卫星遥感技术在火山监测中的应用

作为一门新兴技术，卫星遥感已被有效地应用于火山活动监测、通过SAR(合成孔径雷达)和InSAR(合成孔径雷达干涉成像)资料可以监测火山地表形变、使用热辐射数据以及将遥感与其它技术相结合能够研究火山区的热活动和火山喷发物。在我国的火山监测中，广泛地应用卫星遥感技术是非常必要的。     

长白山天池火山2015—2022年InSAR变形与活动状态分析

地表形变信息可有效反映火山下岩浆房的活动状态,对于理解火山活动演化过程非常重要。文中利用Sentinel-1A/B的升、降轨影像,采用SBAS InSAR与Stacking InSAR技术,获取了长白山天池火山2015—2022年间的地表形变时间序列及速率,并结合Mogi点源模型反演岩浆房的几何参数,得到的主要结论如下：1)火山口及周围区域整体下沉,火山口附近视线向形变速率约为-4～-2mm/a,远离火山口的局部形变速率可达-6mm/a。2)根据Mogi模型反演的火山下浅层岩浆房深约6km,体积变化率为-3.3×10⁵m³/a,岩浆房位于长白山天池火山口下偏西的位置。3)1992—2022年期间,火山经历了从平静到扰动、再到平静的岩浆活动过程,在2002—2005年监测到明显的地表隆升变形,岩浆房体积显著膨胀,之后岩浆的活动性逐渐减弱。     

星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(D-InSAR)技术在形变监测中的应用概述

本文综述了地球表面形变的主要类型(包括开采沉陷、地表沉降、地壳运动、地震形变、火山运动、冰川运动及山体滑坡等)及其在我国的分布状况，结合合成孔径雷达干涉测量(包括InSAR及D-InSAR，统称InSAR技术)的技术原理及特点，介绍了国内外InSAR技术近年来在形变监测领域的应用与发展。通过与传统形变监测及GPS监测技术的对比后指出，由于InSAR特有的技术特点，使其在各类形变监测应用中具有传统方法无可比拟的技术优势，必将对形变监测的发展起到极大的推动作用。     

利用SBAS-InSAR技术研究印尼Agung火山的形变特征与岩浆房参数

基于ALOS PALSAR影像,利用小基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术,提取了位于印度尼西亚巴厘岛的Agung火山2007 ～ 2009年的地表形变时间序列,并基于Mogi点源模型和竖直椭球体模型反演了岩浆房参数.结果表明:Agung火山地区大气延迟相位干扰较严重,Agung火山在2007～2009年发生了较明显的隆升形变,且与时间呈正相关.竖直椭球体模型能够更好地拟合InSAR形变场,岩浆房位于火山体下方约5 km处.SBAS-InSAR结果表明,应加强跟踪监测Agung火山的潜在喷发危险性.     

中国大陆火山监测研究进展

在过去几年里，长白山天池火山观测到了明显的地震活动增加、地表抬升和膨胀以及多种流体化学异常。地震学研究和形变模拟表明，长白山天池火山近年来的活动可能是由其下方的岩浆活动引起的。1993年以来，腾冲火山出现强烈的水热活动。地球化学参数的变化表明，气体源区的深度逐渐增加。火山区存在的震群活动、部分台站观测到的S波阴影区以及地表的缓慢抬升等，指示火山区存在一个岩浆系统。监测研究结果表明，目前我国大陆其他火山的活动性较弱。     

火山区基本压力源模型及应用

通过简要介绍火山区不同压力源模型引起的垂直形变与水平形变特征,总结不同模型引起的最大水平位移与最大垂直位移的比值R,得到膨胀模型产生的地表形变多以中心为对称,R小于0.5;腔状模型产生的地表形变多为轴对称,可得到更高的R比值;这些结论为模拟分析火山区压力源参数选用模型时提供依据.最后利用所得结果,分析了长白山天池火山可...     

用形变资料分析腾冲火山区岩浆的活动特征

联合1998~2004年的五期水准测量资料以及2002~2004年的GPS观测成果,分析了腾冲火山区岩浆的活动特征。垂直形变资料显示,火山区南部发生较明显下降,这可能是由岩浆和水的流失及放气等原因引起;水平形变资料显示,以固东—腾冲断裂(F2)的西支为界,断层两盘分别向东、西两个方向运动,断层活动表现出明显的拉张特征;综合分析表明,岩浆可能沿断层从南部向北部运移,并在断层内重新聚集形成岩墙;垂直形变的多个极值区以及水平位移的不规则性表明,火山区岩浆体不很规则或有多个岩浆囊体存在;从形变量大小分析,岩浆的活动量远小于中等程度火山喷发的质量,表明火山近期喷发的危险性较小。     

D-InSAR技术在长白山天池火山形变 监测中的误差分析与应用

选取长白山天池火山区15景JERS-1 L波段SAR存档数据,利用二轨法进行SAR差分干涉处理.最终用4景JERS-1数据获取了覆盖相似时间段的3幅D-InSAR形变图,提取了研究区1994~1998年的地表形变场.研究表明:远离天池火山的平坦区域形变微弱;从天池火山的山脚向上到2000~2200 m高程处,表现为逐渐增强的隆升形变,最高形变速率达到LOS(视线向)5 mm/a.尽管没有同期地面实测资料验证,但研究结论与2002~2005年的一等水准测量结果及地震活动性具有定性的一致性;与Kim的同期InSAR研究具有定量的可比性.在时间上向前延伸了对长白山天池火山的形变监测时段,为研究长白山天池火山活动状态提供了更多的形变信息.     

长白山火山区壳幔物性结构与深部物理场特征

长白山火山是一座具有潜在喷发危险的大型近代活动火山,因此通过对该火山活动的监测,加强对长白山天池火山岩浆系统的研究并了解天池火山的活动性质是很有意义的.除了开展长白山火山活动历史、火山地层学、火山岩岩石学、年代学以及火山地质等研究之外,我国从20世纪80年代开始在该火山区域进行了一系列的地球物理探测活动.为深入了解长白山火山区岩浆的分布与活动特征,本文对前人工作进行总结,得到了关于长白山火山活动的以下几个方面的认识:1)通过火山区地震活动性监测得到了火山区的岩浆活动状态;2)利用大地电磁测深对火山区地下是否存在可能再次活动的岩浆囊及其分布形态进行监测,为火山喷发的危险性预测和灾害评价提供依据;3)利用人工源深地震测深对长白山天池及其邻域的结晶基底及地壳精细结构进行讨论;4)利用天然地震对火山区地壳、上地幔结构进行深入研究,分析了与火山区有关的深层动力学因素;5)对国外火山区重力监测实例的调研表明,重力监测对了解岩浆活动状态是十分有效的手段.多种地球物理方法的综合应用,获得了长白山火山地区地壳至地幔转换带的详细资料.     

强震变形的地震大地测量监测与研究

地震大地测量是将大地测量（特别是空间大地测量）与地震学及构造地质学进行融合的新兴交叉学科,其可用于监测地震孕育的地球物理背景场及动态变化过程,对相关形变实现了10²a～10^-2s的宽频带监测,基本弥补了地震学与构造地质学间的频率空白。以多频带的地震大地测量技术（GNSS、InSAR、高频GNSS）为支撑的陆态网络工程,不仅获得了中国大陆长期的地壳运动图像,而且在强震形变监测中发挥了重要作用。汶川、芦山、尼泊尔廓尔喀及九寨沟等地震的研究成果表明,高频/静态GNSS、InSAR、精密水准相融合的多频大地测量,极大地拓展了地震形变监测的时空频域,促进了大陆型地震的相关研究,为地震预测预警研究奠定了基础。然而,目前使用的地震大地测量资料有限,同时,我国地震大地测量监测网络也有待不断加密和优化。     

Temporal development of the 1999 intrusive episode in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, derived from InSAR images

Eyjafjallajökull volcano, located in southern Iceland, is characterized by its quiet nature. Only about a handful of earthquakes associated with the volcanic system had been detected prior to the 1990s. Earthquake swarms did, however, occur in 1994 and 1999. Here we investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of a magmatic intrusion associated with the 1999 earthquake swarm via analysis of produced surface deformation. A series of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images, spanning various periods of the intrusion, show that in 1999 surface deformation occurred mainly on the southern flanks of the volcano. The deformation amounts to more than 20 cm of range change. Inverse modeling resolves the deformation source to be a sill intrusion at 6.3 km depth. Sill opening was up to 1 m and the total intruded volume amounts to ～0.03 km³. The InSAR data display a migration of the center of deformation through time, enabling us to create time-dependant sill-opening models. Furthermore, we investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of earthquakes and find that the distribution supports the InSAR derived model and additionally provides indications for a possible site of a feeder channel. Magmatic flow-rate estimates indicate an initial intrusion rate of 4–6 m³/s, declining over a few weeks.     

3D Subsoil Model of the San Biagio ‘Salinelle’ Mud Volcanoes (Belpasso,Sicily) derived from Geophysical Surveys

Mud volcanoes are common in active mountain fronts. At Mt. Etna, located just between the Apennine front in Sicily and its foredeep, there are some manifestations of mud volcanism in the lower border of the volcanic edifice. The activity of these mud volcanoes is characterized by persistent emission of muddy water mixed with salts, which rises to the surface due to the gas pressure in the subsoil. The San Biagio Salinelle is one of the three mud volcano fields located around the Paternò eruptive monogenic apparatus; this old volcanic structure was one of the first subaerial volcanic manifestations that formed in the pre-Etnean phase. It is not fully clear whether and how the activity of the mud fields is connected with the volcanic activity of Mt. Etna. Noninvasive geophysical surveys were carried out in the area of the active cone of the San Biagio Salinelle, in order to identify the probable ascent path of the emitted products. Seismic ambient noise records were collected at the nodes of a specially designed grid and, subsequently, the V _s values were obtained from an active seismic survey. A digital elevation model (DEM) of the area was obtained by a topographic survey, carried out with the GNSS technique (global navigation satellite system), in real-time kinematic mode. The DEM and the topographic benchmark installed will represent the reference surface for future periodic monitoring of the ongoing deformation in the area. Our results provide an accurate and detailed 3D subsurface model showing the shallower feeding system of the investigated mud volcano.     

2017年全球活动火山时空分布以及阿贡火山喷发前后的形变特征

归纳总结2017年度全球81座活火山的活动情况,共计活动1058座次,平均每周记录20座活火山的活动信息。根据火山潜在喷发的危险性和火山活动的强弱程度对上述火山进行分级描述,火山活动主要反映了地球表层的构造活动,其中大角度俯冲带的弧后火山最为强烈,小角度的俯冲带、拉张裂谷和走滑为主的板块边界火山活动较为平静,火山活动频繁的印度尼西亚岛链是受灾最为严重的区域。预计全球火山活动将进一步加剧,印尼岛链受火山灾害威胁的程度依然较大。位于印尼岛链巴厘岛上的阿贡火山自2017年9月开始活动以来,整个喷发过程极具代表性,监测阿贡火山喷发过程可为全球典型火山喷发事件研究提供参考。     

Relationships between volcano gravitational spreading and magma intrusion

Volcano spreading, with its characteristic sector grabens, is caused by outward flow of weak substrata due to gravitational loading. This process is now known to affect many present-day edifices. A volcano intrusive complex can form an important component of an edifice and may induce deformation while it develops. Such intrusions are clearly observed in ancient eroded volcanoes, like the Scottish Palaeocene centres, or in geophysical studies such as in La Réunion, or inferred from large calderas, such as in Hawaii, the Canaries or Galapagos volcanoes. Volcano gravitational spreading and intrusive complex emplacement may act simultaneously within an edifice. We explore the coupling and interactions between these two processes. We use scaled analogue models, where an intrusive complex made of Golden syrup is emplaced within a granular model volcano based on a substratum of a ductile silicone layer overlain by a brittle granular layer. We model specifically the large intrusive complex growth and do not model small-scale and short-lived events, such as dyke intrusion, that develop above the intrusive complex. The models show that the intrusive complex develops in continual competition between upward bulging and lateral gravity spreading. The brittle substratum strongly controls the deformation style, the intrusion shape and also controls the balance between intrusive complex spreading and ductile layer-related gravitational spreading. In the models, intrusive complex emplacement and spreading produce similar structures to those formed during volcano gravitational spreading alone (i.e. grabens, folds, en échelon fractures). Therefore, simple analysis of fault geometry and fault kinetic indicators is not sufficient to distinguish gravitational from intrusive complex spreading, except when the intrusive complex is eccentric from the volcano centre. However, the displacement fields obtained for (1) a solely gravitational spreading volcano and for (2) a gravitational spreading volcano with a growing and spreading intrusive complex are very different. Consequently, deformation fields (like those obtained from geodetic monitoring) can give a strong indication of the presence of a spreading intrusive complex. We compare the models with field observations and geophysical evidence on active volcanoes such as La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean), Ometepe Island (Nicaragua) and eroded volcanic remnants such as Ardnamurchan (Scotland) and suggest that a combination between gravitational and intrusive complex spreading has been active.     

中国火山危险性等级与活动性分类

介绍了中国大陆全新世活动火山喷发危险性的评价与活动性分类。火山喷发危险性评价是进行火山活动性分类的基础,参照国外火山活动度水平与火山警报等级,根据火山动力背景特征与火山前兆异常特征确定了中国火山喷发危险性评价等级,它们是安全、注意、警惕、警报、危险、灾害、灾难等7级。根据火山活动的危险性,将中国火山的活动性分为4类:1)处于活动状态的火山——长白山天池火山,已经进入扰动期;2)有活动迹象的火山——腾冲火山,仍然处于平静状态,存在潜在的喷发危险;3)有潜在活动可能的火山,包括五大连池、镜泊湖与海口火山,各种地球物理、地球化学观察都处于背景值范围;4)活动性不明的火山     

Magnetic monitoring at Merapi volcano, Indonesia

Merapi volcano, located 30 km north of the heavily populated city of Yogjakarta, Java, is one of the most active of the 129 volcanoes in Indonesia. About every 2 years a new phase of activity is observed. Depending on the past activity the unrest gives rise either to an endogenous dome which partly collapses in the southwest direction or to pyroclastic flows which travel as far as 15 km. The 1990–1997 period has involved a plume emission on 30 August 1990, an extrusion on 20 January 1992, and a pyroclastic eruption on 22 November 1994. The intensity of the Earth magnetic field has been measured simultaneously and digitally recorded at four stations since 1990. Two Overhauser magnetometers with resolution of 0.01 nT have been installed in the summit area to strengthen the volcano monitoring. Outstanding magnetic changes appear to correlate with volcanic activity. Three types of volcanomagnetic signals can be identified: long-term trends up to 15 nT with period >10 years; medium-term cyclic variations, at most 3 nT in amplitude and with 1–2 years period; and small events, reaching 1.5 nT, lasting a few months, and associated with any remarkable volcanic activity. Merapi volcano began a new cycle of activity in 1995 leading to a dome growth in July 1996, and accompanied by 27 nuées ardentes in August. The comparison between magnetic data, seismicity, and surface phenomena suggests that some long-term trends of decade periods could be of thermomagnetic origin, while mid-term volcanomagnetic variations associated with the cycles of Merapi activity could be of piezomagnetic origin. Short-term variations of a few weeks duration, less than 1.5 nT, are well correlated with the 1995–1996 seismic activity.     

Magma eruption rates of Merapi volcano,Central Java,Indonesia during one century (1890–1992)

The magma eruption rates of Merapi volcano form 1890 to 1992 are re-examined chronologically. For this volcano, movements of extruded lavas and domes as well as their extrusions are important because they control the modes of the subsequent activities and cause nuées ardentes and lahars. The monthly eruption rates varied widely, but the cumulative volume of lavas has increased linearly and is expressed as 0.1x10⁶ m³/month. The magma production rate of this volcano may have been constant for these 100 years. Recurrent excessive effusion of lavas is tentatively interpreted by assuming a magma reservoir. The averaged eruption rate is small in comparison with other volcanoes such as Nyramuragia, Kilauea and Vesuvio. However, it is remarkable that the activity has been continuous for these 100 years and the total amount of lava discharged during this period reached more than 10⁸ m³. A simple model for the formation of the 1992 lava dome is presented. The viscosity of the lavas is probably between 10⁶ and 10⁷ P and the length of the magma conduit is probably less than 10 km.     

GNSS在断层形变研究中的应用

大地震多发生在主要活动断裂带及其附近, 因此断层形变的监测与研究非常重要。 多年来采用跨断层短水准、 短基线、 跨断裂带综合观测剖面等手段监测断层活动, 进而研究断层活动与变形规律。 GNSS多用于大面积地壳水平运动场和主要地块活动与变形的研究, 随着GNSS数据的积累和应用研究的深入, 已有学者用GNSS从不同角度开展断层形变的监测与研究。 本文介绍和论述了GNSS在断层形变研究中已有的部分应用和新的探索, 主要介绍以下几个方面: ① GNSS用于断层走滑活动的监测与研究; ② GNSS用于断层垂直活动的监测与研究; ③ 通过研究断层两边地块变形规律并建立应变模型, 可分别依据各自模型推测断层的活动与形变, 将推测结果与跨断层观测到的实际情况进行研究与比较。 研究分析认为, 由块体推测的变形与实测变形差异越大, 说明块体相互作用越强烈。 这可能对强地震地点预测、 地震危险性判定及地震趋势预测均有重要意义。     

Geophysical characteristics of dacite volcanism — the 1977–1978 eruption of Usu volcano

The 1977–1978 eruption of Usu volcano is discussed from the geophysical standpoint as a classic example of dacite volcanism. The activities of dacitic volcanoes are characterized by persistent earthquake swarms and remarkable crustal deformations due to the high viscosity of the magmas; the former include shocks felt near the volcanoes and the latter accompany formation of lava domes or cryptodomes.The hypocenters of the earthquakes occurring beneath Usu volcano have been located precisely. Their distribution defines an earthquake-free zone which underlies the area of doming within the summit crater. This zone is regarded as occupied by viscous magma. The domings within the summit crater forming the cryptodomes have amounted to about 160 m. In addition to uplift they showed thrusting towards the northeast. As a result, the northeastern foot of the volcano has contracted by about 150 m. The relation between crustal deformation and earthquake occurrence is examined, and it is found that the abrupt domings are accompanied by the larger earthquakes (M = 3–4.3). Both the seismic activity and the ground deformation are shown to have a unique and common energy source.The energy of activities of Usu volcano consists of the explosive type, the deformation type and the seismic type; the second and the third are in parallel with each other in discharges, and both energies are complementary to the explosive energy. The explosive energy and the seismic energy have been calculated for an explosion sequence, and it is concluded that the deformation energy is about 10 times greater than the seismic energy. The discharge rate of the seismic energy and the upheaval rates of the cryptodomes have continued to decrease since the outburst of the eruption, except for a small increase at the end of January 1978. Eruptions are governed not only by the supply of the energies but also by the depth of the magma, which has gradually approached the surface. The last eruption occurred in October 1978; however, the crustal deformations and the earthquake swarms are still proceeding as of January 1980, albeit at a lower rate of activity.