水中瑞士球训练对优秀游泳运动员核心稳定性与运动表现的影响

通过对18名北京体育大学中国游泳运动学院的一级游泳运动员进行陆上瑞士球核心训练和水中瑞士球核心训练，探讨水中瑞士球训练对优秀游泳运动员核心稳定性和运动表现的影响。结果表明，8周陆上和水中瑞士球训练均能显著提高优秀游泳运动员躯干力量、背肌耐力和身体平衡性，改善运动员陆上身体控制和平衡能力，进而改善游泳运动员力量传导的效率，促进躯干和上下肢之间力量的有效转移，提升打腿和划手的效果，提高50 m自由泳运动表现；两种训练对运动员柔韧性和功能性表现无显著影响；水中瑞士球训练对各测试的提升幅度和RPE强度上均高于陆上瑞士球训练，且水中瑞士球训练手段可以更有效提高游泳运动员的50 m自由泳运动表现。     

阐述游泳项目专项力量训练的新理念

专项力量的训练是当代游泳力量训练的核心,发展专项力量不仅应采用负重的专项技术练习,而且更重要的是改进力量房的训练,使其在练习形式、负荷和力度上尽可能接近游泳专项。耐力性游泳项目的教练员均加强了对力量训练的重视程度,力量己被视为增加有氧训练比例,兼顾能量供应和神经———肌肉系统,衔接有氧与无氧能力的媒介。     

高水平大学生游泳运动员赛前训练代谢能力监测的分析

采用实验法,对参加第7届全国大学生运动会14名大学高水平游泳运动员准备期进行4周以无氧阈强度和有氧无氧混合性负荷为主的有氧训练。结果表明:有氧训练显著提高运动员心肺功能,训练后同级负荷血乳酸降低,曲线右移,有氧能力提高。同时,绝对力量、速度耐力和耐力力量有一定提高。     

游泳训练与打腿教学之探讨

游泳运动的发展越迅速，对少儿基础训练的要求就更高。来自世界游泳强国的大量资料证明，基础训练越全面，对日后专项训练就会越有利。游泳水平的提高相应对少儿运动基础训练的要求也不断提高。游泳基础训练中打腿又是基础中的关键。本文以笔者的实践，对8—14岁少儿运动员打腿教学与训练中一些规律性的关系作初步探讨，以更快地提高游泳教学水平。     

浅谈少儿游泳运动员打腿训练的重要性

随着我国游泳运动的发展和提高,对青少年游泳运动员训练也提出了新的课题。如何正确掌握游泳技术,规范游泳基础训练,为培养出高水平的少儿游泳运动员打下扎实的基础。本文采用访问调查和文献资料收集方法,对少儿游泳运动员基础打腿训练方法、训练手段进行了研究和分析。论述了少儿游泳运动员的打腿训练方法及训练中应注意的问题提出自己的见解和教学训练体会。     

自变频气动加载振动力量耐力训练对男子游泳运动员力量水平的影响

运用获专利的新型自变频气动加载振动力量训练器,对12名1级男子游泳运动员进行了8周的振动和气动加载动态力量耐力训练,通过与训练方式相同的测量获得了实验前后动作最大速度、最大动态力(1RM)、最大力量功率、动态力量耐力(nRM)和最大等长力量以及上臂围度指标。结果表明:振动与传统力量(气动加载)训练方法均可提高动态力量耐力,效果相当;相比传统的力量训练,振动力量训练的优势在于发展最大动态力量、快速力量和动作速度。     

游泳运动员训练水平的评估

除非为每名运动员制定了适宜的练习速度和强度,否则一些运动员会在低负荷强度下练习,而另外一些运动员则在超负荷强度下练习。教练员的工作就是为运动员制定适宜的训练计划,包括正确使用有氧耐力、有氧力量、乳酸耐力和短距离快速游能力,这些都需要采用不同的练习强度,重复次数和间歇时间。短距离快速游能力是指运动员必须发挥出最大游速,它对肌纤维类型、肌肉中磷酸肌酸水平、肌酸激酶活性、最大肌肉力量和神经肌肉的募集形式都有要求。一名游泳运动员必须发展在比赛中达到最大游速的能力,并尽可能保持较长时间。要在游程中或游程的后半部…     

短距离游泳运动员力量训练的重要性

游泳是与水阻力作斗争的运动。要创造优异成绩，只有付出较大的作用力才能获得较大的推进力，运动员必须具有较好的肌肉力量和肌肉耐力。有人认为，运动员在水中不停地游，自然会从水中得到力量。随着科学训练不断发展，这种陈旧的训练观点正逐步消失。随着70年代东德游泳运动的崛起，特别是美国游泳水平近几十年来经久不衰，而近十余年来，我国游泳运动走出低谷，打破多项世界记录，并站在奥运会领奖台，从这些成功经验中可看到一条通往世界游泳高峰的道路。这条道路就是必须进行大量的身体和专项力量训练。本根据我组运动员1997年10月至1998年8月力量训练过程，谈谈对游泳运动员力量训练的一些看法，与同行共勉。     

浅谈青少年游泳运动员力量训练

现代竞技体育中，游泳运动员成绩的表现最终是由与游泳项目相关的力量素质表现的，力量素质的提高是通过平时在专项训练中采用的力量训练来完成的，所以力量训练十分重要。青少年游泳运动员成绩的表现与成年运动员一样，力量素质是主要方面，力量训练同样处在重要的位置上。     

等动力量游泳训练器的设计思想及其应用

BK-1型磁电式等动力量游泳训练器是我国新近科研成功的一种新型等动力量训练器材,它可按“同一性”原理和“超负荷”原则组织游泳训练,实践证明对提高游泳比赛成绩效果显著。该训练器还可用作测试仪器,可测出运动员的特征参数,并给出各种泳法的力波形图,藉以进行游泳技术的诊断。     

有关高原训练中强度训练问题的探讨

以我国体能类项目存在的问题为切入点,提出在高原训练中加强高速持续跑能力和冲刺跑能力训练的客观依据,使高原训练平原化,从训练理念上纠正因高原PO2降低带来的训练强度难以达到平原训练相似强度的观念,并在实践的基础上提出高原训练"耐力是基础,速度是关键,素质是保证"的总体思路.     

Strength training: isometric training at a range of joint angles versus dynamic training

Strength training with isometric contractions produces large but highly angle-specific adaptations. To contrast the contractile mode of isometric versus dynamic training, but diminish the strong angle specificity effect, we compared the strength gains produced by isometric training at four joint angles with conventional dynamic training. Thirty-three recreationally active healthy males aged 18 - 30 years completed 9 weeks of strength training of the quadriceps muscle group three times per week. An intra-individual design was adopted: one leg performed purely isometric training at each of four joint angles (isometrically trained leg); the other leg performed conventional dynamic training, lifting and lowering (dynamically trained leg). Both legs trained at similar relative loads for the same duration. The quadriceps strength of each leg was measured isometrically (at four angles) and isokinetically (at three velocities) pre and post training. After 9 weeks of training, the increase in isokinetic strength was similar in both legs (pooled data from three velocities: dynamically trained leg, 10.7%; isometrically trained leg, 10.5%). Isometric strength increases were significantly greater for the isometrically trained leg (pooled data from four angles: dynamically trained leg, 13.1%; isometrically trained leg, 18.0%). This may have been due to the greater absolute torque involved with isometric training or a residual angle specificity effect despite the isometric training being divided over four angles.     

间歇训练法在散打训练中的应用

介绍了间歇训练法的原理、功能及其类型、特点,着重从3个方面分析了间歇训练法在散打训练实践中的应用。     

Strength training: Isometric training at a range of joint angles versus dynamic training

Strength training with isometric contractions produces large but highly angle-specific adaptations. To contrast the contractile mode of isometric versus dynamic training, but diminish the strong angle specificity effect, we compared the strength gains produced by isometric training at four joint angles with conventional dynamic training. Thirty-three recreationally active healthy males aged 18?–?30 years completed 9 weeks of strength training of the quadriceps muscle group three times per week. An intra-individual design was adopted: one leg performed purely isometric training at each of four joint angles (isometrically trained leg); the other leg performed conventional dynamic training, lifting and lowering (dynamically trained leg). Both legs trained at similar relative loads for the same duration. The quadriceps strength of each leg was measured isometrically (at four angles) and isokinetically (at three velocities) pre and post training. After 9 weeks of training, the increase in isokinetic strength was similar in both legs (pooled data from three velocities: dynamically trained leg, 10.7%; isometrically trained leg, 10.5%). Isometric strength increases were significantly greater for the isometrically trained leg (pooled data from four angles: dynamically trained leg, 13.1%; isometrically trained leg, 18.0%). This may have been due to the greater absolute torque involved with isometric training or a residual angle specificity effect despite the isometric training being divided over four angles.     

Strength training

Introductory textbooks commonly state that Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are responsible for a reflex response that inhibits a muscle producing dangerously high tension (autogenic inhibition). Review of the relevant data from animal studies demonstrates that there is wide variability in the magnitude of, and even the presence of, GTO autogenic effects among locomotor hindlimb muscles, and that data on GTO effects under conditions of voluntary maximal muscle activation are lacking. A single available study on GTO function in humans, during a moderate contraction, surprisingly shows a reduction in autogenic inhibition during muscle‐force production. Further, it is not possible to find experimental evidence supporting the idea that strength training may produce a decrease in GTO mediated autogenic inhibition, allowing greater muscle activation levels and hence greater force production.     

Strength training

Literature concerning the theoretical role of spinal reflex circuits and their sensorimotor signals in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) muscle stretching techniques was examined. Reviewed data do not support the assertion commonly made in PNF literature that contraction of a stretched muscle prior to further stretch, or contraction of opposing muscles during muscle stretch, produces relaxation of the stretched muscle. Further, following contraction of a stretched muscle, inhibition of the stretch reflex response lasts only 1 s. Studies examined suggested that decreases in the response amplitude of the Hoffmann and muscle stretch reflexes following a contraction of a stretched muscle are not due to the activation of Golgi tendon organs, as commonly purported, but instead may be due to presynaptic inhibition of the muscle spindle sensory signal. The current view on the complex manner by which the spinal cord processes proprioceptive signals was discussed. The ability of acute PNF stretching procedures to often produce a joint range of motion greater than that observed with static stretching must be explained by mechanisms other than the spinal processing of proprioceptive information. Studies reviewed indicate that changes in the ability to tolerate stretch and/or the vis‐coelastic properties of the stretched muscle, induced by PNF procedures, are possible mechanisms.     

运动训练过程中若干训练理念甄别

采用文献研究法、比较分析法和逻辑分析法,对运动训练过程中训练理念的意义以及六对训练理念的本质和要求进行了甄别分析.研究结果表明:在专项化训练过程中,要提倡与运动员水平相适应的早期专项化,反对早期成人化;提倡高度专项化,反对全面专项化;在一定条件下提倡负荷专项化,避免专项负荷大量化;重视运动训练的全面化,更要重视训练的整体化.运动训练要在技术规范化的基础上发展个体化特点;在遵循训练原则的基础上,强化指标量化调控.     

浅析念动训练在健美操教学训练中的应用

通过文献资料法、逻辑分析法、对比实验法针对念动训练在健美操教学训练中的应用进行对比实验,结果表明：念动训练这种心理学训练方法在健美操教学中具有优越性,对加深对动作的理解有着非常重要的作用,建议教师在健美操教学的各阶段中合理安排念动训练,提高教学效果。     

浅论射击运动员在心理训练中注意品质的培养

注意是人的心理活动对一定客体的指向和集中,是一种不单独存在的心理活动,这种指向客体的稳定性、持久性、分配、转移、范围等指标,就是衡量注意的品质因素。一个优秀的射击运动员应具备良好的注意品质,注意品质是属于非智力因素的一种,也要进行艰苦、长期的训练,才能获得。     

对训练周期理论与板块训练理论的再审视

对训练周期理论和板块训练理论进行了比较后发现，两种理论的冲竞占、主要集中在高水平运动员是否适应新的参赛机制和高水平运动员专项能力提高的生物适应性以及训练理论模型适用的训练范围上；而对两种理论的辨析与思考，得出了训练理论与训练实践脱节的原因是训练理论模型的非真理性和训练理论模型的经验化。