运动员睡眠评价方法的应用研究进展

在以睡眠研究的评价体系和临床诊疗推荐指南作为睡眠评价方法的前提下，重点讨论运动科学研究中实际涉及运动员睡眠评价的研究案例，分析睡眠日记、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）、Epworth嗜睡量表（ESS）、运动员睡眠筛查问卷（ASSQ）、运动员睡眠行为问卷（ASBQ）、睡眠卫生指数（SHI）、多导睡眠图（PSG）、体动图、商业睡眠技术等主客观睡眠评价工具或手段的适用性和局限性，为对运动员的睡眠障碍和睡眠相关行为进行准确可靠的评价提供参考意见。     

《中国射击运动员恢复——应激问卷》的编制

采用标准化的问卷编制程序，编制了《中国射击运动员恢复——应激问卷》，并对该问卷的信、效度进行了检验，结果表明，中国射击运动员恢复——应激问卷具有较高的信、效度，该问卷由应激和恢复两个因子组成。应激因子由情绪应激、休息受干扰、社会应激、心理耗竭、疲劳5个分量表组成，恢复因子由总体感觉良好、身体健康、睡眠质量、社会支持、自我调节、自我效能6个分量表组成     

太极拳对老年人睡眠质量影响的研究

探讨太极拳对老年人睡眠质量的影响。采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷，对吕梁市200名老年人进行测试。结果：进行太极拳锻炼的老年人的匹兹堡睡眠质量指数明显小于对照组的老年人（P〈0．05）。结论：太极拳能有效改善老年人的睡眠质量。     

球类集体项目运动员对教练员信任的测量

信任是球类集体项目运动队中人员合作的基础，对于球队运动训练过程的顺利进行以及最终比赛成绩的获得都有着非常重要的作用。研究目的：编制符合球类集体项目特征、且符合心理测量学要求的运动员对教练员信任量表。方法：经过理论探讨、访谈等方法形成理论构想和条目池，分别以214名和407名大学高水平篮球运动员为被试，主要运用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析等数理统计方法对量表进行信效度检验。结果：最终量表包括能力、仁爱心、公正一致性3个维度共计10个条目，具有较好的信效度。结论：量表的信效度符合心理测量学的要求，可作为球类集体项目运动员对教练员信任状况测量的有效、可靠的工具。     

我国大学高水平篮球运动员对教练员的信任量表构建及与球队绩效的关系

用理论探讨、访谈等方法形成理论构想和条目池,分别以214名和407名大学高水平篮球运动员为研究对象,在经过项目分析、探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析以及一系列的信效度检验后,最终形成我国大学高水平篮球运动员对教练员的信任量表,包括能力、仁爱心、公正一致性3个维度共计10个条目,具有较好的信效度.运动员对教练员的信任对球队平均每场得失分比不具有预测作用,对球队成员之间合作行为具有预测作用.     

球类集体项目运动员对球队组织信任量表的建构

研究目的:确定我国球类集体项目运动员对球队组织信任的结构维度,编制相应的测量量表。研究方法:理论探讨、深度访谈、问卷调查、数理统计。研究结果:对214名篮球运动员的有效问卷进行探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析表明,运动员对球队组织信任量表包括能力信任和公正一致性信任2个维度,再用407名运动员的有效问卷进行了跨样本效度检验,进一步证明了2维结构模型具有合理性。研究结论:本研究编制的信任量表具有较好的信度和效度,可在今后以信任为基础的相关实证研究中使用。     

高原训练应激反应问卷的编制与应用

根据心理测量学原理和现代应激理论,通过文献资料、半开放式问卷调查、专家访谈、数理统计等研究方法,编制高原训练应激反应问卷。以进行高原训练的游泳、中长跑、竞走、足球和橄榄球运动员为测试对象,对问卷进行条目分析及信效度检验。结果显示:运动员高原训练应激反应由生理、心理和行为3个维度构成,各分量表的α系数为0.824~0.951,分半信度为0.762~0.926,三因素相关模型的各项拟合指数均在可接受的范围。表明该量表具有较好的信效度,可作为运动员高原训练应激反应的测试工具。     

大学生运动员运动表象的测量与SIQ的初步修订

为探索适合我国运动员运动表象应用情况的测量工具,在系统分析运动员SIQ测量文献的基础上,以我国部分大学运动员为个案,对《运动表象问卷》在我国大学生运动员中进行了试用与修订。首先,选取了160名大学生田径运动员对SIQ的信度和效度进行了初步检验;其次,依据SIQ在大学生田径运动员中的信效度检验情况和对部分大学生运动员访谈的结果修订了SIQ。然后,选取了349名大学生运动员对修订后的SIQ进行了信效度的检验。研究表明：1）SIQ运用于大学生田径运动员时,其构想效度不太理想,造成这一结果原因可能在于被试对象的＂体教结合＂环境、价值取向等方面差异的影响;2）修订后的SIQ由22个条目5个维度构成,具有良好的信效度。该量表是从表象对运动员在行为过程中调节作用的视角下编制而成,可以作为进一步深入研究我国大学生运动员运动表象应用的测量工具,也可以尝试性地推广到我国职业运动员领域的应用。     

青少年体育核心价值观问卷编制与检验

目的：编制青少年体育核心价值观问卷，并检验其信效度。方法：根据前期扎根理论成果，结合文献资料和专家访谈法形成初始问卷，以初测对象306名青少年对初始问卷进行项目分析和探索性因素分析；以复测对象260名青少年对复测问卷进行验证性因素分析、信效度检验后形成正式问卷。结果：青少年体育核心价值观问卷共包含35个条目，分属健康、道德、能力、安全、交往、竞争、精神、终身价值观8个维度，共解释总变异的67.357%；验证性因素分析结果表明，问卷拟合指数良好（χ²/df=1.98，GFI=0.89，CFI=0.95，IFI=0.96，NNFI=0.93，RMSEA=0.056）；总问卷内部一致性达0.95，各维度α系数介于0.77-0.954，重测信度介于0.763-0.938；效度分析各维度之间以及分维度与总问卷之间相关性显著。结论：本探究所编青少年体育核心价值观问卷具有良好的通俗性、区分度、信度和效度，可以作为我国青少年体育核心价值观的测评工具。     

我国运动员主观幸福感的结构及测量学分析

旨在结合我国运动员生活特征,对其主观幸福感结构进行测量研究,以便为我国运动员主观幸福观的评价提供理论与实践依据。在研究中,经过选题、初测(233人)、项目分析及探索性因子分析到再测(200人)与验证性因子分析等信、效度检验步骤,最终得出我国运动员主观幸福感结构。结果显示,我国运动员主观幸福感共由7个因子构成。总量表信度系数α为0.77,所编制的我国运动员主观幸福感量表结构与各项测量指标较好,可以作为测量我国运动员主观幸福感的有效工具。     

Total sleep time in Muslim football players is reduced during Ramadan: a pilot study on the standardized assessment of subjective sleep-wake patterns in athletes

Ramadan is a period in which Muslims fast during daylight hours and is associated with disturbances in sleep-wake behaviour and adverse effects on physical and mental health in normal volunteers. Studies using athletes are rare and remain equivocal as to whether Ramadan influences sleep-wake patterns. Notably, the standardized assessment of subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in athletes has not been established. This study employed the Arabic version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale in nine football players aged 20-35 years (mean ± s: 26 ± 4) one week before and during the last week of Ramadan. Compliance rates with self-administration were high (71%) and the results demonstrated a robust decline in total sleep time (before Ramadan: 6.6 ± 2 h; at the end of Ramadan: 5.3 ± 1 h; P < 0.05, effect size 0.81). Compared with previous research, the study questionnaires offer improved methodology, including less time constraints plus standardization in scoring. Thus, this study demonstrates a framework for greater reproducibility and reliability in the assessment of subjective sleep-wake patterns in athletes before and during Ramadan.     

Prevalence of poor sleep quality,sleepiness and obstructive sleep apnoea risk factors in athletes

Purpose: Despite the perceived importance of sleep for athletes, little is known regarding athlete sleep quality, their prevalence of daytime sleepiness or risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) such as snoring and witnessed apnoeic episodes. The purpose of the present study was to characterise normative sleep quality among highly trained team sport athletes.

Methodology:175 elite or highly trained rugby sevens, rugby union and cricket athletes completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS) and Quality of Life questionnaires and an OSA risk factor screen.

Results: On average, athletes reported 7.9?±?1.3?h of sleep per night. The average PSQI score was 5.9?±?2.6, and 50% of athletes were found to be poor sleepers (PSQI?>?5). Daytime sleepiness was prevalent throughout the population (average global score of 8.5) and clinically significant (ESS score of ≥10) in 28% of athletes. OSA may be an important clinical consideration within athletic populations, as a considerable number of athletes (38%) defined themselves as snorers and 8% reported having a witnessed apnoeic episode. The relationship between self-rated sleep quality and actual PSQI score was strong (Pearson correlation of 0.4?±?0.1, 90% confidence limits).

Conclusion: These findings suggest that this cohort of team sport athletes suffer a preponderance of poor sleep quality, with associated high levels of daytime sleepiness. Athletes should receive education about how to improve sleep wake schedules, extend total sleep time and improve sleep quality.     

Individualized sleep education improves subjective and objective sleep indices in elite cricket athletes: A pilot study

ABSTRACT

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of personalized sleep hygiene education on sleep indices in elite athletes. Nine elite male cricket players performed 3 weeks of baseline sleep monitoring (PRE), followed by group and individualized sleep hygiene education and a further 3 weeks of sleep monitoring (POST). Subjective sleep questionnaires included the Athlete Sleep Behaviour Questionnaire (ASBQ), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Objective sleep indices were monitored via wrist actigraphy. There were significant improvements (p < 0.05) in two of the sleep questionnaires (ESS and PSQI) and in sleep efficiency (+5%), sleep latency (?29 min) and sleep onset variance (?28 min) following the intervention, all associated with large or very large effect sizes (d= 1.38, ?0.85 and ?0.88, respectively). The current study reports that personalized sleep hygiene education using the ASBQ to target maladaptive sleep behaviours may be effective in acutely improving sleep indices in elite male athletes.     

Examination of the psychometric properties of the perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes

We undertook two studies to determine the validity and reliability of the revised Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2). In Study 1, 201 female athletes (mean age 16.4 years) were administered the initial version of the PMCSQ-2 and a measure of reported tension and pressure experienced in sport. Exploratory principal component analysis suggested that the PMCSQ-2 contained two higher-order scales (Task-Involving and Ego-Involving climates), each with three subscales (Task: Cooperative Learning, Effort/ Improvement, Important Role; Ego: Intra-Team Member Rivalry, Unequal Recognition, Punishment for Mistakes). In Study 2, 385 female volleyball players (mean age 15.2 years) completed the PMCSQ-2, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory and a measure of Team Satisfaction. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to six competing models. The oblique six-factor model and oblique hierarchical model provided comparable fit to the data. Acceptable fit was reached based on model respecification. Across Studies 1 and 2, internal consistency was found to be acceptable for the higher-order scales and subscales (with the exception of the Intra-Team Member Rivalry subscale). We found evidence for the concurrent validity of the instrument.     

Examination of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire - 2 in a sample of female athletes

We undertook two studies to determine the validity and reliability of the revised Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2). In Study 1, 201 female athletes (mean age 16.4 years) were administered the initial version of the PMCSQ-2 and a measure of reported tension and pressure experienced in sport. Exploratory principal component analysis suggested that the PMCSQ-2 contained two higher-order scales (Task-Involving and Ego-Involving climates), each with three subscales (Task: Cooperative Learning, Effort/Improvement, Important Role; Ego: Intra-Team Member Rivalry, Unequal Recognition, Punishment for Mistakes). In Study 2, 385 female volleyball players (mean age 15.2 years) completed the PMCSQ-2, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory and a measure of Team Satisfaction. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to six competing models. The oblique six-factor model and oblique hierarchical model provided comparable fit to the data. Acceptable fit was reached based on model respecification. Across Studies 1 and 2, internal consistency was found to be acceptable for the higher-order scales and subscales (with the exception of the Intra-Team Member Rivalry subscale). We found evidence for the concurrent validity of the instrument.     

A novel sleep optimisation programme to improve athletes’ well-being and performance

Objectives: To improve well-being and performance indicators in a group of Australian Football League (AFL) players via a six-week sleep optimisation programme. Design: Prospective intervention study following observations suggestive of reduced sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness in an AFL group. Methods: Athletes from the Adelaide Football Club were invited to participate if they had played AFL senior-level football for 1–5 years, or if they had excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] >10), measured via ESS. An initial education session explained normal sleep needs, and how to achieve increased sleep duration and quality. Participants (n?=?25) received ongoing feedback on their sleep, and a mid-programme education and feedback session. Sleep duration, quality and related outcomes were measured during week one and at the conclusion of the six-week intervention period using sleep diaries, actigraphy, ESS, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Profile of Mood States, Training Distress Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task. Results: Sleep diaries demonstrated an increase in total sleep time of approximately 20?min (498.8?±?53.8 to 518.7?±?34.3; p?<?.05) and a 2% increase in sleep efficiency (p?<?0.05). There was a corresponding increase in vigour (p?<?0.001) and decrease in fatigue (p?<?0.05). Conclusions: Improvements in measures of sleep efficiency, fatigue and vigour indicate that a sleep optimisation programme may improve athletes’ well-being. More research is required into the effects of sleep optimisation on athletic performance.