安度利可与哌普嗪棕榈酸酯对精神分裂症抗复发维持治疗的临床观察

精神分裂症的抗复发维持治疗是减少复发的措施之一,本文采用酉安杨森药厂安度利可与进口哌普嗪棕榈酸酯对40例临床疗效达到“显好”以上的精神分裂症患者进行抗复发维持治疗,旨在探讨单用长效针剂巩固疗效的可行性。 资料与方法 病例为1989年4月～1991年5月住院/门诊符合《CCMD-Ⅱ》标准的精神分裂症患者,经治疗达到临床“显好”后改用长效针剂继续维持治疗。共采样40例,随     

氯噻吨癸酸酯与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

氯噻吨癸酸酯(CIDP)是一种长效抗精神病药,特别适用于需要长期治疗的精神分裂症,尤其用于不合作的精神分裂症患者,以确保有效剂量的使用。国内以往报道多为口服氯噻吨,对长效针剂氯噻吨临床研究较少,为了解长效氯噻吨对精神分裂症的维持治疗效果,与氯丙嗪(CPZ)进行了对照研究。     

精神分裂症患者持续服用氟哌啶醇的随访调查

关于精神分裂症的预防复发问题,从根本上来说.最重要的是坚持长期服药.但是在使用新药治疗精神分裂症当中,多偏重于总结临床治疗方面的经验,而对于使用何种药品以及用多大剂量可以预防复发,目前尚缺少有关这方面的资料报导.作者八年来使用氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症患者和预防复发,现将服用氟哌啶醇维持量预防复发的随访调查情况报告如下:     

精神分裂症治疗指南对抗精神病药物使用的影响

目的 了解精神分裂症治疗指南出台后,我院住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物应用的演变情况.方法 采取整群入组法,调查我院2008年住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物的使用情况,并与精神分裂症治疗指南出台前的2003年比较.结果 抗精神病药物的使用频度发生了显著变化,新型抗精神病药物的使用增多,临床药物治疗以单一用药为主.结论 治疗指南的出台,对临床用药起到了规范作用,抗精神病药的选择受多种因素的影响.     

安度利可对精神分裂症的抗复发维持治疗

精神分裂症的抗复发维持治疗是减少精神分裂症复发的可行的措施之一。有作者报告,经接受药物维持治疗者,仅有5%复发。可见用长效药物对精神分裂症进行抗复发治疗的重要性。本文作者采用西安杨森药厂安度利可与进口哌普嗪棕榈酸酯对40例临床疗效达到“显进”以上的精神分裂症患者进行     

绘画治疗在精神分裂症康复中应用的研究进展

精神分裂症是一种高复发率、高致残率以及高疾病负担的精神科疾病。精神分裂症患者 合理有效的康复治疗是降低疾病复发率、致残率和负担的关键；也是影响患者预后的重要因素。在精 神分裂症患者的康复中使用绘画治疗是一种常用的措施。现就绘画治疗在精神分裂症中的应用进展作 一综述。     

46例精神分裂症复发患者复发原因分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者出院后的复发原因。方法选择2011-04—2012-04我院接诊的精神分裂症患者46例,出院1a后实施自制问卷调查并通过随访的方式收集患者的一般资料、服药情况、复发情况、复发原因、社会活动情况及复发早期的相关表现。分析总结精神分裂症患者的主要复发原因及复发早期表现,为预防复发风险提供依据。结果精神分裂症患者出院1a后复发率为43.48%,单一服药患者较合并服药患者多,复发主要发生于服药依从性差,经常受社会心理因素、季节因素和遗传因素影响的患者;患者出院后社会活动减弱,未参加社会学习工作的患者较患病前高,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);复发患者的早期主要表现在行为障碍、情绪障碍、自主神经的功能障碍和睡眠障碍。结论针对精神分裂症患者的复发现状,患者和家属应加强对预防知识的了解,及时就诊,尽可能减少复发。     

168例精神分裂症病人再入院分析

为探讨导致精神分裂症病人复发的因素,作者调查了168例再入院精神分裂症患者,发现未坚持服药系致精神分裂症复发的主要因素,与不良的精神刺激,病前性格,家族史、临床分型及病程等因素关系则不明显。提示抗精神病药物维持治疗是预防本病复发的关键。本文还讨论了维持治疗中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

非典型抗精神病药物治疗住院精神分裂症或双相障碍患者急性激越和敌对的疗效：一项系统综述的结果

概述：急性激越和敌对是双相障碍和精神分裂症患者的常见症状。本综述中,我们讨论在双相障碍或精神分裂症患者中上述症状的发生率、临床评估策略、治疗方案以及目前国内外针对这些症状的治疗指南。在现有的方法中,有使用肌肉注射的抗精神病药物和最近获得批准的口服非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相障碍或精神分裂症住院患者的急性激越和敌对,我们详细讨论了支持这些方法的最新证据,并强调各个抗精神病药物之间的一些差异。     

非典型抗精神病药物治疗住院精神分裂症或双相障碍患者急性激越和敌对的疗效:一项系统综述的结果（英文）

急性激越和敌对是双相障碍和精神分裂症患者的常见症状。本综述中,我们讨论在双相障碍或精神分裂症患者中上述症状的发生率、临床评估策略、治疗方案以及目前国内外针对这些症状的治疗指南。在现有的方法中,有使用肌肉注射的抗精神病药物和最近获得批准的口服非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相障碍或精神分裂症住院患者的急性激越和敌对,我们详细讨论了支持这些方法的最新证据,并强调各个抗精神病药物之间的一些差异。     

Atypical antipsychotics in psychiatric practice: practical implications for clinical monitoring.

OBJECTIVES: To provide practical recommendations for monitoring patients both before and during treatment with atypical antipsychotics, to assist clinicians in implementing preventative measures against diabetes, and to establish baselines according to which clinicians should initiate diabetes treatment. METHOD: A working group of Canadian specialists in psychiatry and endocrinology reviewed peer-reviewed clinical studies published in this area and other relevant papers and abstracts. RESULTS: The reviewed studies further confirm that atypical antipsychotic medications are the most effective components in the medical management of many psychotic conditions; they also further emphasize the need to more stringently monitor and recognize diabetes risk factors inherent in these patients. Recommendations are based on a review of the available data, on expert opinion and consensus, and on current Canadian guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and management of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with psychiatric disorders, most particularly schizophrenia and mood disorders, have an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and should be screened frequently, especially when other risk factors are present. The resulting recommendations offer practical steps for effectively screening patients prior to and during treatment with atypical antipsychotics. They include (1) how to conduct an initial baseline assessment, (2) when and how to monitor blood glucose and lipid levels, and (3) how to educate patients regarding such lifestyle issues as nutrition, exercise, and diet.     

Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: update from Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder

OBJECTIVE: To revise and update consensus guidelines for medication treatment algorithms for childhood major depressive disorder based on new scientific evidence and expert clinical consensus when evidence is lacking. METHOD: A consensus conference was held January 13-14, 2005, that included academic clinicians and researchers, practicing clinicians, administrators, consumers, and families. The focus was to review, update, and incorporate the most current data to inform and recommend specific pharmacological approaches and clinical guidance for treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. RESULTS: Consensually agreed on medication algorithms for major depression (with and without psychosis) and comorbid attention-deficit disorders were updated. These revised algorithms also incorporated approaches to address issues of suicidality, aggression, and irritability. Stages 1, 2, and 3 of the algorithm consist of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and norepinephrine serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications whose use is supported by controlled, acute clinical trials and clinical experience. Recent studies provide support that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in addition to fluoxetine are still encouraged as first-line interventions. The need for additional assessments, precautions, and monitoring is emphasized, as well as continuation and maintenance treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence and expert clinical consensus support the use of selected antidepressants in the treatment of depression in youths. The use of the recommended antidepressant medications requires appropriate monitoring of suicidality and potential adverse effects and consideration of other evidence-based treatment alternatives such as cognitive behavioral therapies.     

Comparison of SGA Oral Medications and a Long-Acting Injectable SGA: The PROACTIVE Study

Until relatively recently, long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations were only available for first-generation antipsychotics and their utilization decreased as use of oral second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) increased. Although registry-based naturalistic studies show LAIs reduce rehospitalization more than oral medications in clinical practice, this is not seen in recent randomized clinical trials. PROACTIVE (Preventing Relapse Oral Antipsychotics Compared to Injectables Evaluating Efficacy) relapse prevention study incorporated efficacy and effectiveness features. At 8 US academic centers, 305 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomly assigned to LAI risperidone (LAI-R) or physician’s choice oral SGAs. Patients were evaluated during the 30-month study by masked, centralized assessors using 2-way video, and monitored biweekly by on-site clinicians and assessors who knew treatment assignment. Relapse was evaluated by a masked Relapse Monitoring Board. Differences between LAI-R and oral SGA treatment in time to first relapse and hospitalization were not significant. Psychotic symptoms and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score improved more in the LAI-R group. In contrast, the LAI group had higher Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms Alogia scale scores. There were no other between-group differences in symptoms or functional improvement. Despite the advantage for psychotic symptoms, LAI-R did not confer an advantage over oral SGAs for relapse or rehospitalization. Biweekly monitoring, not focusing specifically on patients with demonstrated nonadherence to treatment and greater flexibility in changing medication in the oral treatment arm, may contribute to the inability to detect differences between LAI and oral SGA treatment in clinical trials.Key words: relapse prevention, schizophrenia, psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, clinical trial design     

Medication treatment of bipolar disorder 2000: a summary of the expert consensus guidelines

The original Expert Consensus Guidelines on the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder were published in 1996. Since that time, a variety of new treatments for bipolar disorder have been reported; however, evidence for these treatments varies widely, with data especially limited regarding comparisons between treatments and how to sequence them. For this reason, a new survey of expert opinion was undertaken to bridge gaps between the research evidence and key clinical decisions. The results of this new survey, which was completed by 58 experts, are presented in The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Medication Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 2000, which was published in April 2000 as a Postgraduate Medicine Special Report. In this article, the authors describe the methodology used in the survey and summarize the clinical recommendations given in the resulting guidelines. The expert panel reached consensus on many key strategies, including acute and preventive treatment of mania (euphoric, mixed, and dysphoric subtypes), depression, rapid cycling, and approaches to managing treatment resistance and comorbid psychiatric conditions. Use of a mood stabilizer is recommended in all phases of treatment. Divalproex (especially for mixed or dysphoric subtypes) and lithium are the primary mood stabilizers for both acute and preventive treatment of mania. If monotherapy with these agents fails, the next recommended intervention is to combine them. This combination of lithium and divalproex can then serve as the foundation to which other medications are added if needed. Carbamazepine is the leading alternative mood stabilizer for mania. The experts rated the other new anticonvulsants as second-line options (i.e., their use is recommended if lithium, divalproex, and carbamazepine fail or are contraindicated). For milder depression, a mood stabilizer, especially lithium, may be used as monotherapy. Divalproex and lamotrigine are other first-line choices. For more severe depression, the experts recommend combining a standard antidepressant with lithium or divalproex. Bupropion, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and venlafaxine are preferred antidepressants. The antidepressants should usually be tapered 2-6 months after remission. Monotherapy with divalproex is recommended for the initial treatment of either depression or mania in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Antipsychotics are recommended for use in combination with the above regimens for mania or depression with psychosis, and as potential adjuncts in nonpsychotic episodes. Atypical antipsychotics, especially olanzapine and risperidone, were generally preferred over conventional antipsychotics. The guidelines also include recommendations concerning the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), clozapine, thyroid hormone, stimulants, and various novel agents for patients with treatment-refractory bipolar illness. The experts reached high levels of consensus on key steps in treating bipolar disorder despite obvious gaps in high-quality data. To evaluate many of the treatment options in this survey, the experts had to extrapolate beyond controlled data; however, their recommendations are generally conservative. Experts give their strongest support to initial strategies and medications for which high-quality research data or longstanding patterns of clinical usage exist. Within the limits of expert opinion and with the understanding that new research data may take precedence, these guidelines provide clear pathways for addressing common clinical questions and can be used to inform clinicians and educate patients about the relative merits of a variety of interventions.     

A comparison of guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia

Although the clinical and administrative rationales for the use of guidelines in the treatment of schizophrenia are convincing, meaningful implementation has been slow. Guideline characteristics themselves influence whether implementation occurs. The authors examine three widely distributed guidelines and one set of algorithms to compare characteristics that are likely to influence implementation, including their degree of scientific rigor, comprehensiveness, and clinical applicability (ease of use, timeliness, specificity, and ease of operationalizing). The three guidelines are the Expert Consensus Guideline Series' "Treatment of Schizophrenia"; the American Psychiatric Association's "Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia"; and the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations. The algorithms are those of the Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP). The authors outline the strengths of each and suggest how a future guideline might build on these strengths.     

The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated Treatment Recommendations 2009

The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) project has played a significant role in the development and dissemination of evidence-based practices for schizophrenia. In contrast to other clinical guidelines, the Schizophrenia PORT Treatment Recommendations, initially published in 1998 and first revised in 2003, are based primarily on empirical data. Over the last 5 years, research on psychopharmacologic and psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia has continued to evolve, warranting an update of the PORT recommendations. In consultation with expert advisors, 2 Evidence Review Groups (ERGs) identified 41 treatment areas for review and conducted electronic literature searches to identify all clinical studies published since the last PORT literature review. The ERGs also reviewed studies preceding 2002 in areas not covered by previous PORT reviews, including smoking cessation, substance abuse, and weight loss. The ERGs reviewed over 600 studies and synthesized the research evidence, producing recommendations for those treatments for which the evidence was sufficiently strong to merit recommendation status. For those treatments lacking empirical support, the ERGs produced parallel summary statements. An Expert Panel consisting of 39 schizophrenia researchers, clinicians, and consumers attended a conference in November 2008 in which consensus was reached on the state of the evidence for each of the treatment areas reviewed. The methods and outcomes of the update process are presented here and resulted in recommendations for 16 psychopharmacologic and 8 psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Another 13 psychopharmacologic and 4 psychosocial treatments had insufficient evidence to support a recommendation, representing significant unmet needs in important treatment domains.     

Treatment of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review

This clinical review on the treatment of patients with gastroparesis is a consensus document developed by the American Motility Society Task Force on Gastroparesis. It is a multidisciplinary effort with input from gastroenterologists and other specialists who are involved in the care of patients with gastroparesis. To provide practical guidelines for treatment, this document covers results of published research studies in the literature and areas developed by consensus agreement where clinical research trials remain lacking in the field of gastroparesis.     

Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with relapse in schizophrenia

The aim of the present study was to examine sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with relapse in schizophrenia. The study group consisted of a convenience sample of 40 schizophrenia patients (20 patients each in relapse and remission). Relapse and remission were defined based on clinical criteria (ICD-10 criteria, course since last episode, and duration of remission) and psychometric criteria (scores on Socio-Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale [SOFAS] and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia [PANSS]). The index group was evaluated after the occurrence of current relapse but within 6 months of its onset. Sociodemographic, current psychopathology (PANSS) and functioning (SOFAS), and other (mainly retrospective) variables were assessed with a specifically designed clinical profile sheet, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Lifetime version, Presumptive Stressful life Events Scale, and World Health Organization Life Chart Schedule for Assessment of Course and Outcome of Schizophrenia. Patients who had relapsed were more symptomatic and exhibited greater dysfunction in comparison to remitted patients. Relapse in schizophrenia was significantly associated with unemployment, number of psychotic episodes, side-effects of medication, and life events score. The present findings suggest that a severe illness (no. psychotic episodes, unemployment), psychological stress and inappropriate treatment (side-effects of medicines) may be causally related to relapse in schizophrenia. However, the possibility that these variables may be caused by relapse or may be explained by a common underlying variable needs to be assessed prospectively.     

Comparaison des bénéfices médico-économiques des antipsychotiques dans la prise en charge de la schizophrénie en France

Introduction

The course of schizophrenia can vary widely, and patients experience remission phases alternating with relapse episodes, which generally lead to hospitalisation and have a significant impact on the burden of disease. The prevalence of schizophrenia in France is estimated to be approximately 600,000 people, with an incidence of 10,000 new patients per year. Patients with schizophrenia represent the largest group of hospitalised patients in French public institutions and specialised centres, and the French authorities recognise that the management of schizophrenia is a major public health concern. The Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) and most of the evidence-based guidelines for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia recommend long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics to be used predominantly in the prevention of relapse for non-compliant patients; however, in clinical practice, the use of LAIs remains low.

Use of rivaroxaban in patients with stroke

Rivaroxaban, an inhibitor of Factor Xa, is a direct oral anti-coagulant that has been found to be non-inferior to warfarin in preventing cerebral ischemia in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and in the subgroup of patients with a history of the previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Vascular neurologists in daily clinical practice may encounter patients taking rivaroxaban or patients who may benefit from its use. In this paper, we review the current clinical indications, contraindications, and clinical management guidelines for rivaroxaban while providing a special focus on neurological aspects and expert opinions on rivaroxaban therapy management in various situations that a neurologist may encounter when treating patients with an ischemic stroke (including those requiring intravenous or intra-arterial reperfusion therapy) and patients with an intracerebral hemorrhage. Since data from clinical trials and real-life data are missing in some clinical situations, strong recommendations are not always available. Nevertheless, practical guidelines should be adopted to maximize benefits from this oral anti-coagulant.