large earthquake (> Mw 7–8), possibly related to back arc thrusting from Jurassic subduction of the Pacific plate under North America. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

饱和黄土液化后强度与变形特性的试验研究

采用MTS810动三轴试验仪,用二氧化碳+脱气水循环渗流法对重塑黄土进行饱和,进行了一系列对石碑塬滑坡区饱和黄土液化后变形特性试验。考虑干密度和初始有效围压对黄土液化后变形特性的影响,将液化与未液化黄土在单调静荷载作用下的应力-应变曲线进行对比。实验结果表明:利用二氧化碳+脱气水循环渗流法可以使重塑黄土饱和取得较好的效果;饱和石碑塬黄土具有明显的液化特征,在强震作用下发生液化,液化后强度大大衰减,应力-应变曲线呈弱硬化型,分为两个阶段;干密度和初始有效围压对液化后黄土的强度有一定影响,初始有效围压与不排水强度呈拟合度较高的线性关系,初始有效围压越高,液化后不排水强度越大。     

复杂场地条件下砂土液化的判别问题

从简单场地条件下砂土液化的判别入手,系统介绍一般场地液化判别的基本步骤,重点分析在复杂工程场地条件下,如何全面考虑各种因素以合理选取地震液化判据。文中结合某大桥地基土液化判别实例,多方位探讨判别特殊重大工程地基土液化的有效方法,讨论了液化深度问题,与此同时,尚考虑到液化和滑塌等地质灾害的相关效应     

The use of liquefaction features in paleoseismology: Lessons learned in the New Madrid seismic zone, central United States

A recent study in the New Madrid seismic zone demonstrates that large uncertainties, often involved but rarely expressed, in paleoliquefaction studies can be reduced by conducting detailed investigations at the most promising sites for dating liquefaction features. During the site investigations, care must be taken to collect samples that will provide close maximum and minimum dates for liquefaction features. It is advisable to use two-sigma calibrated dates, rather than one-sigma calibrated dates or radiocarbon ages, when estimating ages of liquefaction features. Well-constrained ages of individual liquefaction features should provide the basis for estimating the timing of paleoearthquakes and correlating features across a region. As uncertainty in ages of liquefaction features decreases, confidence in estimates of timing, source areas and magnitudes of paleoearthquakes increases. The New Madrid study also shows that modern or historic earthquakes that induced liquefaction in the same region and whose locations and magnitudes are fairly well know can serve as calibration events for paleoearthquakes. Future efforts that could further improve the usefulness of liquefaction feature in paleoseismology include (1) the development of new techniques for dating liquefaction features directly, (2) case studies of modern earthquakes that focus on the site and spatial distributions of liquefaction feature as well as geotechnical properties of liquefaction sites and (3) more rigorous quantification of uncertainties associated with estimates of timing, source areas and magnitudes of paleoearthquakes.