Eastern European Studies: Social Sciences and Humanities Internet Resources for Students,Scholars, and General Readers

This article describes various Internet resources for Eastern European studies available to students, scholars, and general readers in the social sciences and humanities. These resources are a valuable source of general and scholarly information. The unprecedented growth of the Eastern European Internet resources allows users a glimpse into the rich cultural, linguistic, and historical diversity of the region.     

Web、语料库与双语平行语料库的建设

对Web和语料库以及多语语料库的关系进行辨析,针对Web上丰富的各类电子文本,从语言工程角度出发,提出"分步骤、按领域"建设大规模双语平行语料库的思路,即选定领域专一、语言可靠、格式规范的文本,逐次建设特定领域的语料库,最后汇总成高质量、大规模、全领域的"高大全"式双语平行语料库。同时,围绕一个实例介绍如何利用Web资源建设特定领域双语平行语料库。     

文件管理术语国际标准的演进:基于ISO 30300:2011和ISO 30300:2020的比较

ISO 30300:2011《信息与文献文件管理体系基础与术语》修订版《信息与文献文件管理核心概念与术语》于2020年4月正式发布,首次统一了文件管理领域的核心概念和术语及定义。比较新旧标准的研制动机和研制方法论、内容和结构对文件管理工作具有实践指导意义,比较新旧概念图及其变化对理解文件管理标准化的新思想更具有理论指导意义。通过对新旧标准文本构成及要素的比较,讨论了新标准特点及其对中国文件档案标准建设的启示,揭示出国际标准化领域文件管理标准化工作和术语标准化工作的发展方向。     

Critical Analysis of Racist Post-9/11 Web Animations

This study employs a critical historical approach to situate a corpus of 106 post-9/11 anti-Arab Web cartoons as populist wartime narrative that remediates U.S. racist animation and racist wartime cartoons produced during World War II. Analysis of the production, distribution, and exhibition circumstances, as well as general narrative strategies deployed in the animations, demonstrates that these amateur texts resurrect and reproduce racist narrative strategies employed historically in professionally produced government-sanctioned animation. These cartoons illustrate how animators can use the Web as a folk venue for racist wartime animations that are currently unrepresentable by dominant mass media.     

项目申请书摘要文本的语步识别语料构建

[目的/意义] 自动识别项目申请书摘要中的科学要素,对于揭示科技项目中的科学知识具有重要的研究意义。这些科学要素的识别依赖于结构化项目摘要文本,然而目前结构化项目摘要语料资源匮乏,严重制约着相关研究的进一步发展。拟构建项目申请书摘要文本的语步语料集,为相关研究提供数据支撑。[方法/过程] 首先将项目摘要内容归纳为背景及问题、目标及任务、方法内容、价值意义4种语步类型,总结每个语步结构中出现的标志性特征并制定语步标注规范;其次相继利用基于规则和基于深度学习的方法辅助人工进行项目摘要的语步结构标注,并对每轮标注后的语料进行质量评估。[结果/结论] 两种方法共计标注近25 000条语句,语料标注的一致性系数达到0.983 9,表明该语料集基本能够区分项目摘要内的不同语步结构,初步达到了语料库建设的基本要求。     

Participatory archive: towards decentralised curation,radical user orientation,and broader contextualisation of records management

User perspective and user studies have received noticeably little practical attention in archives and archival science. The purpose of this article is to address the issues of communication and user participation in archival contexts. Two action research projects-based digital archives are discussed. The insights gained during the research and development work are used to formulate a new approach to a participatory archive. In spite of the historical nature of the archives discussed, the suggested ways of interacting with an archive are not specific to historical records. The fundamental characteristics of the proposed approach are decentralised curation, radical user orientation, and contextualisation of both records and the entire archival process.

The Role of the Name Main-Entry Heading in the Online Environment

The name main-entry heading has been a source of controversy throughout the history of Anglo-American cataloging with debate being closely tied to author identification. It is not surprising that debate has gained momentum as the functionality of online library catalogs and the costs of cataloging are under increasing close scrutiny. Following an historical overview of the name or author main-entry heading, this article discusses the finding and identifying functions of online catalogs as they relate to authorship. The article concludes that the name main-entry heading is an essential component of online catalog citation displays through which catalog users decide the usefulness of retrieved cataloging records.     

No Escape: Culture and Economics in the Present

This essay suggests that cultural studies, media studies and communications need to focus on the changes and challenges associated with this particular historical conjuncture, and re-assess the kinds of analysis that can most fruitfully contribute to this critical project. This requires rethinking some conventional assumptions about everyday life, media texts and communications technologies so that a more nuanced understanding of the imbrication between culture, labour and economy in the present moment may be developed.     

Subject Authority Control and Syndetic Structure- Myth and Realities

As an illustration of the general concern about how bibliographic records for graphic materials can be integrated most effectively with records for works in other media, this article presents problems associated with applying existing AACR2 guidelines for choice of entry. Characteristtcs of original items and historical collections of pictures, the role of corporate bodies in creating such materials, and the degree to which AACR2 provisions for entry under the heading for a corporate body accommodate these features are examined. Recommendations regarding extending AACR2 Rule 21.1B2 and, more generally, regarding the need to examine the meaning and objectives of integrating bibliographic records for various media and actors affecting this process, are made.     

Strategies for Cataloging Historical Serials

The challenges the cataloger of historical serials faces are many and they come from all aspects of the cataloging process. For those who primarily catalog contemporary materials, these issues can be particularly daunting. The object of this article is to examine some of the more commonly experienced issues with emphasis on how to address them in a practical sense. The article is organized by broad functional categories: types of material, iterations, bibliographic data, and name authority control.     

Geographical research and the problem of variant place names in digitized books and other full-text resources

Geographical research often involves searching for place names in full-text resources, such as digitized books. Place names often have variants, resulting in many different names for a single geographical place, a problem that can lead to missed results in full-text searches for place names. The problem occurs because full-text search engines merely match words in the search box with words in online documents, leaving place–name variants unsearched. This paper describes how relevant resources can be missed due to this problem and describes the different sources of place–name variation. Finally, the paper describes some solutions to the place–name variation problem in full-text searching.     

Helping Historians Write Legal History “From Below”

SUMMARY

In the past fifty years, legal history has turned from a concentration on legal texts to a broader view of the social, political, and economic conditions that affected a particular legal system at a given time in the history of a nation. To assist scholars in realizing the potential of these new methodologies, law librarians who work with historical materials must have a firm grasp of the developing trends in legal historiography. This article outlines the information sources that a librarian may use to become familiar with the literature in legal historiography and, using practices at the Harvard Law School Library as examples, suggests ways that a library can form collections of non-traditional genres of research materials that support these new approaches to legal history.     

Cortes's notary: The symbolic power of records

This article explores the relationship between records and various expressions of political and social power. Records are often made and used for explicit, instrumental purposes, designed to put into effect the plans and desires of those with the upper hand in certain relationships. They may also be used to enhance subtler forms of symbolic, emotional, and psychological power. Drawing on a selection of historical examples, the essay argues that record making itself can sometimes be as potent as any particular records resulting from that process. The essay concludes with some speculations on how these powers inherent in records may be changing in the context of current technological developments.     

Dealing with False Friends to Avoid Errors in Subject Analysis in Slavic Cataloging: An Overview of Resources and Strategies

ABSTRACT

This article discusses errors in subject analysis for Slavic materials due to “false friends,” words similar in form but different in meaning. An overview of false friends in Slavic languages is presented, followed by case studies demonstrating how false friends in book titles can lead to errors in subject analysis. We also review the resources that can assist Slavic catalogers in identifying false friends: print dictionaries, online lists, online translation tools, and records from the catalogs by the national libraries of countries of publication. Finally, implications for workflow in dealing with Slavic false friends in cataloging practice are discussed.     

论档案的记录过程——五论档案形成在前

笔者认为档案不仅记录着原始记录,而且记录着其形成的全部过程,而文件不具备这种功能.这也是档案与文件区别的重要特征之一.本文从三个方面论述:一是档案是原始记录,是从活动开始的那一瞬间记录其形成过程的;二是档案记录其形成的全部过程,并可再现其记录的全部过程;三是档案记录其形成的全部过程的功能可以合理地解释"科技档案更改"现象.     

The concept of societal provenance and records of nineteenth-century Aboriginal–European relations in Western Canada: implications for archival theory and practice

Increasing interest amongst archivists in the history of records and archives leads to questions about how this historical knowledge may affect archival theory and practice. This article discusses its effect on the concept of provenance by suggesting that it indicates that records have what might be called a societal provenance. The article discusses some of the principal features of societal provenance and some implications for archival theory and practice of this concept. The article provides examples of the place of societal provenance in understanding Aboriginal-Euro-Canadian records by using the 1802–1803 birchbark journal of fur trader Jean Steinbruck, which has a provenance in fur trade society in northwestern Canada, and photographs from the late nineteeth century, which reflect a provenance in the new agrarian and urban society that ended fur trade society in the Canadian West.     

从中美电子病历标准的比较看中国电子病历标准的发展和完善

标准化的电子病历是现代医疗机构所必需的重要临床信息资源,也是居民健康档案的主要信息来源。本文在借鉴美国电子病历标准基础上,对中美电子病历标准化的发展历史、现状和内容等进行分析比较,找出我国电子病历标准化存在的问题和解决方案,使我国的电子病历标准建设走向更加健康和规范的道路。     

Characteristics of the 670 Field in Records for Names in the Anglo-American Authority File

Increasing amounts of time and expense required to provide authority control for OPACS has stimulated interest in the automated generation of name authority records. At the same time, national cooperative cataloging programs such as NACO are seeking participants on a wider scale. A better understanding of the nature of authority records, the possibilities and limitations of the machine creation, and the resources needed for institutions to participate in national programs is needed to assist decision making in these areas. THe 670 field is used to justify the form and content of established headings and their cross references. The 670 fields from national level name authority records pertaining to the subject area of the Catholic Church were examined. Information was sought on the number of 670s per record, on the types of work cited, and on the works themselves. Findings indicate that considerable difference exist among the categories of authority records, with some (modern personal names and uniform titles) being more amenable to machine generation. It was also possible to tentatively identify a core reference for authority work in a subject area.