饮食干预运动性月经周期紊乱的研究进展

高强度的训练和日益紧张的竞技比赛易造成女运动员运动性月经周期紊乱（EAMD）。而运动性月经周期紊乱不仅与运动训练有关,更与女运动员的饮食摄入相关。能量摄入不足可直接影响女运动员的可利用能量,并损害生殖系统的功能。利用文献法就国内外学者采用饮食干预运动性月经周期紊乱的研究结果进行整合分析,得出饮食干预能增加女子运动员的可利用能量,并改善能量负平衡,其对运动性月经周期紊乱的防治具有一定的意义。     

女运动员与铁缺乏

铁对于运动员来说是非常重要的,铁缺乏一直是运动医学界研究的热点之一,女运动员由于特殊的生理特点——月经以及饮食习惯、训练、胃肠道等因素成为缺铁的高发人群,因此对于女运动员的缺铁问题要非常重视,目前女运动员缺铁的治疗用血红素铁要比非血红素铁效果要好很多。     

高原训练与铁元素研究综述

采用文献资料法,梳理了国内外高原训练期间补铁研究进行探讨和归纳,分析总结了国内外有关高原训练与铁元素主要研究热点:高原训练与铁代谢;高原训练中铁对最大摄氧量影响;高原训练中铁对运动耐力影响;高原训练中铁流失的主要原因;高原训练中补铁方式等。回顾铁元素对高原训练的影响,为健康保护与合理训练,应对从事高原训练的运动员进行血液学铁蛋白监测。建议对计划进行高原训练的运动员提前进行铁储备检测,确定每位运动员体内血清铁蛋白量,制定针对性补充方案应对高原训练期间更高的铁吸收、血浆铁代谢和血红蛋白的生成率,同时可避免盲目补铁增加肝脏代谢负担。     

长期训练对游泳运动员血红蛋白及其网织红细胞参数的影响

本研究通过研究长期训练对游泳运动员血红蛋白及其网织红细胞参数的影响,旨在发现训练引起的血红蛋白降低时网织红细胞参数的变化特点。22名专业游泳运动员参加了本次试验。所有受试者参加正常游泳训练,试验期14个月。在观察期内,大多数运动员Hb的变化在1 g/dL以内,变化大于1.5 g/dL、特别是大于2 g/dL的人次较少。在运动训练引起的Hb降低过程中,早期网织红参数中的不成熟网织红细胞比例增大,成熟网织红细胞比例降低,红细胞参数中平均红细胞体积增大,平均红细胞血红蛋白含量也降低,未发现铁缺乏引起的血红蛋白浓度的下降。     

Energy balance and body composition in sports and exercise

Many athletes, especially female athletes and participants in endurance and aesthetic sports and sports with weight classes, are chronically energy deficient. This energy deficiency impairs performance, growth and health. Reproductive disorders in female athletes are caused by low energy availability (defined as dietary energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure), perhaps specifically by low carbohydrate availability, and not by the stress of exercise. These reproductive disorders can be prevented or reversed by dietary supplementation in compensation for exercise energy expenditure without any moderation of the exercise regimen. Energy balance is not the objective of athletic training. To maximize performance, athletes strive to achieve an optimum sport-specific body size, body composition and mix of energy stores. To pursue these objectives, athletes need to manage fat, protein and carbohydrate balances separately, but it is impractical for athletes to monitor these balances directly, and appetite is not a reliable indicator of their energy and macronutrient needs. To guide their progress, athletes need to eat by discipline and to monitor specific, reliable and practical biomarkers of their objectives. Skinfolds and urinary ketones may be the best biomarkers of fat stores and carbohydrate deficiency, respectively. Research is needed to identify and validate these and other markers.     

运用高原训练提高男子中长跑运动员运动能力的实验研究

通过改变海拔高度,运用不同海拔渐进复合的持续训练、对运动强度和运动负荷的变化、运动员营养补剂的补充,探讨提高男子中长跑运动能力的训练模式。结果发现：高原刺激能显著提高运动员的血色素水平,补血的铁剂配合优质蛋白的适当使用可以维持运动员在训练期的血色素水平;可以有效提高运动员耐力水平     

Physiological effects of altitude training on elite male cross-country skiers.

Seven elite male cross-country skiers trained for 3 weeks at an altitude of 1900 m. Haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), haematocrit (Hct) (obtained from venous blood), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and energy expenditure during a standard submaximal workload were measured before and after training at altitude, and 1 year later while training at sea level (control). Both [Hb] and Hct increased significantly, and the skiers with the lowest initial [Hb] and Hct experienced the largest increases during training at altitude. The increase in blood lactate (BLa) concentration (using haemolysed capillary blood) during a standard submaximal exercise test was significantly lower after training at altitude than before it or 1 year later (control). A significant correlation was found between the magnitude of increase in [Hb] and Hct and the difference in the lactate response to the standard submaximal workload pre- and post-altitude training. Although VO2 max remained unchanged, lower BLa concentration during the submaximal test probably reflects an improved ability to exercise at higher submaximal workloads shortly after training at altitude compared with pre-altitude training. It is suggested that subjects with low initial [Hb] and Hct improve their aerobic performance capacity most during altitude training.     

游泳运动员高原训练某些生理生化指标的训练监控研究

在游泳运动队进行高原训练期间，通过血细胞分析技术以及酶学分析技术，对运动员的基本生理、生化指标进行监控，每周测定一次运动员安静时红细胞计数(RBC)、Het、Hb、白细胞计数(WBC)及CK值。结果表明：与高原训练前相比，运动员RBC计数、Het和Hb出现先下降再升高、再下降、在高原训练结束再升高的过程，且在高原训练结束时，Hot和Hb显著增高。WBC计数和血清CK值在高原训练期间变化不明显。     

运动性月经周期紊乱与能量负平衡关系研究

目的：以主客观两种方法调查女运动员运动性月经周期紊乱与能量负平衡的关系。方法：通过问卷对招募的14名受试者进行基本情况调查,同时连续测定一个月经周期晨尿的黄体生成素（LH）值和连续监控5 d的能量摄入与消耗情况。结果：通过主观问卷调查得出的运动性月经周期紊乱发生率（78.6%）与客观尿检LH值的方法得出的运动性月经周期紊乱发生率（92.9%）存在差异。总体能量呈负平衡状态,运动员平均摄入的能量低于平均消耗的能量474.82 kcal,其中,训练日平均摄入的能量低于平均消耗的能量588.86 kcal,休息日平均摄入的能量低于平均消耗的能量18.66 kcal。运动性月经周期紊乱与训练日的能量负平衡相关性较高（r=0.67）。结论：运动员中运动性月经周期紊乱的发生率较高,且存在主客观调查结果不一致的现象。女运动员普遍存在能量负平衡,并且训练日的能量负平衡与运动性月经周期紊乱相关性较高。     

我国优秀男子划艇运动员“能力主导型”高原训练期间机能指标变化

目的:探讨"能力主导型"高原训练期间运动员机能指标变化规律.方法:以12名国家男子划艇运动员为研究对象,在高原训练期间各阶段进行身体机能测试与分析.结果:(1)高原上各周WBC值都在正常范围内处在较低水平;(2)高原上训练Hb先呈显著性升高后下降,Hct一直高于高原前;(3)高原第2周EPO显著性升高之后下降;(4)CK、BUN随力量课和跑步总量变化;高原第1周运动员的T/C值显著升高.结论:(1)"能力主导型"高原训练应密切监控WBC水平;(2)"能力主导型"高原训练没有提高运动员血液携氧能力;(3)BUN、CK值与陆上训练量的变化关系密切,可以用这两项指标反映运动员对陆上训练总量的适应情况.     

模拟交替低氧训练对大鼠心肌相关生理生化指标的影响

模拟高原训练是能够避免高原训练弊端,最大程度激发机体生理潜能,提高运动员竞技水平的有效方法。本研究尝试从设计交替训练的海拔高度着手,通过应用人工低压氧舱模拟高原训练方法,建立固定海拔2500m、4000m以及2500m～4000m交替低氧训练的动物模型,通过应用生理和生化方法对大鼠心肌相关指标进行检测及研究分析,探讨不同海拔及交替海拔训练条件下大鼠心肌抗氧化能力、有氧代谢能力等的变化,从而为运动员高——高交替训练提供参考。实验以雄性Wister大鼠为实验对象,以递增负荷跑台训练方式建立动物训练模型。将筛选后的大鼠随机分为：常氧运动组、2500m低氧运动组、4000m低氧运动组、交替低氧运动组,每组8只。第1周到第4周各组分别以不同的跑台训练模型进行训练,下高原后第5天以25m／min的速度跑至力竭。全部断头处死后,取心肌组织,分别测试各组大鼠心肌中SOD、MDA、SDH、LDH、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性的变化。实验结果表明：经过4周不同海拔低氧递增负荷跑台训练及下高原后4天的训练,交替低氧运动组大鼠心肌各指标,如SOD、SDH、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性均高于其他各组,MDA低于其他各组,LDH活性组间无显著性变化。说明交替低氧训练既可以维持较高海拔的低氧刺激,又可以减少过高海拔造成的损伤,有利于机体恢复。     

2366m高原训练对优秀女子水球运动员生理指标的影响

以21名优秀的女子水球运动员为研究对象,分析首次在海拔2 366m高原训练期间的RBC、HCT、Hb、WBC、SpO2、HR等部分生理指标的变化,探讨高原训练期间水球项目运动员生理指标的变化规律。结果表明,女子水球运动员经过为期4周的高原训练,各项生理指标适应期后逐渐趋向优化。总体上与其它耐力运动项目高原训练期间生理指标的变化是一致的;但有自身项目特点,血象指标波动幅度大,变化不规律,血氧饱和度波动幅度大,变化较规律,心率波动幅度小,变化很规律。     

Nutrition for winter sports

Winter sports are played in cold conditions on ice or snow and often at moderate to high altitude. The most important nutritional challenges for winter sport athletes exposed to environmental extremes include increased energy expenditure, accelerated muscle and liver glycogen utilization, exacerbated fluid loss, and increased iron turnover. Winter sports, however, vary greatly regarding their nutritional requirements due to variable physiological and physique characteristics, energy and substrate demands, and environmental training and competition conditions. What most winter sport athletes have in common is a relatively lean physique and high-intensity training periods, thus they require greater energy and nutrient intakes, along with adequate food and fluid before, during, and after training. Event fuelling is most challenging for cross-country skiers competing in long events, ski jumpers aiming to reduce their body weight, and those winter sport athletes incurring repeated qualification rounds and heats. These athletes need to ensure carbohydrate availability throughout competition. Finally, winter sport athletes may benefit from dietary and sport supplements; however, attention should be paid to safety and efficacy if supplementation is considered.     

高原训练对男子赛艇运动员EPO和红细胞系等指标影响的研究

目的:探讨八周高原训练对优秀男子赛艇运动员促红细胞生成素(EPO)和红细胞系等指标的影响。方法:12名男子赛艇运动员在云南会泽(2210米)进行8周高原训练,在高原训练前的第3天、高原训练的第2天、第5天、第10天、第24天、第35天、第56天以及高原训练结束后的第14天、第28天等测试运动员的EPO和红细胞系等指标。结果:与高原训练前相比,高原训练的第2天EPO、RBC和Hgb分别提高了27.21%、6.04%和2.88%;在第56天分别提高了8.37%、10.63%(P<0.05)和4.72%;在高原训练结束后14天分别提高了21.92%、9.11%(P<0.05)和7.74%(P<0.05)。结果提示,8周高原训练能够有效地提高运动员EPO和红细胞(RBC)等水平,但其变化规律不同于常规的4-6周高原训练。而RBC和血红蛋白(Hgb)等呈现波浪形的变化趋势,这可能跟运动训练的量和强度密切相关。而初次与多次高原训练的运动员在相关指标的变化上具有不同的规律,提示初次进行高原训练的运动员对高原环境更加敏感。     

乳酸阈跑速训练及赛前服用人参复合制剂在耐力训练中的应用研究

为了提高长跑运动员的机能水平和运动成绩,采用乳酸阈跑速训练结合血红蛋白、血尿素等指标,对参加山东省第10届大运会的12名男子长跑运动员进行训练监控,并在赛前服用人参复合制剂。结果表明,乳酸阈跑速训练能较好地控制运动强度;血红蛋白和血尿素能准确监测运动量和运动员的机能水平;赛前服用人参复合制剂可明显提高运动员的体能,最终明显提高运动成绩。     

Fluid needs for training and competition in athletics

The diverse nature of the athletic events, together with the varied training programmes and individuality of athletes taking part, inevitably means that fluid needs are highly variable--between athletes, perhaps between training and competition, and with differing environmental conditions and degree of training and heat acclimatization. There are limited data from athletics on all aspects of fluid balance, but wherever possible we have focused on this information to draw conclusions. When appropriate, euhydration will best be ensured by consuming 6-8 ml . kg body mass(-1) of a sodium-containing fluid, or sodium-free fluid together with food, about 2 h before exercise. The individual sweat responses are so variable that athletes should assess their own individual sweat losses to determine if these are likely to be a cause for concern. The volume of drink that is consumed should never be so much that an athlete gains mass over an event, unless perhaps there is evidence that they began in a hypohydrated state. This may be a particular concern in the field events and multi-event disciplines when competition can be spread over a number of hours and when there are significant rest periods between activities.     

运动与铁代谢

铁是机体必需的营养元素.运动能造成铁缺乏,降低血红蛋白和铁蛋白浓度,导致氧运输能力和细胞的氧化代谢能力下降,从而降低运动能力.通过对铁代谢的分析,探讨了造成铁缺乏的原因及后果,并提出了预防运动员铁缺乏的措施.     

Carbohydrates for training and competition

An athlete's carbohydrate intake can be judged by whether total daily intake and the timing of consumption in relation to exercise maintain adequate carbohydrate substrate for the muscle and central nervous system ("high carbohydrate availability") or whether carbohydrate fuel sources are limiting for the daily exercise programme ("low carbohydrate availability"). Carbohydrate availability is increased by consuming carbohydrate in the hours or days prior to the session, intake during exercise, and refuelling during recovery between sessions. This is important for the competition setting or for high-intensity training where optimal performance is desired. Carbohydrate intake during exercise should be scaled according to the characteristics of the event. During sustained high-intensity sports lasting ~1 h, small amounts of carbohydrate, including even mouth-rinsing, enhance performance via central nervous system effects. While 30-60 g · h(-1) is an appropriate target for sports of longer duration, events >2.5 h may benefit from higher intakes of up to 90 g · h(-1). Products containing special blends of different carbohydrates may maximize absorption of carbohydrate at such high rates. In real life, athletes undertake training sessions with varying carbohydrate availability. Whether implementing additional "train-low" strategies to increase the training adaptation leads to enhanced performance in well-trained individuals is unclear.     

Measured and perceived indices of fluid balance in professional athletes. The use and impact of hydration assessment strategies

Background: To determine athletes perceived and measured indices of fluid balance during training and the influence of hydration strategy use on these parameters. Methods: Thirty-three professional rugby union players completed a 120 minute training session in hot conditions (35°C, 40% relative humidity). Pre-training hydration status, sweat loss, fluid intake and changes in body mass (BM) were obtained. The use of hydration assessment techniques and players perceptions of fluid intake and sweat loss were obtained via a questionnaire. Results: The majority of players (78%) used urine colour to determine pre-training hydration status but the use of hydration assessment techniques did not influence pre-training hydration status (1.025?±?0.005 vs. 1.023?±?0.013?g^.ml^?1, P?=?.811). Players underestimated sweat loss (73?±?17%) to a greater extent than fluid intake (37?±?28%) which resulted in players perceiving they were in positive fluid balance (0.5?±?0.8% BM) rather than the measured negative fluid balance (?1.0?±?0.7% BM). Forty-eight percent of players used hydration monitoring strategies during exercise but no player used changes in BM to help guide fluid replacement. Conclusion: Players have difficulty perceiving fluid intake and sweat loss during training. However, the use of hydration monitoring techniques did not affect fluid balance before or during training.     

武术新规则的实施对浙江高校业余武术训练的影响及对策研究

浙江大学生体协从2009年起在武术套路竞赛中实行最新国际武术套路竞赛规则(简称新规则),依照规则对长拳类项目难度实行评分,长拳类套路内容发生较大变化训练强度随之增加.新规则的实施一方面推动了高校武术竞技水平的提高和技术的规范化,另一方面出现了因运动员水平不均衡使武术新手无缘名次、竞赛项目人数分布不均衡及运动强度增大造成运动损伤等现象,一定程度影响了武术在高校的发展.高校业余训练时间不确定性的特点使以难度为核心的武术训练产生较多困难.根据高校业余训练的特点实行与中等学校一体化培养运动员有利于武术难度竞技水平的提高,常年训练与武术协会结合有利于无难度项目运动员选拔,避免集中突击训练或者训练强度过大所带来的运动损伤等问题