川滇菱形块体东边界库仑应力演化及强震发生概率估算

本研究基于分层黏弹介质模型,考虑强震或大地震同震位错、震后黏滞松弛及主断层段震间构造应力加载三方面效应,给出1480年以来,川滇菱形块体东边界鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带共20个断层段由三方面效应引起的累积库仑应力变化随时间的演化,分析强震间相互作用和强震发生的应力累积背景,定性分析各断层段的地震危险性.同时,分别采用现今台网地震目录和川滇菱形块体东边界各断层段强震复发间隔两种资料,定量计算2030年各断层段的强震发生概率;并基于摩擦本构理论,将周边强震引起的库仑应力变化量作为应力扰动,修正强震发生概率的计算结果.各断层段累积库仑应力演化的结果表明,鲜水河断裂带中部八美段、色拉哈段及南部磨西段、安宁河断裂带冕宁-西昌段、小江断裂带北部巧家-东川段和南部建水段的累积库仑应力显著增加.修正的强震发生概率计算结果显示,鲜水河断裂带中部八美-色拉哈-康定一带、安宁河断裂带冕宁-西昌段、小江断裂带南部华宁-建水一带强震发生概率较高,地震危险性值得关注.本研究基于库仑应力演化计算定性分析强震危险性的同时,基于摩擦本构律理论,结合地震引起的应力扰动和强震发生背景,定量计算修正的强震发生概率,为川滇菱形块体东边界强震危险地点及中长期发震紧迫程度判定提供方法和依据.     

川滇菱形块体东边界断裂带内库仑应力演化及危险性

采用分层黏弹模型,考虑了川滇菱形块体东边界1480年以来34个强震和大地震的同震位错和震后黏滞松弛效应,以及各断层段的震间长期构造加载作用,计算了川滇菱形块体东边界18个断层段的断层面上的库仑应力变化随时间的演化。系统地研究了川滇菱形块体东边界鲜水河、安宁河、则木河、小江断裂带间的相互作用,分析断裂带各断层段之间、各断裂带之间先发生的地震对后发生地震的促进或延迟作用,进一步基于断层面上的库仑应力变化计算结果分析各断层段的强震危险性。应力触发的计算结果显示,各断裂带各断层段上先发生的强震可能触发后发生的强震,相邻断裂带上发生的强震之间也可能存在触发作用。各断层段上累积库仑应力变化随时间演化的计算结果显示,鲜水河断裂带的中段及南部磨西段、安宁河断裂带冕宁—西昌段、小江断裂带北部巧家—东川段和南部建水段的库仑应力增加显著,强震危险性值得关注。     

鲜水河断裂带断层间相互作用的触震与缓震效应

探讨了断层间相互作用产生的同震库仑应力改变及对地震的触发与延缓效应，并以鲜水河断裂带不同断裂段时间上连续发生的4次MS6.0以上地震为例，计算和分析了每次地震发生后，在周围其它断裂上产生的同震库仑应力改变及其对后续地震的触发，以及1973年炉霍MS7.6地震和1981年道孚MS6.9地震发生后，在其周围最易破坏失稳的微破裂上产生的同震库仑应力改变及对余震活动的影响．在其它条件保持不变的情况下，将这4次地震的累积触震与缓震效应加以定量考虑，对鲜水河断裂带各断裂段的地震潜势进行了重新计算，并与已有预测结果进行对比分析，检验和评估了鲜水河断裂带断层间相互作用触震与缓震效应的重要性．结果表明:鲜水河断裂带每次地震都发生于受其先前发生的地震影响而产生同震库仑应力增加的断裂段上，不同断层间相互作用的触震和缓震效应导致地震复发概率的改变可高达30.5％以上， 主震后的余震大多发生于同震库仑应力增加较高的微破裂上．      

红河断裂带库仑应力演化及未来地震危险性估计

现今地震活动性显示红河断裂带强震主要发生在断裂带的北段,中段长期存在地震空区.为了更好地理解红河断裂带不同段落地震活动性差异和评估未来潜在地震危险性,本研究基于分层半无限空间黏弹性地球模型计算了自1833年嵩明M8.0地震以来,红河断裂带上及其周边共25次强震由于同震应力阶变、震后黏滞松弛和震间构造应力加载的综合作用,红河断裂带上库仑应力变化的演化过程.结果表明,在近180年红河断裂带南北两段得到加载,中段始终位于应力影区,这可能部分解释红河断裂带南北段地震相对活跃、中段长期存在的地震平静现象.假设未来三十余年该地区不再发生大震,考虑震后和震间作用,红河断裂带中段应力影区仍然存在,但范围在缩小;洱源附近、大理至大斗门以北地区、元江以南地区应力增加超过0.1 MPa,可能仍是地震潜在危险区段.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震对周边断层地震活动的影响

为分析2008年5月12日四川汶川M_S8.0级地震对周边断层地震活动的影响,本文首先基于Burgers体黏滞松弛模型计算汶川M_S8.0级地震引起的库仑应力动态演化,分析认为2008年汶川M_S8.0级地震在周边断层上引起的库仑应力显著增加的主要有四个断层段,分别为鲜水河断裂道孚-康定段、东昆仑断裂东段玛曲段、青川断裂和龙门山断裂南段.而且震后4年内黏滞松弛引起的库仑应力变化量可能与同震变化相当,相当于再发生一次汶川地震所造成的影响,因此震后效应在分析强震影响时不应忽略.本文基于强震引起的库仑应力变化动态演化,结合背景地震发生率、由Dieterich(1994)模型给出地震发生概率,结合相关构造地质、历史地震、余震活动等方面资料的综合分析认为,上述4个断裂段地震危险性由高到低依次为鲜水河断裂道孚-康定段、龙门山断裂南段、东昆仑断裂东段玛曲段和青川断裂.     

从应力演化角度讨论龙门山区域7级强震序列对芦山地震的影响

计算包括同震静态库仑破裂应力变化以及震后黏滞松弛引起的应力变化等,可以更好地解释余震分布、地震序列等地震观测结果。在芦山地震之前,从1900年以来龙门山区域发生了4次7级以上地震,分析这几次地震的同震应力变化以及震后黏弹性松弛对芦山地震的产生的影响,芦山地震以后区域断裂带上的应力伴随强震如何演化,芦山地震与汶川地震的破裂空段呈现何种应力状态,探讨这些问题可能会为了解芦山地震震源处震前的应力状态及该区域未来地震风险评估提供一定的依据。文中采用有限元数值模拟方法,根据地质构造、速度、密度结构深部反演结果以及GPS及应力观测资料等,建立龙门山地区三维黏弹性有限元模型进行研究。模拟结果显示:龙门山断裂带南段及鲜水河断裂带的库仑应力年变化速率在研究区域中相对更高,这与研究区域的地震活动性一致。芦山地震的前4次地震,除叠溪地震外,康定、松潘、汶川等3次地震在芦山地震震中位置产生的同震库仑破裂应力变化大于0,表明这3次地震可能促进了芦山地震的发生,汶川地震的同震库仑破裂应力超过了0.01MPa,同震触发效应十分显著。震间的黏弹性松弛对芦山震源处起加载作用,从1900年以来这种持续的加载作用也超过0.01MPa,因此在模拟应力演化的时候,介质的黏弹性松弛效应不能被忽略。从库仑破裂应力的角度计算龙门山区域断层的应力演化,可以发现龙门山断裂带上汶川地震和芦山地震破裂的空段,在芦山地震之后仍然属于相对应力水平较高的区域。     

断层面上库仑破裂应力变化的相关研究进展

地震的孕育、发生和震后调整被认为是震源区及其邻区的应变积累释放过程.地震引起的静态库仑应力变化可有力地解释余震分布、强震序列等地震观测,并为探索地震发生机制和地震预测提供新的线索.地震学家们多采用弹性位错模型计算同震位错引起的库仑应力变化,以研究余震分布及地震间相互作用;随着流变学的发展,粘弹模型因可以很好的解释大量震后形变观测而被广泛用于断层面上的震后应力调整研究;此外,构造应力加载作用在更长时间尺度上造成断层面的应力积累,基于负位错模型计算震间库仑应力变化为又一研究内容.本文从同震、震后、震间库仑应力变化的角度提炼出断层面上库仑破裂应力变化的大量研究成果,介绍了库仑应力变化的基本计算原理及引起断层面上库仑应力变化的主要原因,论述了通过库仑应力演化来研究地震活动的方法和应用,进一步讨论断层面上库仑应力演化研究存在的问题和近期的进展.     

汶川8.0级地震和芦山7.0级地震对周边断层的影响

采用分层粘弹性介质模型,研究龙门山断裂带发生的两次大地震(2008年5月12日汶川8.0级和2013年4月20日芦山7.0级地震)的同震位错和震后粘滞松弛效应引起的周边断裂带上的库仑应力变化。结果表明,汶川8.0级地震同震和震后效应均引起了芦山7.0级地震震中位置的库仑应力增加,有利于芦山地震的发生;汶川和芦山地震的同震和震后效应引起的周边各断层上的累积库仑应力变化分布显示,这两次大地震引起了其间的破裂空段的库仑应力显著增加;此外,累积库仑应力显著升高的断裂还有:鲜水河断裂带中段、灌县一安县断裂北段、文县断裂的一.部分、平武一青川断裂北段、略阳一勉县断裂。累积库仑应力显著降低的断裂有:马尔康断裂、岷江断裂南端、虎牙断裂、龙泉山断裂北端、北川一映秀断裂北段。     

基于库仑应力变化分析巴颜喀拉地块东端的强震相互关系

本研究基于分层黏弹介质模型,考虑同震位错效应和震后黏滞松弛效应,分析巴颜喀拉地块东端1976年松潘地震序列、2008年汶川8.0级地震、2013年芦山7.0级地震和2017年九寨沟7.0级地震等多次大地震的可能存在的触发关系,计算大地震引起的周边各主要断裂的库仑应力变化.结果显示,1976年松潘地震序列各次地震间关系密切,存在明显的相继触发作用;综合考虑同震和震后效应,汶川8.0级地震对同属于龙门山断裂带的芦山7.0级地震有触发作用,且震后效应影响不可忽略;1976年地震序列,特别是1976年8月16日7.2级地震促进了2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震的发生;汶川地震对九寨沟地震的影响研究中,采用不同的汶川地震同震位错模型,计算结果有差异.综合考虑多次大地震对周边断裂带的影响,龙门山断裂带南段、鲜水河断裂带中南段、平武—青川断裂北段、灌县—安县断裂北段、文县断裂的累积库仑应力增加显著,巴颜喀拉地块东端的东昆仑断裂带东段、迭部—白龙江断裂带西段以及金沙江断裂带库仑应力亦有所增加.综合考虑各重要断裂带已有的大地震危险性分析结果和库仑应力变化计算结果,龙门山断裂带南段、鲜水河断裂带中南段、东昆仑断裂带玛沁—玛曲段和金沙江断裂带的发震紧迫性有所增强,需引起关注.     

祁连—海原断裂带强震库仑应力演化特征研究

研究祁连—海原断裂带及其附近区域自1920年海原M_S8.5地震后至今发生的6次M_S≥7.0强震间的相互触发关系,基于Burgers体构建粘弹性介质模型,模拟同震和震后库仑应力的演化过程;进一步针对祁连山北缘断裂带、西秦岭北缘断裂带及六盘山断裂带3条主要断裂带,分别计算自1920年至今6次强震在这3条断裂带上近百年尺度的应力累积。结果表明:1927年古浪M_S8.0地震受到1920年海原M_S8.5地震同震和震后库仑应力的共同加载,1954年民勤M_S7.0地震和1990年共和M_S7.0地震均受到之前发生强震的库仑应力的累积加载影响;西秦岭北缘断裂位于6次强震震后的综合累积应力卸载区,六盘山断裂带则位于累积应力加载区。研究强震间库仑应力演化特征及其对周围断裂带的较长时间尺度的累积影响,需要合理考虑粘弹性松弛效应下的震后库仑应力的累积作用,也可结合地震活动性进一步为明确危险断层段提供合理的参考。     

龙门山和鲜水河断裂带对区域构造加载作用的动态响应

为了研究汶川地震和鲜水河断裂带上的地震之间是否有触发作用及区域构造加载作用在这些地震发生过程中对应力场的影响.我们以汶川地震和鲜水河断裂带所在区域上的共7次地震为研究对象,区域构造加载作用由GPS速度边界近似,用分裂节点技术模拟上地壳地震的发生,并采用三维黏弹性有限元方法,模拟库仑应力的演化.研究结果表明:鲜水河断裂带上的地震震前积累的库仑应力的17%~38%来自区域构造加载的持续作用,其他的地震形变引起的库仑应力的积累约占49%~67%,故地震触发作用明显(除1948年理塘地震和1973年炉霍地震外);而汶川地震震前1893—1981年发生的地震释放了该区部分库仑应力,不可能对汶川地震有触发作用.汶川地震的库仑应力积累可能主要来自区域构造加载作用,地震发生以后几乎释放了所在区域的所有库仑应力,形成新的格局.     

COULOMB STRESS EVOLUTION AND SEISMIC HAZARD ALONG THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF THE SICHUAN-YUNNAN BLOCK

Using a more realistic model of multi-layered viscoelastic media, and considering the effects of the coseismic dislocation and the postseismic viscoelastic relaxation caused by the 34 great earthquakes occurring along the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block since 1480 and the interseismic stress accumulation caused by the tectonic loading generated by plate motions which were modeled by introducing "virtual negative displacements" along the major fault segment in the region under study, we calculated the evolution of the Coulomb stress change in each fault plane of 18 major fault segments along the eastern boundary caused by the coseismic, postseismic and interseismic effects. We studied the interactions of the Xianshuihe, Anninghe, Zemuhe and Xiaojiang fault zones on the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block. By evaluating if the previous earthquake could bring another earthquake closer to or farther from failure, we analyzed the interactions of the earthquakes which occurred in the different segments in the same fault zone, or in the different fault zones respectively. And further based on the calculation results of the Coulomb stress change on the fault planes, we analyzed the seismic hazard of each fault segment.The results show that the previous earthquake may trigger another earthquake which can occur in the same fault zone or in the different fault zone. And the calculation results on the evolution of the cumulative Coulomb stress change in the each fault segment show that, the Coulomb stress increases significantly in the middle section and the Moxi segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone, the Mianning-Xichang segment of the Anninghe fault zone, the Qiaojia-dongchuan segment and the Jianshui segment of the Xiaojiang fault zone, and the seismic hazard in these fault segments is worthy paying attention to.     

The Kangding earthquake swarm of November, 2014

There was an earthquake swarm of two major events of MS6.3 and MS5.8 on the Xianshuihe fault in November, 2014. The two major earthquakes are both strike-slip events with aftershock zone along NW direction.We have analyzed the characteristics of this earthquake sequence. The b value and the h value show the significant variations in different periods before and after the MS5.8earthquake. Based on the data of historical earthquakes, we also illustrated the moderate-strong seismic activity on the Xianshuihe fault. The Kangding earthquake swarm manifests the seismic activity on Xianshuihe fault may be in the late seismic active period. The occurrence of the Kangding earthquake may be an adjustment of the strong earthquakes on the Xianshuihe fault. The Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the historical earthquakes were also given in this article. The results indicate that the earthquake swarm was encouraged by the historical earthquakes since1893, especially by the MS7.5 Kangding earthquake in1955. The Coulomb failure stress changes also shows the subsequent MS5.8 earthquake was triggered by the MS6.3earthquake.     

1900年以来巴颜喀拉块体应力演化与周缘强震关系的数值模拟研究

以巴颜喀拉块体为研究对象,考虑区域地质构造差异,主要活动断裂带,活动块体和边界断裂带的划分结果,引入深部三维速度结构,建立能反映地表起伏和岩石圈分层结构的青藏高原地区三维黏弹性有限元模型.以地壳水平运动速率观测值和最大主压应力方向测量值为约束条件重建研究区现今构造背景应力场.在此基础上模拟了自1900年以来巴颜喀拉块体周缘的7级以上强震序列,从库仑破裂应力角度研究了应力演化与强震的关系、强震之间的相互作用关系以及长期构造加载对强震的影响.研究结果表明,巴颜喀拉块体周缘强震的发生可能与震源区总应力的增加有关.2008年汶川地震导致龙门山断裂带南段应力增加,表明汶川地震对2013年芦山地震有促进作用.鲜水河断裂带上的7级以上强震序列对发生在邻近龙门山断裂带上的2008年汶川地震和2013年芦山地震有延迟作用.     

Dynamic simulation of interactions between major earthquakes on the Xianshuihe fault zone

The authors firstly evaluate the strain accumulation rate of the Xianshuihe fault zone based on earth- quake activity. We calculated the stress and seismic moment accumulation rate for each subsection of the Xianshuihe fault zone based on the distribution of geological slip rate and GPS survey results. According to the results, we get the recurrence intervals of characterized earthquakes on each sub- section respectively. A three-dimensional finite element model for western Sichuan is constructed to discuss the earthquakes triggering among major earthquakes (M>6.7) that occurred along the Xianshuihe fault zone since 1893. The calculated Coulomb failure stress changes (ΔCFS) show that 5 of the 6 earthquakes with Ms>6.7 were triggered by positive ΔCFS. The interactions between major earthquakes not only influence recurrence intervals of characterized earthquakes on each subsection, but also change recurrence behavior of major earthquakes along the whole fault zone.     

Finite element simulation of stress change for the MS7.4 Madoi earthquake and implications for regional seismic hazards

On May 22, 2021, the M_S 7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County, Qinghai Province; it was another strong event that occurred within the Bayan Har block after the Dari M_S 7.7 earthquake in 1947. An earthquake is bound to cast stress to the surrounding faults, thus affecting the regional seismic hazard. To understand these issues, a three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model of the eastern Bayan Har block and its adjacent areas was constructed. Based on the co-seismic rupture model of the Madoi earthquake, we analyzed the co- and post-seismic Coulomb stress change caused by the Madoi earthquake on the surrounding major faults. The results show that the Madoi earthquake caused significant co-seismic stress increases in the Tuosuo Lake and Maqin-Maqu segments of the East Kunlun fault (>10 ?kPa), which exceeded the proposed threshold of stress triggering. By integrating the accumulation rate of the inter-seismic tectonic stress, we conclude that the Madoi earthquake caused future strong earthquakes in the Tuosuo Lake and Maqin-Maqu segments of the East Kunlun fault to advance by 55.6-623 and 24.7-123 ?a, respectively. Combined with the influence of the Madoi earthquake and the elapsed time of the last strong earthquake, these two segments have approached or even exceeded the recurrence interval of the fault prescribed by previous research. In the future, it is necessary to focus greater attention on the seismic hazard of the Maqin-Maqu and Tuosuo Lake segments. This study provides a mechanical reference to understand the seismic hazard of the East Kunlun fault in the future, particularly to determine the seismic potential region.     

Earthquake Triggering along the Xianshuihe Fault Zone of Western Sichuan,China

Western Sichuan is among the most seismically active regions in southwestern China and is characterized by frequent strong (M 6.5) earthquakes, mainly along the Xianshuihe fault zone. Historical and instrumental seismicity show a temporal pattern of active periods separated by inactive ones, while in space a remarkable epicenter migration has been observed. During the last active period starting in 1893, the sinistral strike–slip Xianshuihe fault of 350 km total length, was entirely broken with the epicenters of successive strong earthquakes migrating along its strike. This pattern is investigated by resolving changes of Coulomb failure function (CFF) since 1893 and hence the evolution of the stress field in the area during the last 110 years. Coulomb stress changes were calculated assuming that earthquakes can be modeled as static dislocations in an elastic halfspace, and taking into account both the coseismic slip in strong (M 6.5) earthquakes and the slow tectonic stress buildup associated with major fault segments. The stress change calculations were performed for faults of strike, dip, and rake appropriate to the strong events. We evaluate whether these stress changes brought a given strong earthquake closer to, or sent it farther from, failure. It was found that all strong earthquakes, and moreover, the majority of smaller events for which reliable fault plane solutions are available, have occurred on stress–enhanced fault segments providing a convincing case in which Coulomb stress modeling gives insight into the temporal and spatial manifestation of seismic activity. We extend the stress calculations to the year 2025 and provide an assessment for future seismic hazard by identifying the fault segments that are possible sites of future strong earthquakes.     

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF STRONG EARTHQUAKE ON THE RECURRENCE BEHAVIOR OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKE ON ACTIVE FAULT-TAKING THE MIDDLE-NORTH SECTION OF XIANSHUIHE FAULT AS AN EXAMPLE

It is of great significance to determine the factors and causes that affect the recurrence of major earthquakes. This paper introduces the influence of strong earthquake on the recurrence of major earthquakes according to elastic rebound theory, and then proposes to calculate the impact time Δt respectively from the effect of strong earthquakes on the same and surrounding faults on the major earthquake recurrence by using seismic moment release rate method and Coulomb stress change. In this paper, we studied the change amount of major earthquake recurrence by taking four earthquakes with magnitude greater than 6.5 occurring at different fracture sections of the Xianshuhe fault zone as an example, they occurred on Daofu, Changcu, Zhuwo Fault, respectively. We used seismic moment rate method to calculate the impact time Δt of strong earthquake on the recurrence of major earthquakes on the Daofu-Qianning Fault. We further discussed the effect of the Coulomb stress change due to the interaction between faults on the recurrence of subsequent major earthquakes. The co-seismic and post-seismic Coulomb stress changes caused by strong earthquake on the surrounding faults on the Ganzi-Luhuo Fault are calculated. With the fault interaction considered, the importance of the interaction between faults in the middle-north section of the Xianshuihe fault zone to change the recurrence of large earthquakes is retested and evaluated. The results indicate that the two strong earthquakes occurring along Xianshuihe Fault in 1904(M=7.0) and 1981(M=6.9) resulted in a delay of 80 years and 45 years of major earthquake recurrence on the Daofu-Qianning Fault respectively, and the M7.3 earthquake in 1923 and the M6.8 earthquake in 1967 resulted in an advance of 35 years of major earthquake recurrence on the Ganzi-Luhuo Fault.     

鲜水河断裂带的应力积累与释放

本文根据历史地震(Ms6.0)的资料,研究了鲜水河断裂带的地震活动性,并利用断层的位错模式进一步研究该断裂带的应力积累和释放过程.结果表明,该断裂带的强震活动大致以道孚为界,形成北西和南东两个活动地段,呈现南北交替活动的特征.地震能量的这种交替释放似具有准周期性质,Ms7.0级地震的平均复发周期为27.6年.给出该断裂带在三个不同时间段(1700-1811,1816-1967,1816-1982)强震断层作用引起的应力释放图象,讨论了前两个时间段地震应力场对其后发生的第一个大地震的重要影响.计算了1893年以来在断裂带南东段(相对闭锁段)的应力积累,示出相应的最大剪应力和流体静应力等值线图.最后,根据应力积累、附加应力变化、地震活动规律和应变释放曲线特征,估计了鲜水河断裂带的地震趋势.认为在本世纪末,在断裂带南东段的(1)康定-磨西段或(2)道孚-乾宁段或(3)乾宁-康定段将可能发生 Ms=7.40.3地震.