垂体转移性肺非典型类癌

目的报道1例垂体转移性肺非典型类癌患者的临床资料,总结此类肿瘤的临床病理学特征及诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法与结果女性患者,81岁,临床表现为头痛,突然失明;头部MRI提示鞍区占位性病变。遂行经鼻蝶入路鞍区占位性病变切除术,术中可见肿瘤位于鞍内,呈灰红色,直径约2 cm,质地柔软,血运不丰富,无包膜,边界欠清晰,沿边缘手术全切除肿瘤。组织学形态观察,肿瘤组织由形态较单一、大小较一致的小圆形细胞构成,呈巢片状弥漫性分布,可见核分裂象和灶性坏死。免疫组织化学染色,肿瘤细胞弥漫性表达突触素、CD56,部分表达甲状腺转录因子-1、广谱细胞角蛋白、P53,不表达生长激素、泌乳素、促肾上腺皮质激素、卵泡刺激素、促甲状腺激素、黄体生成素、S-100蛋白、甲状腺球蛋白、降钙素,Ki-67抗原标记指数约为33%。结论垂体转移瘤临床少见,垂体转移性肺非典型类癌更为罕见,明确诊断依靠临床病史、组织学形态和免疫表型。     

鞍区和鞍上脑室外神经细胞瘤

目的探讨发生于鞍区和鞍上的脑室外神经细胞瘤的临床病理学特征。方法对1例鞍区和鞍上脑室外神经细胞瘤患者的临床表现、影像学特征、组织学形态、免疫表型和分子遗传学特征进行回顾分析并复习相关文献。结果女性患者,27岁,临床表现为反复头痛伴双眼视物模糊5个月。头部MRI显示鞍区和鞍上占位性病变,T_1WI呈等或低信号,T_2WI呈高或低混杂信号,扩散加权成像呈稍高信号,界限清晰,正常垂体结构显示不清。临床诊断为垂体腺瘤,行经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术+脑脊液鼻漏修补术+视神经减压术,手术全切除肿瘤。组织学形态可见肿瘤细胞呈弥漫浸润性生长,部分区域可见神经毡背景;肿瘤细胞大小和形态相对一致,胞核圆形或卵圆形,染色质细腻深染,未见核分裂象。免疫组织化学染色可见肿瘤细胞胞核表达神经元核抗原和甲状腺转录因子-1,胞核和胞质表达钙视网膜蛋白,胞质表达突触素、嗜铬素A、上皮钙黏素和基质金属蛋白酶-9;胞核局灶性表达S-100蛋白,胞质局灶性表达神经微丝蛋白、细胞角蛋白8和波形蛋白;Ki-67抗原标记指数约为3%。网织纤维染色呈阴性。基因检测可见肿瘤细胞无异柠檬酸脱氢酶基因突变,无1p/19q-共缺失。最终病理诊断为脑室外神经细胞瘤(WHOⅡ级)。结论鞍区和鞍上脑室外神经细胞瘤临床极为罕见,组织学形态与发生于脑室的中枢神经细胞瘤相似,表现为肿瘤弥漫浸润性生长,肿瘤细胞形态较一致,胞核圆形,可见神经毡背景和"树枝"状薄壁毛细血管。应注意与垂体腺瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤和透明细胞型室管膜瘤等相鉴别。     

腺样型胶质母细胞瘤

目的回顾1例腺样型胶质母细胞瘤患者的诊断与治疗经过,总结此类肿瘤的组织病理学特征及诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法与结果男性患者,63岁,临床表现为口角左偏10余天。头部MRI增强扫描提示左侧额颞叶占位性病变,考虑转移瘤可能性大。18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET显像未见恶性肿瘤征象。行神经导航联合术中超声引导下左侧额颞叶占位性病变切除术,于手术显微镜下全切除病变。组织学形态观察,肿瘤细胞呈片状或巢状多中心生长,部分肿瘤区域黏液丰富;肿瘤细胞呈条索状、筛状、腺腔样或乳头状排列;肿瘤细胞胞质较少,胞核大小较一致、呈圆形或卵圆形、核深染,偶见明显核仁;可见肾小球样血管内皮细胞增生。免疫组织化学染色,肿瘤细胞胞质弥漫性表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白、波形蛋白和同源性磷酸酶-张力蛋白,胞核表达少突胶质细胞转录因子2和P53,胞质和胞核表达S-100蛋白,胞膜表达表皮生长因子受体,不表达细胞角蛋白、上皮膜抗原、癌胚抗原、甲状腺转录因子-1、CD31、CD34、CAM5.2和异柠檬酸脱氢酶1,Ki-67抗原标记指数约为76.80%。最终病理诊断为腺样型胶质母细胞瘤。术后12 d因呼吸功能和循环功能衰竭死亡。结论腺样型胶质母细胞瘤临床极为罕见,明确诊断依靠特异性组织形态学特征和免疫组织化学染色。应注意与转移性腺癌相鉴别。     

原发性甲状腺功能减退致垂体增生的诊断与治疗

目的探讨原发性甲状腺功能减退致垂体增生的诊断和治疗原则。方法回顾性分析3例原发性甲状腺功能减退致垂体增生患者的临床资料。对3例原发性甲状腺功能减退患者行垂体及靶腺功能和影像学检查,并在左旋甲状腺素替代治疗l～3个月后行内分泌功能及MRI复查。结果3例均为原发性甲状腺功能减退症,MRI示垂体明显增大,信号强化均匀。左旋甲状腺素替代治疗3个月后甲状腺功能减退症状消失;MRI示垂体大小恢复正常2例,明显缩小1例;血浆甲状腺素、促甲状腺素和泌乳素水平恢复正常。结论原发性甲状腺功能减退病人可以伴有垂体增生;努力提高对其垂体增生MRI表现的认识,及时诊断,并首选甲状腺素替代治疗效果好。     

少见的IgG4相关性垂体炎

研究背景 IgG4相关性疾病为新近定义的自身免疫性疾病类型,主要临床特征为多器官受累和血清IgG4水平升高。可发生于垂体,且部分患者表现为孤立性鞍区肿物和(或)垂体柄增粗,由于缺乏特征性影像学表现,若无血清IgG4水平异常之证据,术前明确诊断困难且易误诊为垂体腺瘤。方法与结果男性患者,47岁,临床主要表现为四肢乏力、性功能减退;血清睾酮、皮质醇、卵泡刺激素和黄体生成素均低于正常值范围。头部MRI显示鞍内、鞍上巨大肿物,增强后病灶均匀强化。临床拟诊为垂体腺瘤,手术大部分切除。光学显微镜观察肿物主要为腺垂体,腺泡萎缩、数目减少,间质内可见大量淋巴浆细胞浸润,伴广泛性纤维组织增生、玻璃样变,未见明确的垂体腺瘤结构;边缘可见多灶性合体样细胞巢团,但胞核异型性不明显。免疫组织化学染色,淋巴浆细胞并非肿瘤性单克隆性增生,但IgG4阳性浆细胞数目30个/高倍视野且IgG4+/IgG+40%。合体样细胞巢团波形蛋白、上皮膜抗原和孕激素受体表达阳性;血清IgG4为2.93 g/L。明确诊断为IgG4相关性垂体炎伴鞍区脑膜反应。术后予泼尼松35 mg/d持续治疗2周,减至30 mg/d维持治疗,临床症状明显改善,血清IgG4降至正常水平,鞍区肿物体积明显缩小。结论 IgG4相关性垂体炎缺乏特征性影像学表现,其组织学与非特异性炎症性病变相似,术前明确诊断和鉴别诊断困难。血清IgG4水平升高是明确诊断的重要线索和依据。     

垂体转移癌:一例报告并文献复习

研究背景垂体转移癌临床罕见,诊断难度较大,容易误诊,本文拟对其临床表现和组织病理学特征进行探讨。方法报告1例垂体转移性肺低分化腺癌患者的临床表现、组织病理学特征和免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果女性患者,47岁。临床主要表现为头晕、头痛伴视物模糊,头部CT检查显示鞍上池软组织密度结节影。术中可见肿瘤位于鞍区,大小约为2cm×1cm×1cm。光学显微镜观察垂体结构破坏,肿瘤组织由明显异型性的圆形、卵圆形细胞组成,呈巢团状或腺样排列;肿瘤细胞表达上皮膜抗原、广谱细胞角蛋白、甲状腺转录因子1和细胞角蛋白7,不表达嗜铬素A、癌胚抗原、人绒毛膜促性腺激素、胎盘碱性磷酸酶、CD117、白细胞共同抗原、CD30和间变性淋巴瘤激酶1,Ki67抗原标记指数约为15%。术后辅助左甲状腺素钠和伽玛刀治疗,4个月后死亡。结论垂体转移癌可通过组织病理学和免疫组织化学检测明确诊断,同时寻找原发灶。术后需辅助综合治疗。     

原发性甲状腺功能减退致垂体增生1例报告

垂体腺瘤与垂体增生均表现为垂体增大,垂体腺瘤多采取手术治疗,而垂体增生则不宜手术治疗,垂体增生临床少见,影像表现与垂体瘤不易鉴别,易误诊而造成不良后果。现将1例原发性甲状腺功能减退导致垂体增生报告如下。     

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作

目的报道1例线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)患者的组织学形态、免疫表型、基因型、诊断与鉴别诊断、治疗与预后,总结其临床病理学特征及诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法与结果女性患者,55岁,临床表现为语言表达障碍伴记忆障碍2月余;头部MRI显示左侧颞叶占位性病变;遂行开颅病变组织活检术。组织学形态观察,片状灰白质结构,散在出血性坏死,部分区域小血管明显增生,管腔扩张、充血,散在淋巴细胞浸润;免疫组织化学染色,淋巴细胞胞膜散在表达CD3和CD20,神经元表达神经元核抗原;高碘酸-雪夫染色呈散在阳性;进一步行肌肉组织活检术,改良Gomori三色染色可见较多散在破碎红纤维,考虑线粒体脑肌病肌肉病理改变。线粒体相关基因检测存在m.3243A G突变(约9%),为致病性突变。最终明确诊断为MELAS。术后予以抗癫、降糖和营养神经治疗。结论 MELAS临床少见,临床表现多样,明确诊断依靠临床表现、组织学形态、免疫表型和基因检测。     

少见的鞍区混合性神经节细胞瘤-垂体腺瘤

研究背景发生于垂体的混合性神经节细胞瘤-垂体腺瘤临床罕见,由于其缺乏特征性影像学表现,易误诊为垂体腺瘤,是术前诊断鞍区肿瘤的难点。本文回顾分析1例鞍区混合性神经节细胞瘤-生长激素垂体腺瘤患者的诊断与治疗经过,结合文献对此类临床少见垂体肿瘤的临床病理学特征进行分析,以期提高诊断与鉴别诊断能力。方法与结果女性患者,28岁,临床主要表现为反复头痛伴视物模糊8月余,以及肢端肥大和闭经表现。头部CT和MRI显示鞍内和鞍上不规则占位性病变,呈T1WI等或稍低信号、T2WI稍高信号,增强扫描病灶呈明显不均匀强化,边界清晰,压迫视交叉和第三脑室底部。手术全切除肿瘤。组织学形态观察,肿瘤组织分为两部分结构,一部分为不规则簇状排列的神经节细胞样细胞分布于神经纤维背景中,另一部分为片状排列或局部乳头状结构的圆形和卵圆形细胞,两部分结构相互混杂。免疫组织化学染色,神经节细胞样细胞区域肿瘤细胞胞质突触素(Syn)呈弥漫性强阳性,腺垂体激素呈阴性;圆形细胞区域肿瘤细胞胞质Syn呈弥漫性阳性,约30%肿瘤细胞生长激素呈阳性,其余神经垂体激素呈阴性。最终病理诊断为(鞍区)混合性神经节细胞瘤-生长激素垂体腺瘤(WHOⅠ级)。术后未予放射治疗,随访1年,临床症状明显改善,肿瘤未复发。结论鞍区混合性神经节细胞瘤-垂体腺瘤临床罕见,鉴于目前大多支持该肿瘤是起源于垂体干/祖细胞、具有内分泌细胞和神经元双向分化的独立肿瘤实体,故建议采用"伴神经节细胞分化的垂体腺瘤"的诊断术语,应注意与两种独立肿瘤形成的碰撞瘤相鉴别。     

非典型垂体腺瘤

部分垂体腺瘤含不典型性细胞形态,提示其呈浸润性生长的侵袭性生物学行为。并非单纯指细胞核异型性,其他特征还包括细胞核分裂象增加(图1)和Ki67抗原标记指数>3%(图2),以及细胞核P53免疫组织化学染色阳性。这些病理学特征通常鲜见于非侵袭性垂体腺瘤,几乎全部垂体癌均有上述病理学表现。凡具有上述病理学特点的中枢神经系统肿瘤,如无转移的证据,可作出"非典型垂体腺瘤"的诊断。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.