我国地震旅游资源及开发利用

介绍了我国地震旅游资源的概况,论述了我国现存的主要地形地貌震迹、古建筑、现代建筑震迹遗址及地震碑刻、地震纪念馆的旅游功能。最后,对重要的地震旅游景点作了较详细的论述,并提出开发利用这些旅游资源的建议。     

海区前新生代残留盆地油气研究的综合地球物理技术

我国前新生代残留盆地油气资源的巨大潜力已为近年的一些勘探实践所证实,但是仍面临许多技术难题.本文介绍了近年在863计划支持下,针对残留盆地油气勘探难题所研究的一些方法与技术.其中包括针对我国海区残留盆地勘探目标的地震采集技术、基于弯曲射线的复杂构造叠前成像技术和残留盆地残余厚度提取技术等.这些技术已在我国海域进行了试验并取得了一定的成效.     

深部地质资源地球物理探测技术研究发展

随着经济发展,人类经济社会对资源与能源的需求日益增加.我国在采资源正在枯竭,供需矛盾不断加大,对外依存度较高.国家对陆地盲区、深地和深海的资源勘探极为重视,同时未来勘探对象更为隐蔽、地质条件更为复杂,勘探与开采难度越来越大.地球物理方法作为勘查技术中最有效准确的预测方法之一,为满足勘探任务的需求,近年来地球物理勘探在研究新技术、新方法、仪器研发和数据处理解释等方面取得突破性进展.本文详细阐述我国的金属矿、煤矿、油气以及非常规油气资源的勘探开发现状,归纳了相应领域的地球物理技术新进展,对深地资源的勘探开发进行了展望,为资源与能源开发提供参考.     

资源开发、环境保护与地球物理学

人口、资源、灾害与环境是困扰当代人类的几个重大问题.人口的增长,要求有更多的资源,而资源开发、利用的合理与否,又势必对环境产生有利或有害的影响;环境的改善或恶化,反过来又必然影响到资源的增减.因此,如何处理好它们之间的关系,使资源得到合理的开发和利用,同时又保护或改善环境,形成资源开发利用与环境保护改善之间的良性循环,应当是人类共同奋斗的一个目标. 本文依据一些实际资料论述了上述问题以及地球物理学在解决这些问题中所应起的作用.     

中国西部北纬35°线附近地区7.0级以上强震分析

自1990年以来我国西部及邻近地区先后发生了6次7.0级以上地震,这些地震的震中位于35°N线附近,其纬度界于34.4°～36.2 °N之间,平均纬度为35.45 °N. 美国哈佛大学给出的震源机制表明,这些地震的主压应力轴方位一致性较好,都为NE向,似乎说明这些地震的发生是在统一的应力场作用下的结果,可能与印度板块对我国大陆的推挤作用有关. 结合地质构造和余震分布确定了发震断层,计算了它们产生的应力场,根据库仑破裂应力变化,分析了它们之间的相互影响. 结果显示,在这些地震中,对后续发生的地震可能具有促震作用. 根据引潮力在震源断层面上产生的有效剪切应力, 分析了引潮力对这些地震的触发效应, 结果没有显示这些地震的发生受到明显的引潮力触发.     

关于构建军事地球物理环境资源数据融合机制的思考

论述了地球物理环境资源数据在国家安全和国防建设的作用,分析了我国军事地球物理环境资源数据应用现状,阐明了地球物理环境资源数据在军事上的需求,提出了构建我国军事地球物理环境资源数据融合机制的四种方法途径.     

如何避免“矿尽城衰”? 中国地质大学(北京)副校长雷涯邻谈矿业城市绿色转型

正矿业城市是一个古今中外都有的概念,我国古代的矿业城镇。可以追溯到殷商时代,后来中小型矿业城镇遍及全国各地。但这些曾经"因矿而兴"的中国矿业城市,因资源枯竭一度陷入困境,通过转型谋求可持续发展,已成为这些资源型城市避免"矿尽城衰"的发展共识。在2015中国国际矿业大会"新常态下资源型城市转型与可持续发展"的分论坛上,中国地质大学(北京)副校长、中国矿业联合会矿业城市工作委     

形变电阻率在地震予报中的应用

六六年邢台地震之后,我国从预报地震出发,逐步建了一些地电台站,华北、西北、华东部分地区渐趋形成了地电观测网,部分台已积累了十几年的观测资料,而且在这些地区近几年发生了一系列中强地震,这对深入研究形变电阻率在地震预报中的应用提供了基础.对于形变电阻率资料进行分析处理,我国地震工作者作了大量的工作.在预报实践中起到了很大作用.所以把这些方法进行较详尽的分析对比,有利形变电阻率方法较快地发展.本文以太原形变电阻率台几年的观测资料,对该手段数据处理及预报方法进行研讨.     

中国岩石圈三维结构综合数据网站的研发建设

岩石圈三维结构是地球动力学研究的重点.随着中国岩石圈三维结构研究的深入,我国已经取得了大量珍贵的相关探测数据资料和成果数据资料.本文通过对这些数据资料的总结分析建立了统一的数据库.在此基础上,利用先进的网络技术,数据库技术、地理信息系统技术,研发建设了一个有关中国岩石圈三维结构的专业化综合数据网.它将有效地提高这些数据资料的利用率,为进一步的研究和交流提供了平台.     

技术创新促进中国矿业可持续发展 矿业大会采选冶技术与设备分论坛探讨智能采矿

<正>随着矿业的开发及产业链的融合,越来越多的新技术在矿业领域得以推广。这些技术不仅为深部开采、采空区探测等提供了有力支撑,保障了安全开采,减少了地质灾害,而且为资源选冶提供了科学的工艺路径,提高了资源回收率,促进了我国紧缺资源的高效开发。在不久前闭幕的2017中国国际矿业大会的采选冶技术与设备分论坛上,来自不同采选冶单位及企业的专家、学者为大家分享了应对不同矿山安全隐患、科学高效利用资源降本增效等实践成果与经验。     

QPOG技术及其应用研究

研究了地震资料的现场处理技术－－QPOG（Quickly Predicting Oil and Gas），提出利用QPOG技术右以在地震勘探中快速有效地进行油气预测，并给出了有井区和无进区的两种预测方法；有井区以人工神经网络、模糊相似优先比等方法为主，无井区以分形、混沌、突变等理论方法为主，通过对具体研究区的实际预测，证明了方法的实用性。     

中国海域残留盆地油气勘探潜力分析

中国海包括专属经济区和大陆架约为300万平方公里.海域是我国油气资源可持续发展战略中重要组成部分，而其中残留盆地则是“油气二次创业”的主战场.本文从三个角度分析了中国海域的勘探潜力：1）巨大的勘探空间；海域大，新生代盆地及其前新生代残留盆地勘探面积巨大；2）巨大的技术空间，勘探程度及勘探技术水平均明显低于陆上油气区勘探水平；3）巨大的资源空间，海域具有优越的石油地质条件，不但有新生代成油气体系而且有前新生代含油气系统.有21亿吨以上有待发现的资源量.这表明，中国海域具有资源上的巨大潜力有待发掘，勘探前景极为广阔.     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins.At present,shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials.The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil.Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism,it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas.Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs.They are mainly of dry gas,which are composed of methane and only tiny C2 heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas.Generally,methane isotopes are light,whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas.Ethane isotopes are heavy,which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas.Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope,so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil.The heavy oil degraded gas formation,a very complex geological,geochemical and microbiological geochemical process,is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon,which is controlled by many factors.     

鄂尔多斯盆地油气地质与勘探

鄂尔多斯盆地油气资源丰富,盆地构造平缓,以岩性、岩性-地层和古地貌油气藏为主,储层厚度薄。本文详细分析了鄂尔多斯盆地油气地质、油气资源的形成与分布,指出了鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探方向及地震勘探技术系列在该盆地大油气田的发现中的不可替代的重要作用。     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins. At present, shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials. The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil. Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism, it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas. Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs. They are mainly of dry gas, which are composed of methane and only tiny C ₂ ⁺ heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas. Generally, methane isotopes are light, whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas. Ethane isotopes are heavy, which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas. Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope, so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil. The heavy oil degraded gas formation, a very complex geological, geochemical and microbiological geochemical process, is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon, which is controlled by many factors.     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins. At present, shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials. The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil. Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism, it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas. Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs. They are mainly of dry gas, which are composed of methane and only tiny C ⁺₂ heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas. Generally, methane isotopes are light, whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas. Ethane isotopes are heavy, which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas. Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope, so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil. The heavy oil degraded gas formation, a very complex geological, geochemical and microbiological geochemical process, is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon, which is controlled by many factors.

     

第二深度空间(5000~10000 m)油、气形成与聚集的深层物理与动力学响应

在当今全球各国对油、气能源的需求和我国在工业化进程中油气能源十分紧缺的前提下,共享世界油、气能源的同时,必须立足于本土,迅速建立起安全、稳定,且可保证持续供给的油、气能源战略后备基地.油、气田勘探和开采中,尚存在着大于或远大于通常所规范的油、气生成稳定温度和深度限定,而向深部勘察油、气的理念又受到传统油、气成因理论的严峻挑战.为此,近些年来,通过对沉积建造、结晶基底,深部油气生成的物理（主指温度、压力）条件、物源和聚集储存空间的研究,提出：①沉积盆地中存在双相（陆相+海相）沉积建造,而基底则分为中、新生代沉积基底和古老的变质岩结晶基底,即双层基底;②地壳深部介质的物理－化学属性和变质岩及存储空间为油、气的生成和聚集提供了物质基础;③厘定了在有机成因主导下,油、气混合成因（有机+无机）的新理念;④第二深度空间（5000~10000 m）的油、气探查和开发将必是未来深部发现大型和超大型油、气田和深化研究的必然轨迹.     

“Exploring petroleum inside source kitchen”: Shale oil and gas in Sichuan Basin

The Sichuan Basin is rich in shale oil and gas resources, with favorable geological conditions that the other shale reservoirs in China cannot match. Thus, the basin is an ideal option for fully "exploring petroleum inside source kitchen" with respect to onshore shale oil and gas in China. This paper analyzes the characteristics of shale oil and gas resources in the United States and China, and points out that maturity plays an important role in controlling shale oil and gas composition. US shale oil and gas exhibit high proportions of light hydrocarbon and wet gas, whereas Chinese marine and transitional shale gas is mainly dry gas and continental shale oil is generally heavy. A comprehensive geological study of shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin reveals findings with respect to the following three aspects. First, there are multiple sets of organic-rich shale reservoirs of three types in the basin, such as the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation marine shale, Permian Longtan Formation transitional shale, Triassic Xujiahe Formation lake-swamp shale, and Jurassic lacustrine shale. Marine shale gas enrichment is mainly controlled by four elements: Deep-water shelf facies, moderate thermal evolution, calcium-rich and silicon-rich rock association, and closed roof/floor. Second, the "sweet section" is generally characterized by high total organic carbon, high gas content, large porosity, high brittle minerals content, high formation pressure,and the presence of lamellation/bedding and natural microfractures. Moreover, the "sweet area" is generally characterized by very thick organic-rich shale, moderate thermal evolution, good preservation conditions, and shallow burial depth, which are exemplified by the shale oil and gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, Longtan Formation, and Daanzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation. Third, the marine, transitional, and continental shale oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin account for 50%, 25%, and 30% of the respective types of shale oil and gas geological resources in China, with great potential to become the cradle of the shale oil and gas industrial revolution in China. Following the "Conventional Daqing-Oil"(i.e., the Daqing oilfield in the Songliao Basin) and the "Western Daqing-Oil Gas"(i.e., the Changqing oilfield in the Ordos Basin), the Southwest oil and gas field in the Sichuan Basin is expected to be built into a "Sichuan-Chongqing Daqing-Gas" in China.     

Overview of US Minerals Management Service Activities in Deepwater Research

The US Minerals Management Service (MMS) is responsible for safe and environmentally sound management of offshore oil and gas resources. In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in both activities and plans for deepwater development of these resources in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). As the industry meets the enormous technical challenges involved, there is a concomitant effort to assure environmental protection of deep-ocean and coastal resources. This paper will outline the research planning and program currently underway to assess impacts, identify potential problems, and discover more about unknown resources of the deep ocean.     

中国油气资源企盼二次创业

中国石油天然气工业在过去50年的第一次创业中，主要是在新生年代陆相沉积盆地中获得丰富的油气资源，当前在严峻的形势下，国家必须进行油气资源的第二次创业，第二次创业要从突破前新生代（中生代、古生代、甚至更早）海相碳酸盐岩地层中的油气开始，解放思想，提高认识并大力发展地球物理勘探技术，努力解决复杂地质体成象问题，探索海相油气资源，使这次创业得以成功。