考古地探CT方法及其分布式数字化遥测系统的研制成功

地面电探ＣＴ技术和方法在地下考古探测中的应用为国内外首次。它不仅可以发现原有电探方法难以发现的诸如深埋的前秦时期的土圹墓（目标小且与围体差异甚微）,而且还可以在野外现场随时随地直接出成果图,影像图;繁杂的测量技术方法数据采集,分析处理与成果解释统一由仪器系统自动完成,从而可大大地节省工作量和时间; 钱复业、赵玉林、张洪魁等所研制的地面电探ＣＴ技术ＤＰＡＳ－１００型数采系统达到世界先进水平。探头处数字化,传输过程中不受干扰;应用特殊信号处理技术,使用１６位“工业片”可起到２２位的作用,从而仪器同时…     

雷暴下地面自然尖端电晕放电离子时空演化的数值模拟

为了对雷暴云下近地面的电特性进行分析，本文建立了模拟自然尖端所产生的电晕离子演化的一维数值模式。以地面电场为基础，考虑到地面电晕离子的演化，成功地计算了从地面至８００ｍ的空中电场及电荷、电流的时空演变，发现地面电晕离子可解释除雷暴云电荷影响外的空中电场和地面电场的差异，空间电场比地面电场更能反应雷暴电荷所产生的电场。空间电荷层可延伸到８００ｍ的高度上，且电荷密度可高达０．２５ｎＣ／ｍ^３，６００ｍ高度上的传导电流密度可达０．１ｎＡ／ｍ^２。     

小波理论在探地雷达信号处理中的应用

探地雷达(ground penetrating radar—GPR)系统已成为浅层地下探测的有效手段并在地质勘探、城市建设、水文勘测、环境工程、考古等领域发挥着重要作用．信号处理质量是雷达技术能否成功运用的关键．本文对近年来探地雷达信号处理方面的文献进行了综合,对探地雷达技术中常用的数据处理技术作了阐述,重点分析了小波理论在探雷达信号处理中的应用,最后就小波变换理论在探地雷达中的应用前景提出了一些展望．     

“1995年度亚洲CT科技十大进展及中国CT科技新进展”评述

“１９９５年度亚洲ＣＴ科技十大进展及中国ＣＴ科技新进展”评述［本刊讯］在首届“１９９３年度亚洲ＣＴ科技十大进展评选及信息交流会”的基础上，１９９５年３月由地震科学联合基金会、《中国科协报》新闻部、《ＣＴ理论与应用研究》杂志编辑部联合主办了第二届“１９...     

《CT理论与应用研究》杂志在国际互联网上查看和交流的办法

本刊《ＣＴ理论与应用研究》杂志从２０００－２月起，即开始在北京民营科技网上，开辟了“ＣＴ科技进展与科技咨询的网页／ｗｗｗ．Ｍｙｓｔａｒ．ｃｏｍ．ｃｎ／３ＤＣＴ／”登载千禧之年“第七届 １９９９年度亚洲 ＣＴ科技十大进展与中国ＣＴ科技新进展信息交流会”的有关信息和评述．从２０００－０５月起，陆续登载“首届２０００年国际ＣＴ和三维成像会议”的组委会和征文及发奖事项。 本刊从１９９４年起，即向清华大学“国家学学术期刊光盘中心”和“ＣＮＫＩ中国期刊网”提供每期的杂志和相应的文章软磁盘，从２００ｉＮ１０日起…     

云南水氡中长周期变化的统计分析及孟连7.3,武定6.5地震异常

本文选择了云南地区十三个水氡观测点１９９２年９月份以来三年的数据，进行了有关处理，分离出８０－９０天的周期变化，并发现存在地区上的差异，孟连７．３地震及武定６．５地震前，震区周围水氡出现破坏周期性变化的中期异常，时间长达十数个月。     

中型医院CT室实施质量管理原则初探

本文应用我国推广普及型ＣＴ（ＣＴＭＡＸ－Ⅱ），根据世界卫生组织（ＷＨＯ）提出的ＱＡ、ＱＣ体系的原则，制定我院ＣＴ室十个扫描技术规范和ＣＴ诊断技术规范等，和ＣＴ日常维护（ＰＭ）规程和ＣＴ图像考贝后处理等３个规程．     

我国金属与非金属矿物探的回顾与展望

概要回顾了我国金属与非金属矿物探的历史及47年来所经历的四个发展阶段．物探方法由4种增加至40余种，一些已达国际先进水平．47年来，航空物探和区域重力调查基本覆盖了我国陆地面积，提出一大批基础地质和深部地质问题的新认识．物探发现了数以千计的金属与非金属矿的矿床．在技术方面，建立起了第二代航空物探系列、地面高精度重力和磁勘查系列、综合电法系列、综合核物探系列以及地下物探和测井系列．针对固体矿产的勘查任务，提出了物探的发展方向和一些建议．     

CT引导下原发性肝癌光动力学治疗效果

本文介绍了在ＣＴ引导下，利用激光对原发性肝癌局部进行光动力学疗法（以下简称ＰＤＴ），治疗半月后，进行ＣＴ复查，所有病人肿块中心均出现大小不等的液化坏死区，液化坏死区最大直径３．７ｃｍ，ＣＴ值下降７—４９ＨＵ，经组织学检查治疗区，表明细胞膜严重受损，并可见大量坏死组织，经ＰＤＴ治疗后的病人生存超过半年者达９２．３％，所有随访病例均未发现肿块增大及其它部位转移，有肝区疼痛者，治疗后疼痛消失，同时食欲明显增加，体重有所增长。     

急性颈椎损伤的CT诊断

本文目的是分析急性颈椎损伤（ＡＣＴ）的ＣＴ征象,评价ＣＴ在ＡＣＴ诊断中的价值及限度。方法：７８例颈椎外伤患者行平片、薄层ＣＴ检查及三维重建,并做对照分析。结果经影像学诊断６０例ＡＣＴ,ＣＴ诊断５９例,１例ＣＴ阴性而由平片确诊 １例。平片与ＣＴ的骨折检出率分别为 ５３． ３％和 ９８．３％。结论：ＣＴ比Ｘ线平片可发现更多的骨折,并能明确骨折块与椎管的关系。这对临床处理严重颈椎损伤起到指导作用。     

Out‐of‐plane effects in 2D borehole‐to‐surface resistivity tomography and applications in mineral exploration

In this paper, we discuss the effects of anomalous out‐of‐plane bodies in two‐dimensional (2D) borehole‐to‐surface electrical resistivity tomography with numerical resistivity modelling and synthetic inversion tests. The results of the two groups of synthetic resistivity model tests illustrate that anomalous bodies out of the plane of interest have an effect on two‐dimensional inversion and that the degree of influence of out‐of‐plane body on inverted images varies. The different influences are derived from two cases. One case is different resistivity models with the same electrode array, and the other case is the same resistivity model with different electrode arrays. Qualitative interpretation based on the inversion tests shows that we cannot find a reasonable electrode array to determine the best inverse solution and reveal the subsurface resistivity distribution for all types of geoelectrical models. Because of the three‐dimensional effect arising from neighbouring anomalous bodies, the qualitative interpretation of inverted images from the two‐dimensional inversion of electrical resistivity tomography data without prior information can be misleading. Two‐dimensional inversion with drilling data can decrease the three‐dimensional effect. We employed two‐ and three‐dimensional borehole‐to‐surface electrical resistivity tomography methods with a pole–pole array and a bipole–bipole array for mineral exploration at Abag Banner and Hexigten Banner in Inner Mongolia, China. Different inverse schemes were carried out for different cases. The subsurface resistivity distribution obtained from the two‐dimensional inversion of the field electrical resistivity tomography data with sufficient prior information, such as drilling data and other non‐electrical data, can better describe the actual geological situation. When there is not enough prior information to carry out constrained two‐dimensional inversion, the three‐dimensional electrical resistivity tomography survey is the better choice.     

一种适于电阻率成像的正演新方法

利用格林函数导出了2．5维问题中研究区域网格化条件下空间任意一点电位所满足的边界积分方程,基于该方程可以灵活地建立电阻率层析成像方法．用边界单元法求解该方程可得到地表和地下的电位分布,从而可以进行视电阻率模拟．所得计算结果与前人的实验结果及用其它方法获得的数值模拟结果的对比说明这一方法的正确性     

Uniform and lateral preferential flows under flood irrigation at field scale

Flood irrigation is globally one of the most used irrigation methods. Typically, not all water that is applied during flood irrigation is consumed by plants or lost to evaporation. Return flow, the portion of applied water from flood irrigation that returns back to streams either via surface or subsurface flow, can constitute a large part of the water balance. Few studies have addressed the connection between vertical and lateral subsurface flows and its potential role in determining return flow pathways due to the difficulty in observing and quantifying these processes at plot or field scale. We employed a novel approach, combining induced polarization, time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography, and time‐lapse borehole nuclear magnetic resonance, to identify flow paths and quantify changes in soil hydrological conditions under nonuniform application of flood irrigation water. We developed and tested a new method to track the wetting front in the subsurface using the full range of inverted resistivity values. Antecedent soil moisture conditions did not play an important role in preferential flow path activation. More importantly, boundaries between lithological zones in the soil profile were observed to control preferential flow pathways with subsurface run‐off occurring at these boundaries when saturation occurred. Using the new method to analyse time‐lapse resistivity measurements, we were able to track the wetting front and identify subsurface flow paths. Both uniform infiltration and preferential lateral flows were observed. Combining three geophysical methods, we documented the influence of lithology on subsurface flow processes. This study highlights the importance of characterizing the subsurface when the objective is to identify and quantify subsurface return flow pathways under flood irrigation.     

Challenges of using electrical resistivity method to locate karst conduits—A field case in the Inner Bluegrass Region, Kentucky

Conduits serve as major pathways for groundwater flow in karst aquifers. Locating them from the surface, however, is one of the most challenging tasks in karst research. Geophysical methods are often deployed to help locate voids by mapping variations of physical properties of the subsurface. Conduits can cause significant contrasts of some physical properties that can be detected; other subsurface features such as water-bearing fractures often yield similar contrasts, which are difficult to distinguish from the effects of the conduits. This study used electrical resistivity method to search for an unmapped karst conduit that recharges Royal Spring in the Inner Bluegrass karst region, Kentucky, USA. Three types of resistivity techniques (surface 2D survey, quasi-3D survey, and time-lapse survey) were used to map and characterize resistivity anomalies. Some of the major anomalies were selected as drilling targets to verify the existence of the conduits. Drilling near an anomaly identified by an electrical resistivity profile resulted in successful penetration of a major water-filled conduit. The drilling results also suggest that, in this study area, low resistivity anomalies in general are associated with water-bearing features. However, differences in the anomaly signals between the water-filled conduit and other water-bearing features such as water-filled fracture zones were undistinguishable. The electrical resistivity method is useful in conduit detection by providing potential drilling targets. Knowledge of geology and hydrogeology about the site and professional judgment also played important roles in locating the major conduit.     

Three-dimensional tomography using high-power induced polarization with the similar central gradient array

Induced polarization (IP) 3D tomography with the similar central gradient array combines IP sounding and IP profiling to retrieve 3D resistivity and polarization data rapidly. The method is characterized by high spatial resolution and large probing depth. We discuss data acquisition and 3D IP imaging procedures using the central gradient array with variable electrode distances. A 3D geoelectric model was constructed and then numerically modeled. The data modeling results suggest that this method can capture the features of real geoelectric models. The method was applied to a polymetallic mine in Gansu Province. The results suggest that IP 3D tomography captures the distribution of resistivity and polarization of subsurface media, delineating the extension of abrupt interfaces, and identifies mineralization.     

Electrical imaging of lateritic weathering mantles over granitic and metamorphic basement of eastern Senegal, West Africa

The electrical properties of several tens of metres of lateritic weathering mantle were investigated by using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in two basement areas of eastern Senegal. The field survey was conducted along two profiles providing continuous coverage. Colour-modulated pseudosections of apparent resistivity vs. pseudo-depth were plotted for all survey lines, giving an approximate image of the subsurface structure. In the area underlain by granitic basement, the pseudosection suggests a very inhomogeneous weathered layer in which the apparent resistivity changes more rapidly than thickness. In the second area, underlain by schists, the lateral changes in electrical properties are less pronounced than those of the granitic area. Interpretation of 2D Wenner resistivity data yielded considerable detail about the regolith, even without pit information. In both areas, the near-surface topsoil comprising undersaturated lateritic material is highly resistive. The intermediate layer with low resistivities (e.g., 20–100 Ωm) contains clays including small quantities of water. The third, highly resistive layer reflects the granitic basement. Comparison of ERT survey results with pit information shows general agreement and suggests that ERT can be used as a fast and efficient exploration tool to map the thick lateritic weathering mantle in tropical basement areas with hard rock geology.     

The cone penetration test and 2D imaging resistivity as tools to simulate the distribution of hydrocarbons in soil

The purpose of geophysical electrical surveys is to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution by making measurements on the ground surface. From these measurements, the true resistivity of the subsurface can be estimated. The ground resistivity is related to various geological parameters, such as the mineral and fluid content, porosity and degree of water saturation in the rock. Electrical resistivity surveys have been used for many decades in hydrogeological, mining and geotechnical investigations. More recently, they have been used for environmental surveys. To obtain a more accurate subsurface model than is possible with a simple 1-D model, a more complex model must be used. In a 2-D model, the resistivity values are allowed to vary in one horizontal direction (usually referred to as the x direction) but are assumed to be constant in the other horizontal (the y) direction. A more realistic model would be a fully 3-D model where the resistivity values are allowed to change in all three directions. In this research, a simulation of the cone penetration test and 2D imaging resistivity are used as tools to simulate the distribution of hydrocarbons in soil.     

Electrical resistivity and seismic refraction tomography to detect buried cavities

Near‐surface cavities can pose serious hazards to human safety, especially in highly urbanized town centres. The location of subsurface voids, the estimation of their size and the evaluation of the overburden thickness are necessary to assess the risk of collapse. In this study, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction tomography data are integrated in a joint interpretation process for cavity location in the city of Rome. ERT is a well established and widely employed method for cavity detection. However, additional information provided by seismic refraction tomography is capable of eliminating some potential pitfalls in resistivity data interpretation. We propose that the structure of the cavities defined by ERT can be used as a base to optimize seismic refraction tomography investigations within the framework of a joint interpretation process. Data integration and the insertion of a priori information are key issues for reducing the uncertainties associated with the inversion process and for optimizing both acquisition procedures and computation time. Herein, the two geophysical methods are tested on both synthetic and real data and the integration of the results is found to be successful in detecting isolated cavities and in assessing their geometrical characteristics. The cavity location inferred by geophysical non‐invasive methods has been subsequently confirmed by direct inspection.     

Mapping of thin sandy aquifers by using high resolution reflection seismics and 2-D electrical tomography

Electrical tomography, which gives good results even in fairly complex geological environments, has given a new lease of life to electrical methods in hydrogeological surveys. Nevertheless, a rapid decline in resolution with increasing depth remains the main problem of the electrical methods. In the Pannonian basin in Croatia, at a test area, combining both electrical tomography and seismic reflection methods provides data that better constrain the lithological and hydrogeological model of the subsurface.Electrical tomography revealed a rather thick packet of sediments with increased resistivity at depths of 40–100 m. Using the electrical forward modelling, the existence of two different hydrogeological models was shown. The first model presupposes a reasonably homogeneous packet of sandy clays or clayey sands, and the other model presupposes the alternation between layers of clays and sands. From the hydrogeological point of view, the second model is perspective, but unfortunately, the use of electrical tomography alone does not allow the ambiguity to be resolved. The separation of these two models became possible using seismic reflection. Three seismic environments were isolated from the seismic profile treated, and the strongest reflections were discovered in the first seismic environment, which covers the depths from 40 to 100 m. It was determined that the second model is more acceptable, because these reflections are caused by lithological changes, that is, the alternations of sands and clays. The interpretation is consistent with exploratory borehole data. The conclusion is that electrical tomography gives data concerning the sediment lithology up to depths of 40 m, but at greater depths combined interpretation of electrical and seismic data constrains the subsurface model better.     

Rapid least-squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method1

A fast inversion technique for the interpretation of data from resistivity tomography surveys has been developed for operation on a microcomputer. This technique is based on the smoothness-constrained least-squares method and it produces a two-dimensional subsurface model from the apparent resistivity pseudosection. In the first iteration, a homogeneous earth model is used as the starting model for which the apparent resistivity partial derivative values can be calculated analytically. For subsequent iterations, a quasi-Newton method is used to estimate the partial derivatives which reduces the computer time and memory space required by about eight and twelve times, respectively, compared to the conventional least-squares method. Tests with a variety of computer models and data from field surveys show that this technique is insensitive to random noise and converges rapidly. This technique takes about one minute to invert a single data set on an 80486DX microcomputer.