鲜水河断裂带南东段的深部孕震环境与2014年康定M_S6.3地震

2014年11月22日16时55分在四川省甘孜藏族自治州康定县发生的6.3级地震,结束了鲜水河断裂带近30多年以来没有较大地震发生的历史,其潜在的地震危险性再次引起国内外地学工作者的关注.为了研究鲜水河断裂带南东段深部孕震环境和探求康定MS6.3地震的成因,本文先利用四川区域数字地震台网和康定地区及周边所布设的流动地震台阵在2009年1月1日至2014年12月5日期间所记录到7397次区域地震事件的99287条P波到时资料,反演得到了鲜水河断裂带南东段上地壳范围内不同深度的三维P波速度结构特征;再对康定震区及周边的重力、航磁数据进行视密度、视磁化强度反演,得到了壳内不同深度密度的横向变化信息和视磁化强度的分布特征;在此基础上综合研究鲜水河断裂带南东段的深部孕震环境.研究结果表明,雅江—九龙一带的低速区与泸定—宝兴高速区的速度结构特征表明了鲜水河断裂带南东段两侧壳内物质存在显著的横向介质差异,康定MS6.3地震发生在该高低速异常区的分界线上;结合康定MS6.3地震的1028个余震序列的精确定位结果可以看出,重新定位后的余震沿着鲜水河断裂带南东段呈条带状分布,且震源深度优势分布层位深度为8~15km,该余震序列的空间分布特征与鲜水河断裂南东段的深部介质条件密切相关.鲜水河断裂带南东段特有的视密度和视磁化强度异常分布特征反映了康定地区东西两侧块体的基底性质存在明显差异,康定—石棉及其以东地区所表现出的磁异常高和重力高的位场特征,反映该区域由强磁性、高密度物质组成,而康定MS6.3地震就发生在康定—石棉重力梯度变化带上、雅安—泸定磁性穹窿区的西边界线上.随着川青块体向南东方向滑移,受到四川盆地西缘边界刚性基底对川青块体的强烈阻挡,加剧了康定—石棉及其以东地区基底岩层的褶皱变形并产生了强烈的应力积累,所积累的应力突然释放导致了康定MS6.3地震的发生,这正是此次鲜水河断裂带南东段康定地区强震孕育和发生的深部构造环境和介质特征.根据本文对鲜水河断裂带南东段深部孕震环境的综合研究成果可知,石棉段处于重磁异常梯级带上且其北东侧表现出的高密度、强磁性和高波速等物性特征有利于区域应力的相对集中,因此,鲜水河断裂带南东段石棉地区的地震活动趋势和地震危险性背景值得进一步关注和研究.     

青藏高原东南缘及邻区地壳介质非均匀性谱结构

用S波包络展宽法对青藏高原东南缘及邻区地壳介质非均匀性谱结构进行了研究,并以8~16Hz非均匀性谱结构为例分析了地壳介质非均匀性空间特征及其与强震孕育之间的关系。结果表明,研究区内地壳介质呈现强烈的、复杂的横向非均匀性。上地壳上部区域,沿龙门山断裂带、安宁河断裂带北段介质非均匀性程度相对较强,非均匀体尺度相对较小;鲜水河断裂带炉霍—道孚段、安宁河断裂带南段介质非均匀性程度相对较弱,非均匀体尺度相对较大。上地壳下部区域,沿龙门山断裂带、安宁河断裂带北段、鲜水河断裂带炉霍—道孚段、莲峰断裂沿线地壳介质非均匀性程度相对较强,沿鲜水河断裂带道孚—康定地区介质非均匀性相对较弱。中地壳,汶川—都江堰段、宝兴—康定段以及康定—石棉段介质非均匀性程度相对较强,而炉霍—康定西北地区,莲峰断裂沿线介质非均匀性程度相对较弱。对比发现中强震孕育、发生与介质非均匀性具有较强的相关性,中强震震中分布在介质非均匀性强弱过渡带上。强烈的、复杂的介质非均匀性可能与区内复杂的地质构造运动、频繁的地震活动所引起深部物质破碎、熔融及其沿断裂带的上涌、运移有关。     

芦山7.0级、康定6.3级地震垂直形变研究

芦山7.0级地震和康定6.3级地震是近两年来在龙门山断裂带和鲜水河断裂带上发生的最为显著的两次地震事件,都发生在巴颜喀拉地块与四川盆地的挤压构造带边缘。利用芦山科学考察项目和中国地球物理场观测——青藏高原东缘地区项目中获得的水准资料,研究芦山地震震前、震中和震后垂直形变演化和康定地震震前垂直形变特征。结果表明:芦山地震前龙门山断裂带南段的小金相对于芦山地区上升速率约为1.7 mm/a,同震垂直变形可以达到197.7 mm,变形最大区域分布在芦山灌县—安县断裂附近;芦山地震后鲜水河断裂带色拉哈段两侧垂直形变迅速增加至13 mm/a,之后发生康定地震。1982年以来,鲜水河断裂带和龙门山断裂带Y字型交汇区域保持着4.5 mm/a的快速隆升,同时在都江堰和大邑一带存在一条垂直形变高梯度带。     

2011年炉霍M_S5.3地震前后地震活动及前兆异常分析

利用四川地震台站监测资料,分析了2011年4月10日炉霍MS5.3地震前后鲜水河断裂带地震活动特征和前兆异常情况,讨论了炉霍MS5.3地震后鲜水河断裂带未来地震趋势。结果表明,2011年4月10日炉霍MS5.3地震发生在1976年2月6日炉霍7.6级地震破裂区,震后余震活动微弱;震前鲜水河断裂带及其附近的流体和形变等出现了一些短期前兆异常;鲜水河断裂带中南段存在发生个别强震的长期背景,但是4月10日发生的炉霍MS5.3地震难以简单地作为鲜水河断裂带强震短期紧迫性和危险程度的直接证据。     

康定M_S 6.3级地震前形变场变化与区域地震活动性

近年来,中国地震活动频繁且震害严重,给人民生命财产造成重大损失.地震能不能有效预测是目前困扰地震研究的科学难题,历史上也有成功利用形变监测资料预测地震案例.本文利用康定M_S6.3地震前区域精密水准和GPS观测资料,系统分析研究区域形变场变化与康定M_S6.3级地震发生之间的关系,以期为今后地震研究提供参考依据.文章所使用GPS观测数据首先利用GAMIT软件处理基准网观测数据,然后利用GLOBK软件进行综合平差计算处理,获取研究区地震发生前水平速度场图像;精密水准观测数据采用"拟稳点"法,对观测网数据进行计算处理,获取研究区震前垂直速度场图像.经过对获取结果的研究分析,得出以下结论:1)区域水平形变场变化与龙门山断裂带、鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带在空间上关系密切,反映该区域在2009—2014年期间发生了引起形变场变化的构造活动或形变,与巴颜喀拉块体近E向滑移有直接的关系.2)区域垂直形变场显示地震发生在垂直梯度带正负变化交界附近,与海城地震和唐山地震相似.3)GPS和精密水准资料分析结果能有效反映孕震信息,建议未来5年重点监测鲜水河断裂带、龙门山断裂带西南段、安宁河断裂带和东昆仑断裂带中东段.     

龙门山断裂带浅层精细结构的地震环境噪声成像研究

正2008年5月12日,四川龙门山断裂带发生MW7.9地震,造成巨大伤亡与损失。震后地表地质考察、余震序列精确重定位等方面显示,汶川地震是迄今为止在高角度逆冲断裂上发生的一次逆冲兼右旋走滑型破裂。汶川地震发生于青藏高原东缘与扬子块体交界的龙门山断裂带上,并具有特殊的发震构造,对龙门山断裂带深部精细速度结构和孕震构造环境的详细     

2013年芦山Ms7.0地震前重力场源变化分析

陆地重力观测获取的时变重力信号是研究地壳内部孕震区介质变化的重要依据。利用贝叶斯平差方法处理了川西地区2010—2012年的流动重力观测资料,发现相对重力仪的格值系数在两年内变化可达2×10^-4,而且仪器存在较小的非线性漂移率;重力场累积动态变化图像显示,2013年芦山MS7.0地震发生在重力梯度带零值线与龙门山断裂带交会部位附近。进一步采用等效源方法划定了测网内以雅安、康定和石棉为中心的场源分辨能力较高的区域,并反演了地震前的地壳视密度变化。场源视密度动态变化结果表明:2013年芦山MS7.0地震前2年,在龙门山断裂带的南侧和鲜水河断裂南段的东侧区域形成了范围较大的等效视密度增加区,而在小金至康定一带和都江堰周边地区也存在小规模的视密度增加。本文基于陆地时变重力测量结果反演得到芦山地震前的地壳内部等效视密度变化,可为研究壳内深部孕震环境变化特征提供参考。     

再探鲜水河断裂带的地震活动性

鲜水河断裂带的地震活动不仅强度大、频度高,而且呈现较明显的规律性。笔者在四川省地震烈度区划工作报告(1974.8),炉霍7.9级地震总结[1]和四川地区的地震活动性[2]中较系统地研究了鲜水河断裂带地震活动盛衰交替性、重复性、围空性与迁移     

2014年康定M_S6.3、M_S5.8震群型地震发震机理讨论

2014年11月22日康定M_S6.3、M_S5.8地震发生在鲜水河断裂带南段的色拉哈段和折多塘段上。主、余震的时空分布,地震蠕变释放曲线以及震后30天地震日频度均显示,2014年康定地震的地震破裂传播和地震能量释放存在鲜明的时空分段性。对比鲜水河断裂带上1960年以来中强地震的构造位置、地震蠕变曲线、围岩特征等可知,鲜水河断裂带上大部分中强地震序列类型均为主余型或是孤立型,只有发生在鲜水河断裂带南端贡嘎山岩体(折多山花岗岩)周边的1972年康定地震(塔公地震)和2014年康定地震为震群型地震。鲜水河断裂带上震群型地震很可能与强硬的新生代贡嘎山岩体有关。由于岩体的阻挡,震级较小的地震能量较小,不足以使地震破裂在岩体内部传播,导致地震能量转而在岩体周围的相对较软弱的岩层内储存、爆发,从而产生震群型地震序列特征。     

2008年汶川8．0级地震前川青块体及邻区地震活动性分析

本文简要分析了2008年5月12日汶川8．0级地震前川青块体及邻区的地震活动性特征。结果表明,汶川地震发生的龙门山断裂本身历史地震活动水平不高,其周边的鲜水河断裂、岷江断裂、虎牙断裂等历史上强震多发;汶川8．0级地震前龙门山断裂带3级以上中小地震活动增强或平静异常现象不明显,地震活动参数值均在正常变化区间内;4级以上地震异常平静,形成了地震空区;2007年底到2008年初位于龙门山断裂带及其附近台站的0．1级以上小震月频度增强明显。     

Earthquake triggering and delaying caused by fault interaction on Xianshuihe fault belt,southwestern China

The coseismic Coulomb stress change caused by fault interaction and its influences on the triggering and delaying of earthquake are briefly discussed.The Xianshuihe fault belt consists of Luhuo,Daofu,Kangding,Qianning and Ganzi fault.Luohuo(Ms=7.6,1973)-Kangding(Ms=6.2,1975)-Daofu(Ms=6.9,1981)-Ms=6.0,1982)earthquake is a seismic sequence continuous on the time axis with magnitude greater than6.0.They occurred on the Luhuo.Kangding,Daofu and Ganzi fault,respectively.The coseismic Coulomb stress changes caused by each earthquake on its surrounding major faults and microcracks are calculated,and their effects on the triggering and delaying of the next earthquake and aftershocks are analyzed.It is shown that each earthquake of the sequence occurred on the fault segment with coseismic Coulomb stress increases caused by its predecessors,and most after-shocks are distributed along the microcracks with relatively larger coseismic Coulomb stress increases resulted from the main shock.With the fault interaction considered,the seismic potential of each segment along Xianshuihe fault belt is reassessed,and contrasted with those predicted results ignoring coseismic Coulomb stress change,the significance of fault interaction and its effect on triggering and delaying of earthquake are emphasized.It is con-cluded that fault interaction plays a very important role on seismic potential of Xianshuihe fault belt,and the maximal change of future earthquake probability on fault segment is up to 30.5%.     

The Kangding earthquake swarm of November, 2014

There was an earthquake swarm of two major events of MS6.3 and MS5.8 on the Xianshuihe fault in November, 2014. The two major earthquakes are both strike-slip events with aftershock zone along NW direction.We have analyzed the characteristics of this earthquake sequence. The b value and the h value show the significant variations in different periods before and after the MS5.8earthquake. Based on the data of historical earthquakes, we also illustrated the moderate-strong seismic activity on the Xianshuihe fault. The Kangding earthquake swarm manifests the seismic activity on Xianshuihe fault may be in the late seismic active period. The occurrence of the Kangding earthquake may be an adjustment of the strong earthquakes on the Xianshuihe fault. The Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the historical earthquakes were also given in this article. The results indicate that the earthquake swarm was encouraged by the historical earthquakes since1893, especially by the MS7.5 Kangding earthquake in1955. The Coulomb failure stress changes also shows the subsequent MS5.8 earthquake was triggered by the MS6.3earthquake.     

鲜水河断裂带断层间相互作用的触震与缓震效应

探讨了断层间相互作用产生的同震库仑应力改变及对地震的触发与延缓效应，并以鲜水河断裂带不同断裂段时间上连续发生的4次MS6.0以上地震为例，计算和分析了每次地震发生后，在周围其它断裂上产生的同震库仑应力改变及其对后续地震的触发，以及1973年炉霍MS7.6地震和1981年道孚MS6.9地震发生后，在其周围最易破坏失稳的微破裂上产生的同震库仑应力改变及对余震活动的影响．在其它条件保持不变的情况下，将这4次地震的累积触震与缓震效应加以定量考虑，对鲜水河断裂带各断裂段的地震潜势进行了重新计算，并与已有预测结果进行对比分析，检验和评估了鲜水河断裂带断层间相互作用触震与缓震效应的重要性．结果表明:鲜水河断裂带每次地震都发生于受其先前发生的地震影响而产生同震库仑应力增加的断裂段上，不同断层间相互作用的触震和缓震效应导致地震复发概率的改变可高达30.5％以上， 主震后的余震大多发生于同震库仑应力增加较高的微破裂上．      

LATE-QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE YALAHE FAULT OF THE XIANSHUIHE FAULT ZONE,EASTERN MARGIN OF THE TIBET PLATEAU

Complex geometrical structures on strike-slip faults would likely affect fault behavior such as strain accumulation and distribution, seismic rupture process, etc. The Xianshuihe Fault has been considered to be a Holocene active strike-slip fault with a high horizontal slip rate along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. During the past 300 years, the Xianshuihe Fault produced 8 earthquakes with magnitude≥7 along the whole fault and showed strong activities of large earthquakes. Taking the Huiyuansi Basin as a structure boundary, the northwestern and southeastern segments of the Xianshuihe Fault show different characteristics. The northwestern segment, consisting of the Luhuo, Daofu and Qianning sections, shows a left-stepping en echelon pattern by simple fault strands. However, the southeastern segment(Huiyuansi-Kangding segment)has a complex structure and is divided into three sub-faults: the Yalahe, Selaha and Zheduotang Faults. To the south of Kangding County, the Moxi segment of the Xianshuihe Fault shows a simple structure. The previous studies suggest that the three sub-faults(the Yalahe, Selaha and Zheduotang Faults of the Huiyuansi-Kangding segment)unevenly distribute the strain of the northwestern segment of the Xianshuihe Fault. However, the disagreement of the new activity of the Yalahe Fault limits the understanding of the strain distribution model of the Huiyuansi-Kangding segment. Most scholars believed that the Yalahe Fault is a Holocene active fault. However, Zhang et al.(2017)used low-temperature thermochronology to study the cooling history of the Gongga rock mass, and suggested that the Yalahe Fault is now inactive and the latest activity of the Xianshuihe Fault has moved westward over the Selaha Fault. The Yalahe Fault is the only segment of the Xianshuihe Fault that lacks records of the strong historical earthquakes. Moreover, the Yalahe Fault is located in the alpine valley area, and the previous traffic conditions were very bad. Thus, the previous research on fault activity of the fault relied mainly on the interpretation of remote sensing, and the uncertainty was relatively large. Through remote sensing and field investigation, we found the geological and geomorphological evidence for Holocene activity of the Yalahe Fault. Moreover, we found a well-preserved seismic surface rupture zone with a length of about 10km near the Yariacuo and the co-seismic offsets of the earthquake are about 2.5~3.5m. In addition, we also advance the new active fault track of the Yalahe Fault to Yala Town near Kangding County. In Wangmu and Yala Town, we found the geological evidence for the latest fault activity that the Holocene alluvial fans were dislocated by the fault. These evidences suggest that the Yalahe Fault is a Holocene active fault, and has the seismogenic tectonic condition to produce a large earthquake, just like the Selaha and Zheduotang Faults. These also provide seismic geological evidence for the strain distribution model of the Kangding-Huiyuansi segment of the Xianshuihe Fault.     

龙门山和鲜水河断裂带对区域构造加载作用的动态响应

为了研究汶川地震和鲜水河断裂带上的地震之间是否有触发作用及区域构造加载作用在这些地震发生过程中对应力场的影响.我们以汶川地震和鲜水河断裂带所在区域上的共7次地震为研究对象,区域构造加载作用由GPS速度边界近似,用分裂节点技术模拟上地壳地震的发生,并采用三维黏弹性有限元方法,模拟库仑应力的演化.研究结果表明:鲜水河断裂带上的地震震前积累的库仑应力的17%~38%来自区域构造加载的持续作用,其他的地震形变引起的库仑应力的积累约占49%~67%,故地震触发作用明显(除1948年理塘地震和1973年炉霍地震外);而汶川地震震前1893—1981年发生的地震释放了该区部分库仑应力,不可能对汶川地震有触发作用.汶川地震的库仑应力积累可能主要来自区域构造加载作用,地震发生以后几乎释放了所在区域的所有库仑应力,形成新的格局.     

Possible thermal brightness temperature anomalies associated with the Lushan (China) MS7.0 earthquake on 20 April 2013

Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake occurred in Lushan county, Ya'an city, Sichuan province of China, on 20 April 2013, and caused 196 deaths, 23 people of missing and more than 12 thousand of people injured. In order to analyze the possible seismic brightness temperature anomalies which may be associated with Lushan earthquake, daily brightness temperature data for the period from 1 June 2011 to 31 May 2013 and the geographical extent of 25°E-35°N latitude and 98°E-108°E longitude are collected from Chinese geostationary meteorological satellite FY-2E. Continuous wavelet transform method which has good resolution both in time and frequency domains is used to analyze power spectrum of brightness temperature data. The results show that the relative wavelet power spectrum (RWPS) anomalies appeared since 24 January 2013 and still lasted on 19 April. Anomalies firstly appeared at the middle part of Longmenshan fault zone and gradually spread toward the southwestern part of Longmenshan fault. Anomalies also appeared along the Xianshuihe fault since about 1 March. Eventually, anomalies gathered at the intersection zone of Longmenshan and Xianshuihe faults. The anomalous areas and RWPS amplitude increased since the appearance of anomalies and reached maximum in late March. Anomalies attenuated with the earthquake approaching. And eventually the earthquake occurred at the southeastern edge of anomalous areas. Lushan earthquake was the only obvious geological event within the anomalous area during the time period, so the anomalous changes of RWPS are possibly associated with the earthquake.     

Precise Location of Earthquakes at the Eastern Boundaries of the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block

Based on the seismic station data sets from Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, we employed a multi-step seismic location method (Hypo2000 + Velest + HypoDD) to precisely locate the 7,787 earthquakes that occurred during 2010-2015 along the eastern boundaries of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, namely from southern Dawu to the Qiaojia segment. The final results show that location precision is greatly advanced and epicenter distribution exhibits good consistency with the linear distribution of the seismic faults. Earthquake distribution is quite intensive at the intersection region in the southern segment of the Xianshuihe fault, the Anninghe fault zone, the Xiaojinhe fault zone and the Daliangshan fault zone to the east. The depth profile of seismicity shows a clear stepwise activity along the active seismic fault zones. The profile crossing the faults of the Xianshuihe, Anninghe, and Daliangshan presents a complex interaction among faults near the multiple faults intersection region, Shimian, where the earthquakes are obviously divided into two groups in depth. Earthquakes are very rare at the depth of 15km-20km, which is consistent with the region of the plastic rheology between 14km-19km calculated by Zhu Ailan et al.,(2005).     

Characteristics of seismic activity before the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

The characteristics of spatio-temporal seismicity evolution before the Wenchuan earthquake are studied. The results mainly involve in the trend abnormal features and its relation to the Wenchuan earthquake. The western Chinese mainland and its adjacent area has been in the seismically active period since 2001, while the seismic activity shows the obvious quiescence of M≥?7.0, M≥?6.0 and M?≥5.0 earthquakes in Chinese mainland. A quiescence area with M?≥7.0 has been formed in the middle of the North-South seismic zone since 1988, and the Wenchuan earthquake occurred just within this area. There are a background seismicity gap of M?≥5.0 earthquakes and a seismogenic gap of M_L?≥4.0 earthquakes in the area of Longmenshan fault zone and its vicinity prior to the Wenchuan earthquake. The seismic activity obviously strengthened and a doughnut-shape pattern of M?≥4.6 earthquakes is formed in the middle and southern part of the North-South seismic zone after the 2003 Dayao, Yunnan, earthquake. Sichuan and its vicinity in the middle of the doughnut-shape pattern show abnormal quiescence. At the same time, the seismicity of earthquake swarms is significant and shows heterogeneity in the temporal and spatial process. A swarm gap appears in the M4.6 seismically quiet area, and the Wenchuan earthquake occurred just on the margin of the gap. In addition, in the short term before the Wenchuan earthquake, the quiescence of earthquake with M_L≥?4.0 appears in Qinghai-Tibet block and a seismic belt of M_L?≥3.0 earthquakes, with NW striking and oblique with Longmenshan fault zone, is formed.     

2014年四川康定MS6.3和MS5.8地震的应力触发研究

以2014年四川康定M_S6.3和M_S5.8地震为研究对象,计算了2次主震在近场和周围断层造成的库仑破裂应力变化,研究主震与余震的触发关系,以及2次主震对周围断层施加的应力负荷作用。结果表明:2次主震的共同作用控制了后续地震活动的演化趋势,其中康定M_S6.3地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化对后续余震事件的触发占主导作用。鲜水河断裂带南段和安宁河断裂带受到了一定的应力加载作用,未来地震活动的趋势可能会加强。