抑郁症首次发病患者海马磁共振质子波谱成像的研究

目的 探讨抑郁症首次发病患者海马的磁共振质子波谱(1H-MRS)代谢物质的变化.方法 对99例首次发病的抑郁症患者和26例健康对照组行磁共振常规扫描及1H-MRS检查,测量双侧海马N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)和肌酸(Cr)三种代谢物质,计算NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr比值.结果 抑郁症患者海马NAA/Cr左右侧比值(1.23±0.16;1.16±0.16)低于对照组NAA/Cr左右侧比值(1.38±0.23;1.31±0.26),差异有显著性(P<0.05);抑郁症患者海马体部Cho/Cr左右侧比值(1.19±0.14;1.18±0.12)高于对照组Cho/Cr左右侧比值(1.14±0.12;1.11±0.14),差异有显著性(P<0.05).对照组左右侧NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr比较差异无显著性(P>0.05).抑郁症组右侧NAA/Cr低于左侧,差异显著(P<0.05);左侧Cho/Cr高于右侧,差异不明显(P>0.05).结论 抑郁症患者可能存在双侧海马神经细胞代谢功能障碍,右侧神经细胞功能障碍较左侧明显.     

慢性精神分裂症患者双侧海马质子磁共振波谱成像研究

目的 利用质子磁共振波谱(~1H-MRS)研究慢性精神分裂症患者双侧海马生化物质的变化.方法 选择武警广东总队医院神经外科自2007年1月至2009年6月收治的慢性精神分裂症患者25例做为患者组,门诊体检正常志愿者25例为对照组,利用~1H-MRS测量2组成员双侧海马N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA),胆碱复合物(Cho)和肌酸--磷酸肌酸复合物(Cr)含量,计算NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr的比值.结果 慢性精神分裂症患者双侧海马NAA/Cr的比值(左侧2.05±0.14,右侧1.98±0.17)低于正常对照组(左侧2.19±0.13,右侧2.17±0.14),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Cho/Cr比值(左侧1.30±0.12,右侧1.25±0.18)高于正常对照组(左侧1.04±0.15,右侧0.95±0.13),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 慢性精神分裂症患者双侧海马可能存在神经元的缺失或功能损伤,并且伴有膜磷脂代谢紊乱.     

原发单侧症状帕金森病双侧壳核磁共振波谱研究

目的　研究帕金森病 (PD)壳核磁共振波谱 (MRS)的改变情况 ,探索PD早期诊断的线索。方法　原发单侧症状PD患者 2 5例为PD组 ,健康人 2 5名为对照组。两组分别予以双侧壳核MRS检查 ,计算乙酰天门冬氨酸 (NAA) 肌酸 (Cr) 胆碱 (Cho)浓度。结果　原发单侧症状PD组患者其症状的对侧壳核NAA/Cho Cr的比值较同侧和健康对照组明显下降 (分别为 0 8± 0 2 ,0 9± 0 3,1 1± 0 3;t =2 4 75 ,P <0 0 5和t=5 114 ,P <0 0 0 1)。对照组双侧壳核NAA/Cho Cr的比值之间差异无显著意义 (分别为 1 1± 0 3,1 1± 0 3;t =0 371,P >0 0 5 )。单侧症状PD患者其症状的同侧壳核NAA/Cho Cr的比值与对照组比较差异也有显著意义 (分别为 0 9± 0 3,1 1±0 3;t=2 2 83,P <0 0 5 )。结论　单侧症状PD其症状的对侧壳核早期就可能存在神经元的缺失或神经胶质的增生 ,提示壳核磁共振波谱分析可作为PD早期或亚临床诊断的线索之一。     

双相障碍Ⅱ型患者前额叶白质、豆状核磁共振波谱分析

目的 探讨双相障碍Ⅱ型患者前额叶白质、豆状核的氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)特征. 方法 以自2012年9月至2013年4月在中山大学附属第三医院住院的双相障碍Ⅱ型患者30例为患者组,同期20例健康志愿者为对照组,采用多体素磁共振波谱技术检测2组研究对象前额叶白质、豆状核的代谢物质含量,包括N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱化合物(Cho)、肌酸(Cr)、肌醇(mI),并计算NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr、mI/Cr、NAA/Cho、NAA/(Cho+Cr)的比值. 结果 患者组右侧前额叶白质NAA、Cho、mI绝对含量及NAA/Cr比值和对照组相比明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);左侧前额叶白质NAA绝对含量及NAA/Cr、NAA/Cho、NAA/(Cho+Cr)比值与对照组相比明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);右侧豆状核NAA、Cho绝对含量和对照组相比明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 双相障碍Ⅱ型患者存在双侧前额叶白质纤维受损和神经胶质细胞功能异常,以及右侧豆状核神经元缺失或功能异常.     

超高场强磁共振波谱分析对轻微型肝性脑病

目的： 研究MRS对轻微型肝性脑病(MHE)患者的诊断价值。方法　应用3.0 MR机对33例MHE患者和46例没有轻微型肝性脑病的肝硬化患者进行了扣带回和右侧前额叶的单体素点分辨自旋回波波谱序列扫描。计算N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酐(Cr)、胆碱(Cho)、肌醇(MI)和谷氨酰胺复合物(Glx)的峰下面积,计算NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr、MI/Cr、Glx/Cr,并与30例健康体检者（正常对照组）比较。33例在 MR检查前后一周内进行了静脉血氨水平测定。结果：与正常对照组相比,有轻微肝性脑病患者扣带回和右侧前额叶的Cho/Cr、MI/Cr 显著降低（P<0.01和 P0.05）,没有轻微肝性脑病的肝硬化患者与正常对照组比较MI/Cr有显著性差异（P0.05）。扣带回与右侧额叶的Glx/Cr比值与血氨浓度呈正相关,Cho/Cr 和MI/Cr的比值与血氨浓度呈负相关。 结论：MHE患者MRS检查显示扣带回和右侧前额叶Cho、MI水平降低,Glx水平升高;扣带回与右侧额叶的MRS指标与血氨之间存在相关关系,MRS对MHE的诊断有显著价值;扣带回和额叶可作为检测肝硬化患者脑改变的一个敏感部位。     

双相抑郁患者前额叶及海马磁共振质子波谱成像研究

目的探讨双相抑郁患者前额叶及海马磁共振质子波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,1H-MRS)的代谢物变化特点,为其神经生物学研究提供线索。方法应用磁共振质子波谱成像技术检测26例双相抑郁患者(患者组)和26例单相抑郁患者及13例健康志愿者(对照组)双侧前额叶白质、前扣带回皮质、海马N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(N-Acetylaspartate,NAA)、胆碱(choline,Cho)、肌酸(creatine,Cr)3种代谢物,以Cr为参照物,分别计算双侧NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr比值。采用SPSS 13.0进行统计处理。结果患者组左侧前额叶白质NAA/Cr(1.65±0.31)低于对照组(2.37±0.36),左侧前额叶白质Cho/Cr(1.35±0.27)低于对照组(1.65±0.21),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);右侧前额叶白质NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr值与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;患者组双侧前扣带回NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr值与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;患者组双侧海马NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr值与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;患者组与单相抑郁组的双侧额叶白质、双侧前扣带回皮质、双侧海马NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr值差异均无统计学意义。结论双相抑郁患者可能存在左侧前额叶神经元功能下降和膜磷脂代谢异常,其代谢物特点存在偏侧化。     

男性精神分裂症患者海马磁共振质子波谱成像的研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者双侧海马的磁共振质子波谱(MRS)的特点,以期对此疾病的临床诊断提供代谢方面依据,为精神分裂症的病因学探讨提供线索。方法 应用MRS成像技术,对20例男性精神分裂症患者和20名男性正常人检测双侧海马的氮-乙酰天门冬氨酸复合物(NAA)、胆碱复合物(CHO)和肌酸-磷酸肌酸复合物(Cr)含量,对NAA/Cr和CHO/Cr的比值进行计算。以重复测量方差分析的方法进行统计分析,其中组别作为组间差异,左右侧作为组内差异。结果 CHO/Cr的比值在精神分裂症患者双侧海马(左侧为1.03±0.22,右侧为1.00±0.23)高于正常人(左侧为0.95±0.16,右侧为0.97±0.16),差异有显著性(F=6.896,P=0.013);而NAA/Cr的比值在精神分裂症患者与正常人间的差异无显著性(患者左侧为1.29±0.16,右侧为1.25±0.13;正常人左侧为1.41±0.20,右侧为1.36±0.17)。结论 男性精神分裂症患者的海马可能存在膜的磷脂代谢异常。     

驱铜治疗对肝豆状核变性患者脑组织磁共振波谱的影响

目的观察肝豆状核变性(wilson disease,WD)患者脑组织氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)的改变及患者在驱铜治疗前后脑组织1H-MRS的变化情况,为WD的评价预后提供参考。方法选择39例WD患者,分为非脑型组18例;脑型疗前组及短期治疗组均为21例,其中长期治疗组20例。分别利用1.5T超导磁共振诊断仪对患者进行1H-MRS单体素信号采集,在驱铜治疗后再次检测,比较治疗前后各指标的变化。20例均无血缘关系的健康志愿者作为对照组。结果患者的年龄、性别与对照组有可比性。39例WD患者左侧壳核、尾状核头部NAA/Cr较丘脑部位明显降低(P0.01)。非脑型组左侧壳核部位、丘脑部位NAA/Cr及Cho/Cr的均值较对照组明显降低(P0.01)。脑型疗前组左侧壳核、尾状核头及丘脑部位NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr及NAA/Cho的均值较对照组明显降低(P0.01或P0.05)。短期治疗组左侧壳核、尾状核头及丘脑部位NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr及NAA/Cho的均值较脑型疗前组无统计学差异(P0.05);长期治疗组左侧壳核、丘脑部位NAA/Cr及NAA/Cho的均值较脑型疗前组明显升高(P0.01或P0.05),尾状核头Cho/Cr的均值与脑型疗前组比较明显升高(P0.05)。患者左侧壳核、尾状核头及丘脑NAA/Cr的均值与病程呈负相关(P0.05)。结论不同类型的WD患者之间的1H-MRS表现也存在着差异,短期驱铜治疗对WD患者1H-MRS的影响不明显,而长期、正规的综合驱铜治疗能使WD患者的脑代谢得到显著改善。NAA/Cr比值可能作为观察疗效的可逆性非侵袭性指标。     

大鼠脑胶质瘤磁共振波谱与组织学对照研究

目的 通过建立SD大鼠脑胶质瘤模型,应用磁共振波谱(MR Spectroscopy,MRS)进行分析,并与病理图片进行对照,研究不同阶段鼠脑胶质瘤的MRS表现及其病理学基础.方法 SD大鼠30只,随机分为3组(每组10只):1周组、2周组、3周组分别于C6细胞种植前及种植后相应时间进行MR检查 ;MR检查序列包括轴位常规MRI(T1WI、T2WI、T1WI+C)、单体素1H MRS.C6细胞种植于单侧尾壳核.所有实验鼠按照组别均于第二次磁共振检查后立即处死,并将整个鼠脑做病理片.利用工作站后处理软件测量肿瘤的NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr值,分析不同时期胶质瘤的MRS表现特点.结果 C6细胞种植后1～3周,肿瘤实质细胞数明显增长,与种植前比较,差异有统计学意义(F=20.986,P<0.05);而肿瘤中央在种植后3周出现实质细胞坏死、崩解;肿瘤区NAA/Cr值在种植后1～2周逐渐降低,Cho/Cr值升高;种植后3周,肿瘤区Cho/Cr峰更高(F=25.829,P<0.05),且肿瘤区出现脂峰(Lip).结论 C6胶质瘤细胞种植后,随着时间的推移,肿瘤实质细胞明显增多,同时Cho/Cr显著升高,NAA/Cr逐渐降低,种植后期肿瘤出现Lip峰.     

难治性抑郁症患者海马代谢的磁共振质子波谱研究

目的 探讨难治性抑郁症患者双侧海马磁共振质子波谱(1H-MRS)的代谢特点.方法 运用1H-MRS成像系统检测16例难治性抑郁症患者(患者组)和16名健康对照者(对照组)双侧海马的N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)、肌醇(mI)及肌酸(Cr)4种代谢产物,分别计算双侧NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr及mI/Cr.采用配对t检验、独立样本t检验及偏相关分析进行统计处理.结果 对照组左侧海马NAA/Cr(1.43±0.19),明显高于右侧(1.21±0.10),P＜0.01.患者组双侧海马NAA/Cr的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),右侧海马NAA/Cr(1.44±0.31),明显高于对照组(1.21±0.10),P＜0.01.未发现患者组海马的任何代谢指标与病程及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(17项)评分的相关性(P＞0.05).结论 难治性抑郁症患者右侧海马代谢增强,双侧海马NAA/Cr不对称性消失.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.