渤海海域新生代盆地中的郯庐断裂带构造

郯庐断裂带从渤海海域新生代盆地东部边缘穿过,在盆地新生代盖层中主要表现为NNE向的右旋走滑断裂带,切割了控制古近纪盆地形成的NE-NNE向伸展断层.近年来的油气勘探成果表明,郯庐断裂带新生代构造活动对渤海海域的油气藏分布有直接或间接的影响.作为深断裂带的一部分,渤海海域新生代盆地中的郯庐断裂带的主要活动时期为渐新世以后,对渤海海域盆地渐新世以来的构造演化有明显的影响.然而郯庐深断裂带在晚中生代就已经存在,渤海海域古近纪裂陷盆地的形成利用了先存的郯庐断裂带中的构造要素.     

营口-潍坊断裂带新构造和新构造活动的再认识

营潍断裂带是郯庐断裂带通过渤海的部分,亦为渤海湾盆地东部构造的重要组成部分,近年来一些研究者从不同角度对断裂带的新构造和新构造活动等进行了不同程度的研究。文中基于以往的工作并结合其他研究者的成果,对该断裂带的新构造和新构造活动及有关问题再次作了分析。渤海地区新构造运动开始于中新世晚期(12~10MaBP),它源自区域地壳水平运动,新构造应力场以NEE-SWW至近EW向水平挤压为特征。营潍断裂带的新构造,主要表现为先存古近纪断裂复活和新构造应力场初始应力作用在其上覆新近系--第四系中形成的构造变形,它以断裂极其发育为特征。NE向斜切营潍断裂带中段的庙西北-黄河口新生断裂带的产生,不仅使营潍断裂带的新构造和新构造活动具分段性,而且使该断裂带的新构造活动显著减弱。渤海东部地震基本沿庙西北-黄河口断裂带分布,营潍断裂带辽东湾段和莱州湾段地震较少且震级小。为究其原因,最后还作了初步的力学分析。     

郯庐断裂中段两侧坳陷的新生代构造－热演化特征

郯庐断裂带两侧分布众多的坳陷，其构造－热演化历史对于这些含油气坳陷的油气成藏起到重要的作用.本文利用镜质组反射率和磷灰石裂变径迹古温标模拟计算了郯庐断裂带中段两侧6个坳陷120口单井的热演化历史，在此基础上得到各坳陷新生代的地温梯度演化特征.总体上，郯庐断裂两侧坳陷的古地温梯度在新生代是逐渐降低的，在古近纪较高而新近纪仅比目前的地温梯度略高；结合构造沉降史的恢复结果，认为其反映了研究区由断陷向坳陷转化的构造演化特征.根据各坳陷古地温梯度的演化模拟结果，距离郯庐断裂带不同位置的坳陷其古热场特征存在差异.位于断裂带内的辽河盆地、渤中和昌潍坳陷古热场较高(第三纪初期的地温梯度达到57～59 ℃/km)，且辽河盆地和昌潍坳陷在第三纪地温梯度一直处于较高的状况，而渤中坳陷新近纪时期的较低地温梯度是由于其大的构造沉降所致.远离郯庐断裂带的冀中和临清坳陷的古热场及其演化程度均是较低的，第三纪初期的地温梯度分别为53 ℃/km和50 ℃/km.由此推测郯庐断裂带在第三纪以来的活动性对其两侧地区热场的影响较大.郯庐断裂带两侧坳陷地温场的差异在宏观上受控于郯庐断裂的演化，在局部地区受控坳(盆)断裂等构造的影响.     

渤海海域现代构造应力场的数值模拟

根据渤海海域的构造演化背景和地质构造特征建立了该区的二维地质模型,用二维有限元方法计算模拟了渤海海域现代构造应力场,获得了该区构造应力场的分布特征;同时,根据计算结果把渤海海域的构造应力场分为辽东湾、渤中、渤东和渤西等4个区域,并对这4个区域在构造应力场上的差异性进行了描述。从渤海海域整体的应力分布可以看出,该区新近纪以来的断裂活动总体水平上西部较东部强烈,海域东部沿郯庐断裂带仍有较高的断裂发育程度及断裂张开性,而海域中部地区的断层发育程度、活动位移均较低     

郯庐断裂带中南段新构造活动迹象

我国举世闻名的郯庐断裂带,古往今来都是地质找矿、地震测报等工作的重要研究对象。该断裂究竟有无新活动呢?笔者曾在该断裂中南段的东海、新沂、宿迁等县做过多年地质调研工作,积累了一些说明该段新构造活动迹象的资料。所谓新构造活动,一般泛指从新第三纪开始到现在的构造活动。就郯庐断裂带中南段而言,新构造活动迹象主要表现为断裂、地震、水系、沉积物、地貌要素等方面。下面就该带中南段新构造活动迹象作一简单的介绍。一、水系的发育和变异1.水系的分流和改流     

地震折射和反射方法研究郯庐断裂带宿迁段的浅部构造特征

郯庐断裂带是中国东部最大的一个活动构造带,其内部结构非常复杂,不同区段表现出不同特征的构造样式.本文采用浅层地震反射波成像技术对郯庐断裂带宿迁段的近地表结构进行了高分辨率成像,利用该区已有的深地震反射剖面数据,采用初至波层析成像方法获得了郯庐断裂带的浅层P波速度结构.结果表明,郯庐断裂带宿迁段是一个由多条断裂以及凹陷和隆起构成的复杂构造带,且新生代地层厚度和地震波速分布明显受到断裂的影响与控制.郯庐断裂带的东、西两侧为基底隆起区,近地表速度结构呈现为明显的高速特征,新生代地层厚度小于200m.郯庐断裂带总体显示为低速凹陷结构,新生代地层厚度在300～600m之间变化,最厚处位于宿迁市的陵城镇附近.郯庐断裂带宿迁段主要由5条断裂构成,从这些断裂的上断点埋深和第四纪活动特征来看,郯庐断裂带的东边界断裂F_1和西边界断裂F_4的活动性相对较弱,为第四纪早期活动断裂.断裂F_2和F_3控制了郯庐断裂带内部的新生代凹陷,两者的活动时代分别为中更新世和晚更新世.安丘—莒县断裂F_5位于断裂F_1和F_2之间,由2条相向而倾的分支断层F_5和F_(5-1)构成,其活动时代分别为全新世和晚更新世.研究结果为进一步认识郯庐断裂带宿迁段的近地表特征及其活动性提供了新证据.     

苏鲁皖地区现代构造活动研究

用苏鲁皖地区50—80年代的精密水准资料作出两张垂直形变图,并结合新构造及地质背景分析研究了现代构造活动的特征。发现(1)切过本区的郯庐断裂带是一条控制性构造,其活动决定了本区现代构造活动的特点。(2)郯庐带从临沂—五河为一走滑活动段,其两端为应力积累的闭锁区。(3)断裂带长趋势处于右旋走滑活动状态,近期出现反向活动。文章最后分析了1668年鲁南大震产生的构造原因     

郯庐断裂带及邻区深孔地应力测量与地震地质意义

郯庐断裂带是中国东部大陆一条深大断裂带,也是规模最大的第四纪活动构造带和地震活动带,断裂带及邻区现代构造应力场明显控制了活动断裂的运动方式、活动强度和地震活动等,深入研究郯庐断裂带及邻区地壳浅层应力环境,对于探讨断裂带现今活动性无疑具有重要的科学意义.在总结前人研究成果的基础上,本文首先依据郯庐断裂带及邻区(山东-环渤海-辽宁)6个600~1000 m深孔地应力实测数据,初步揭示断裂带及邻区地壳浅层应力分布规律,并分析其在不同构造部位之间的差异;其次,结合研究区已有其他基础应力数据(震源机制解、钻孔崩落、应力解除及断层滑动矢量反演数据等),详细分析断裂带及邻区现今构造应力场及其对断裂活动方式的影响;最后依据库仑破裂摩擦准则,从力学角度分别探讨不同的应力状态和摩擦强度对郯庐断裂带山东、渤海及辽宁段现今活动稳定性的影响,同时参考断裂带及邻区近代地震活动分布特征,积极探索活动断裂带附近深孔地应力测量在地震地质研究领域中的应用思路.     

张家口-渤海地震构造带的地壳形变研究

华北北部地区的张家口-渤海断裂带是控制现代强震的一条地震构造带。新近纪以来,在区域NEE向主压应力的作用下,新发育了一系列的NE向构造活动带,与张家口-渤海断裂带组成1组共轭的剪切破裂系统,控制了近代强震的发生。文中主要探讨了这条断裂带的地壳形变特征。长趋势GPS地壳形变图像反映了这条活动断裂带相对完整的左旋走滑活动。分期的地壳形变图像揭示了在中强地震前,沿该断裂带出现一系列的NE向梯度异常带,分别指示了唐山-河间、三河-涞水以及延怀-山西地震构造活动带的活动,表明了沿张家口-渤海断裂带出现了中强地震的中期前兆。研究认为,强震前地壳形变揭示的是深部蕴震层的应变活动信息,而强震之后比较杂乱的图像特征体现了盖层的调整运动     

郯庐断裂带地震活动特征

本文较为详细地研究了郯庐断裂带及附近地区的地震活动，其主要结果为：１、郯庐断裂带地震活动由四个地震活动区段组成，该带活动的主体区段是那城─—渤海─—海城．２、郯庐断裂带地震活动的周期性是形成邦城─—海城区段中强地震活动的主要原因．３、郯庐断裂带中北段（邦城─—海城）Ｍ≥６．０级地震具有较好的迁移规律．４、郯庐断裂带近代小震活动表现出南段随机性，中段呈线性，北段具有密集区带性等特点。５、郯庐断裂带震源深度表现出南、北段浅，中段深，且散度大的特点。６、郯庐断裂带Ｑ值分布表明，沂沭带介质强度的完整性较差。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后，可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流，则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...