高中男女学生数学成绩差异的量化研究

数学成绩的性别差异是教育教学领域中的一个值得关注的问题,由于研究的范围、立场、角度、方法各有不同,目前学界对于男女学生在数学成绩上是否有差异仍存在分歧。本研究选取福建省福州市G中学高一年级学生作为样本,旨在通过量化分析的方法探讨福州市高一男女学生在数学成绩上是否存在差异。结果显示,福州市高一男生数学平均成绩与女生数学平均成绩之间存在显著差异,高一男生的数学平均成绩高于女生;福州市高一男生数学成绩的离散程度(标准差)与女生没有显著差异。     

高中男女学生数学成绩差异的量化研究

数学成绩的性别差异是教育教学领域中的一个值得关注的问题,由于研究的范围、立场、角度、方法各有不同,目前学界对于男女学生在数学成绩上是否有差异仍存在分歧。本研究选取福建省福州市G中学高一年级学生作为样本,旨在通过量化分析的方法探讨福州市高一男女学生在数学成绩上是否存在差异。结果显示,福州市高一男生数学平均成绩与女生数学平均成绩之间存在显著差异,高一男生的数学平均成绩高于女生;福州市高一男生数学成绩的离散程度（标准差）与女生没有显著差异。     

谁在学业竞赛中领先?——学业成绩的性别差异研究

人力资本理论认为,教育中的性别差异会影响到未来劳动力市场上的表现和工资的差异。近来,女孩在学校中的学业表现好于男孩越来越成为人们关注的一个现象。有两个问题值得深入探讨:其一,除去平均意义上之外,在成绩分布上的性别差异表现出什么特征?其二,学校因素、尤其是学校按能力的分层对性别差异的影响程度有多大?文章使用一个地级市三届全部普通高中的学生数据,采用分位数回归方法和增值模型,对此进行了分析。研究发现:第一,在平均意义上,男生在高中理科成绩上的绝对值低于女生,而增值远高于女生,而女生在高中文科成绩的绝对值和增值上均具有绝对优势。第二,随着分位点的提高,对高中理科成绩而言,男生在学业成绩绝对值和增值上实现了对女生的赶超,而男生的高中文科成绩却在各个分位点均落后于女生。第三,家庭背景特征无法解释学业成绩的性别差异,但学校因素能够在一定程度上解释这种差异。高中理科成绩绝对值的性别差异主要由学校间的差异解释,而增值的差异主要由学校内部的差异解释,但学校间的差异未能解释高中文科成绩绝对值和增值的性别差异。第四,学校分层对学业成绩增值的性别差异有显著影响。男生在学业成绩增值上的优势在重点高中更为显著。学校间的质量差异越大,学业成绩增值的性别差异在学校间的差别对学生学业水平的变动就越敏感。上述研究结果对于理解学业表现的性别差异提供了一些更深入的认识,同时,改革学校教育的评价方式和资源配置模式,研究优质教育资源对不同性别群体成绩的作用机制,对于促进性别学业成绩从而人力资本积累的合理发展具有重要意义。     

基于高考数据的高中生数学能力性别差异研究

目的:对高中生数学能力的性别差异进行研究,并对影响男女学生数学能力的可能因素进行探索。方法:选取某区某年高考数据为样本,对高中生的各项数学能力以及整体数学能力的性别差异进行检验,并对影响男女数学能力的可能因素进行定性分析。结果:在抽象概括能力、空间想象能力和创新意识上,男生得分明显高于女生,在数据处理能力、运算求解能力和应用意识上,女生得分明显高于男生;男女学生在整体数学能力上的差异显著,男生强于女生。结论:生理、心理差异是造成个体数学能力性别差异的主要机制,同时,教育模式、性别评价观念等也都对高中生数学能力的性别差异有着潜移默化的影响。     

高中生人格特征与学业成绩的相关研究

采用卡特尔十六种人格因素测验量表（16PF），分析高一学生的人格特征与学业成绩的关系。发现：高一学生的学业成绩与独立人格特征正相关显著；高中男生和女生在非智力因素方面存在性别差异；高中男生具有比女生更高的心理健康水平。     

感恩对学生学习动机内化和学业成绩的影响

本研究考察感恩对学习动机内化和学业成绩的影响,研究发现:初中生整体动机自主性发展较好。其中,初一级学生较强,初三级最弱;女生高于男生,但性别差异不显著;留守儿童高于非留守儿童,但差异不显著;感恩情感、感恩认知、感恩行为均对动机内化起促进作用;感恩、动机内化对学业成绩起促进作用。     

基于期望价值理论的动机相关性因素实证研究

动机是决定成就最根本的内在因素。根据期望价值理论,从态度和信心两个方面来考察动机,通过研究在校高职学生的英语学业成就,发现:(1)信心,态度、学业成绩均存在性别差异,女生显著好于男生,因而动机强于男生;(2)学业成绩与动机呈正相关,因而女生学业成绩进步快于男生;(3)在诸多影响英语学业成绩的因素中,影响最大的是信心和态度;(4)课堂教学对学生的动机没有实质性影响;研究数据证实期望价值理论对动机的描述符合实际。     

新课程标准下初中数学教学质量的分析

学生学业成绩是评价学校教学质量的一个重要指标。通过对四川省绵阳市2006年初中毕业生的学业成绩(中考数学成绩)进行抽样调查、统计分析,探讨了新课程标准实施几年来学生学业成绩与地域、性别的关系,结果表明:学生学业成绩仍然是"城市优于农村"、"男生优于女生",说明新课程标准并不能解决所有问题,有些问题还必须通过其它途径加以解决。针对如何改变因地域、性别差异对学生学业成绩带来的不利影响,如何在学校教育中做到因材施教、充分利用各类教学资源,提出了全面提高学校教学质量的具体建议。     

生源特征对高职学生学业成绩影响之定量研究

对某高职院校2005届毕业生的定量研究表明：女生的学业成绩优于男生,农村学生的学业成绩优于城镇学生,高考成绩好的学生其学业成绩也好,应届生的学业成绩优于往届生的学业成绩;其中性别特征能够有效预测学业成绩。     

生源特征对大学学业成绩影响之定量研究*

对某研究型大学2006届本科毕业生的定量研究表明:女生的大学学业成绩优于男生,农村学生的大学学业成绩优于城镇学生,高考成绩好的学生大学学业成绩也好;对绝大部分专业而言,性别特征能够有效预测大学学业成绩,部分专业的高考成绩也能有效预测大学学业成绩。     

Gender comparisons of preschoolers' behavior and resource utilization in group problem solving

We tested the hypothesis that 4 - 5-year-old girls and boys in same-sex problem-solving groups would perform equally well when the group task required various cooperative and self-serving behaviors to obtain a resource. The hypothesis that girls and boys would employ different behaviors to obtain the resource was also tested. 20 same-sex, same-age groups of 4 children each (10 groups of girls and 10 groups of boys) were videotaped while solving a problem involving a cartoon movie as a resource. 1 child could view the movie provided 2 other children helped, 1 to turn a crank and 1 to push a light button; the fourth child was relegated to a bystander position. Results revealed that girls and boys were equally effective in achieving viewing time; gender variance in viewing time was significantly greater for girls than for boys; girls and boys did not differ in total behavioral output, but girls tended to use more verbal behavior than boys and boys engaged in significantly more physical behavior than girls; affect in boy groups was more positive than in girl groups; girls who achieved the most viewing time within their group differed behaviorally from girls who achieved the least viewing time, but did not differ behaviorally from boys; boys who achieved the most viewing time did not differ behaviorally from boys who achieved the least viewing time.     

‘Troublesome boys’ and ‘compliant girls’: gender identity and perceptions of achievement and underachievement

Working within a methodological framework that identified four focus groups, high‐achieving boys and girls and underachieving boys and girls, this article presents teachers' perceptions of how gender identity is seen to influence achievement levels. Beliefs about gender identity informed the teachers' perceptions in relation to each of the four focus groups, whereby the underachieving boy and the high‐achieving girl were seen to conform to gender expectations; the high‐achieving boys were seen to challenge gender norms; and the underachieving girl emerges as largely overlooked. The perceived characteristics of the high‐achieving girl are presented as describing all girls. There appears to be a tendency to associate boys with underachievement and girls with high achievement.     

Characteristics of a clinical sample of sexually abused children: how boy and girl victims differ

The article describes a clinical sample of 87 boy victims of child sexual abuse and compares them to 226 girl victims. Boys were on average 6.3 years of age at onset of the sexual abuse; girls were 5.5 years. Boys were more likely to be victimized by someone outside the family than girls, but about two-thirds of the boys were abused by someone within the family. Male victims were more often abused by someone who sexually abused other children than were female victims. The majority of perpetrators were men; however girls were more likely than boys to be abused by men, and boys by both men and women. Only a small percentage of the offenders were women acting alone, but boys were more likely to be abused by women than girls. In addition, data on the role relationship between victim and offender and how these relationships differ for boy and girl victims are presented.     

Reading and Related Skills in the Early School Years: Are boys really more likely to struggle?

This study examined whether boys and girls in the early school years differed in reading and related skills, and their rates of progress. Gender ratios were calculated to ascertain whether there were more boys than girls who struggle with different facets of reading, and whether the variability of boys’ scores resulted in more boys being identified as poor readers, as evidenced by previous studies. A sample of 335 students in Years 1 and 2 were administered six reading and related assessments. Boys and girls did not significantly differ on any of the measures, and differences in gains were negligible. Boys did not consistently demonstrate significantly greater variability in scores (with the exception of single-word reading and spelling in Year 1 only). These differences, however, did not affect gender ratios for poor performance. Gender ratios were relatively low across measures, but increased with years of schooling. Implications of the results are discussed.     

Dumb Dorky Girls and Wimpy Boys: Gendered Themes in Diary Cartoon Novels

In this paper, we focus on gendered themes promulgated in three books written in diary cartoon form. Although written for different audiences, each of these books constructs gender norms in similar ways. They promote heteronormative gender roles for boys and girls by endorsing traditional femininities and hegemonic masculinities through the following themes: popularity, mean girls/bullying, self-concept and self-esteem, friendship, and adult naïveté. First, we discuss the ways in which gender is implicated in children’s literature. Then, we describe and analyze the diary cartoon books, contrasting and comparing those with girl protagonists and that with a boy protagonist. Finally, we explore the gendered implications in the books’ themes, concluding that girls and boys are represented in different manners that reinforce gender essentialism and heteronormativity.     

Relations between Attachment, Gender, and Behavior with Peers in Preschool

40 4-year-old children and their mothers participated in a study investigating concurrent links between attachment and peer interactions. Security of attachment was assessed in the laboratory from reunion episodes following a 10-min separation. Focal child observations were carried out during indoor free play in preschool. Relations between insecure attachment and peer interactions were different for boys and girls. Insecure boys showed more aggressive, disruptive, assertive, controlling, and attention-seeking behavior than secure children. Insecure girls showed more dependent behavior than secure children but less assertive and controlling behavior, and more positive expressive behavior and compliance. Secure girls and secure boys did not differ significantly. Gender differences in social behavior may be accounted for by a subgroup of children, those classified as insecure, and the same attachment classification may lead to different predictions depending on whether the child is a boy or a girl.     

Sex stereotypes in adult-infant play

24 14-month-old infants played with adult strangers in a laboratory playroom. To examine the effects of sex-role labeling on adult behavior, each infant was introduced as a boy and as a girl in 2 different sessions. After controlling for the adult's scores on the Spence-Helmreich Attitudes toward Women Scale, the adults were found to engage in more Encouragement for Activity and more Male Role Toy Choice when playing with children designated as boys. They showed more Interpersonal Stimulation and more Nurturance Play when playing with children designated as girls. No significant differences were observed between the behavior of the real girls and boys. Men and women showed some differences in their style of play.     

The invisibility of the underachieving girl

The recent high profile of the underachievement debate in the media, through research initiatives, and in resulting remediation programmes within the classroom, has focused almost exclusively upon boys, such that the identity and needs of the underachieving girl have been rendered invisible. Underachievement has become so closely associated with the gender identity of boys that the idea of girls underachieving has become virtually inconceivable. This paper is concerned with teachers’ perceptions of the underachieving girl in the light of the overwhelming attention on the underachieving boy. It is argued that the focus of attention should be underachievement as a complex phenomenon rather than focusing exclusively on the underachievement of boys.     

关于中学生家长对中学生性别角色期望的调查

为了解中学生家长对中学生未来性别角色发展的期望,本研究采用性别角色期望调查表调查了1 591名中学生家长,结果发现：中学阶段,男生家长对男生的性别角色期望更趋近于男性化,女生家长对女生的性别角色期望更趋近于双性化。男生家长期望男生在下列特质中高于女生：有幽默感、喜欢运动、胆大、不屈不挠、侠义心肠、豪放、好动、奔放、文质彬彬;女生家长期望女生在下列特质中高于男生：快乐、善良、乐观的、自立、开朗、爱整洁、和气、心细、洁身自好、纯真、文雅、温顺、温柔、文静、贤淑。     

Gender Effects in Children’s Development and Education

This paper attempts to clarify several lines of research on gender in development and education, inter‐relating findings from studies on intuitive/informal knowledge with those from research on achievements and attitudes in science. It acknowledges the declining proportions of male teachers world‐wide and examination successes which indicate a reversal of educational disadvantage from female to male; as well as the recent evidence on the effects of the gender of teachers upon student success. An empirical contribution to the literature is offered, drawing from the gender‐related findings from research on children’s cosmologies in China and New Zealand with 346 boys and 340 girls (of whom 119 boys and 121 girls participated in the current study). The investigation focused on children’s concepts of the motion and shape of the Earth through observational astronomy and gave children opportunities to express their ideas in several modalities. The in‐depth interviews allowed children to share their meanings with gender differences becoming apparent (e.g. girls’ superior ability to visually represent their cosmologies and boys’ greater awareness of gravity). However, these differences were not universal across genders or cultures and marked similarities were apparent both in the content of children’s responses and in their reasoning processes. By comparing boy/girl cosmological concept categories and by tracking their developmental trends by age, statistical evidence revealed the extent of the similarities within and across these diverse cultures. The findings reinforce those from the authors’ knowledge restructuring and cultural mediation studies and provide support for the view that boys and girls have similar, holistic‐rather‐than‐fragmented, cosmologies which have features in common across cultures and ethnic groups.