颅内静脉窦血栓形成16例临床分析

目的：探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）的临床特点。方法：回顾性分析16例CVST患者的临床资料。结果：本组16例均为中青年患者。临床表现：头痛14例（87.5%）,癫发作8例（50.0%）。9例腰穿显示脑脊液压力增高。CT显示脑静脉窦异常4/10例（40.0%）;MRI显示脑静脉窦异常7/16例（43.8%）。MRV显示脑静脉窦异常15例（100%）;DSA显示静脉窦异常2例（100%）。患者均予抗凝和脱水治疗,部分予溶栓治疗,好转15例,未愈1例。结论：CVST的临床特点是中青年人发生率高,以头痛等颅高压症状为主要表现;MRI＋MRV及DSA确诊率高;应及时予抗凝治疗,重症患者可行溶栓治疗。     

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Study and Review of Literature

BackgroundCOVID-19 infection has been known to predispose patients to both arterial and venous thromboembolic events such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke. A few reports from the literature suggest that Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVSTs) may be a direct complication of COVID-19.ObjectiveTo review the clinical and radiological presentation of COVID-19 positive patients diagnosed with CVST.MethodsThis was a multicenter, cross-sectional, retrospective study of patients diagnosed with CVST and COVID-19 reviewed from March 1, 2020 to November 8, 2020. We evaluated their clinical presentations, risk factors, clinical management, and outcome. We reviewed all published cases of CVST in patients with COVID-19 infection from January 1, 2020 to November 13, 2020.ResultsThere were 8 patients diagnosed with CVST and COVID-19 during the study period at 7 out of 31 participating centers. Patients in our case series were mostly female (7/8, 87.5%). Most patients presented with non-specific symptoms such as headache (50%), fever (50%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (75%). Several patients presented with focal neurologic deficits (2/8, 25%) or decreased consciousness (2/8, 25%). D-dimer and inflammatory biomarkers were significantly elevated relative to reference ranges in patients with available laboratory data. The superior sagittal and transverse sinuses were the most common sites for acute CVST formation (6/8, 75%). Median time to onset of focal neurologic deficit from initial COVID-19 diagnosis was 3 days (interquartile range 0.75–3 days). Median time from onset of COVID-19 symptoms to CVST radiologic diagnosis was 11 days (interquartile range 6–16.75 days). Mortality was low in this cohort (1/8 or 12.5%).ConclusionsClinicians should consider the risk of acute CVST in patients positive for COVID-19, especially if neurological symptoms develop.     

白塞病相关颅内静脉窦血栓形成9例分析

目的 研究白塞病相关颅内静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST）的临床表现、血 栓好发部位、治疗及预后。 方法 回顾性分析2014年1月-2016年8月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院神经内科住院的白塞病 相关CVST患者的临床资料。 结果 共收集白塞病相关CVST患者9例,其中男性2例（22.2%）,女性7例（77.8%）,年龄21～47岁,中 位数是35.9岁;急性起病1例（11.1%）,慢性起病8例（88.9%）;头痛4例（44.4%）、头晕1例（11.1%）、 阵发性黑蒙3例（33.3%）、双眼视力下降5例（55.6%）、视盘水肿9例（100%）、复视3例（33.3%）、耳 鸣1例（11.1%）;乙状窦血栓形成7例（77.8%）、横窦血栓5例（55.6%）、直窦血栓1例（11.1%）、下矢状 窦血栓1例（11.1%）、颈内静脉血栓2例（22.2%）;仅1处静脉窦受累的4例（44.4%）,同时有2处及2处 以上静脉窦受累的5例（55.6%）;所有患者均予醋甲唑胺50 mg 2次/日口服,3例予糖皮质激素冲击 治疗,其中1例合并华法林抗凝治疗、2例进行了腰大池-腹腔分流手术。随访1～32个月,所有患者治疗 后均好转。 结论 白塞病可引起颅内静脉窦血栓形成,可累及单处或多处静脉窦,CVST患者需除外白塞病可能。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的头痛特点分析

目的 通过分析颅内静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST）的病例,总结CVST患者 头痛的特点,提高神经科医师对该病的认识。 方法 收集2007年1月-2016年12月在北京大学第三医院就诊的CVST病例,回顾其头痛特点、临床表 现、影像学检查及化验结果,并复习相关文献进行分析总结。 结果 共入组18例CVST患者,本组CVST最常见的部位是横窦（77.8%,14/18）,其次为乙状窦（61.1%, 11/18）和上矢状窦（50%,9/18）;14例（77.8%）存在多个颅内静脉窦血栓。所有患者均以头痛为首 发症状,其中7例（38.9%）为单纯性头痛;11例合并其他临床症状,包括癫痫（38.9%,7/18）、呕吐 （44.4%,8/18）、肢体麻木（11.1%,2/18）、肢体无力（16.7%,3/18）、眼部症状（22.2%,4/18）以及 意识障碍（11.1%,2/18）。9例（50%）为偏侧头痛,其中8例（88.9%,8/9）存在同侧CVST;头痛视觉 模拟评分法（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分平均7.0分（3～10分）;头痛发病形式5例（27.8%）为急性, 12例（66.7%）为亚急性,1例（5.6%）为慢性。 结论 头痛是CVST最常见的首发症状,偏侧头痛CVST患者血栓以头痛同侧多见;头痛亚急性起病的 患者,尤其需注意CVST的可能性。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的早期诊断与治疗(附15例临床分析)

目的:探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的早期诊断与治疗。方法:回顾性分析15例(男6例,女9例)CVST患者的发病年龄、形式、临床表现、影像学特征、脑脊液检查结果及治疗与预后情况。结果:CVST好发于中青年患者,多为急性或亚急性起病,早期主要表现头痛伴呕吐(83.3%),伴或不伴局灶性神经功能缺损症状(53.3%)及癫痫发作(33.3%);脑脊液压力明显增高;影像学表现为静脉窦闭塞伴脑实质损害;15例患者,11例行肝素抗凝治疗,9例好转,2例死亡,3例行经静脉接触性溶栓治疗,2例痊愈,1例好转。结论:对急性起病的主要表现头痛等颅高压症状的中青年患者,头颅CT示出血性脑梗死,而患者无卒中危险因素时,应高度怀疑CVST,及早行MRI+MRV检查,必要时DSA检查,一旦确诊CVST,及早行抗凝或溶栓治疗。     

Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis

Abstract. Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) can present with a variety of clinical symptoms ranging from isolated headache to deep coma. Prognosis is better than previously thought and prospective studies have reported an independent survival of more than 80% of patients. Although it may be difficult to predict recovery in an individual patient, clinical presentation on hospital admission and the results of neuroimaging investigations are—apart from the underlying condition—the most important prognostic factors. Comatose patients with intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) on admission brain scan carry the highest risk of a fatal outcome. Available treatment data from controlled trials favour the use of anticoagulation (AC) as the first-line therapy of CVST because it may reduce the risk of a fatal outcome and severe disability and does not promote ICH. A few patients deteriorate despise adequate AC which may warrant the use of more aggressive treatment modalities such as local thrombolysis. The risk of recurrence is low (< 10%) and most relapses occur within the first 12 months. Analogous to patients with extracerebral venous thrombosis, oral AC is usually continued for 3 months after idiopathic CVST and for 6–12 months in patients with inherited or acquired thrombophilia but controlled data proving the benefit of long-term AC in patients with CVST are not available.Abbreviations CVST cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis - aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time - IU international units - INR international normalized ratio - AED antiepileptic drug - ICP intracranial pressure - mOsm/kg milliosmole per kilogram     

Intrasinus thrombolysis in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Experience from a university hospital,India

Background:Intrasinus thrombolysis (IST) is believed to improve outcome in patients of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) unresponsive to heparin.Purpose:The purpose of this article is to describe our experience with IST in patients of CVST unresponsive to heparin.Results:Twenty-four patients received IST. The presenting symptoms included headache (n = 19), seizures (n = 16), and altered sensorium (n = 14); signs included papilledema (n = 20) and hemiparesis (n = 15). Nineteen patients received unfractionated heparin (UFH), four received low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and one received both. In one patient, microcatheter could not be passed, two patients bled intracranially, and three had nonintracranial bleeds. Among four deaths, none was due to iatrogenic bleeding. On discharge, 10 patients (43.5%) had good improvement with the modified Rankin Scale (score; mRS) ≤2 and eight (34.8%) had partial improvement with mRS = 3, 4. Seventeen patients (73.9%) had mRS ≤2 at 6 months follow-up. Bleeding complications of urokinase were less than those of alteplase. Recanalization of the involved sinuses was achieved in all. Early intervention led to successful recanalization. Functional recanalization decreased intracranial bleeding.Conclusion:Till date, our study is the largest series of IST in CVST reported from India. IST may be more effective than systemic heparin anticoagulation in moribund and unresponsive patients despite the potential for bleeding manifestations. Functional recanalization is adequate for good results. However, a randomized prospective study comparing heparin anticoagulation with IST is warranted.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的早期诊断与治疗分析

目的 探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的早期诊断与治疗.方法 回顾性分析21例(男8例,女13例)CVST患者的发病年龄、形式、临床表现、影象学特征、脑脊液(CSF)检查结果 及治疗与预后的情况.结果 CVST好发于中青年患者,多为急性或亚急性起病,早期主要表现为头痛、呕吐(85%),伴或不伴局灶性神经功能缺失体征(55%)及癫NFDCC发作(35%),脑脊液压力明显增高,影象学表现为静脉窦闭塞伴脑实质损害.21例患者,17例应用肝素或低分子肝素治疗,13例好转;4例患者应用尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗,3例好转.结论 对急性起病的主要表现为头痛、呕吐等颅高压症状的中青年患者,头颅CT示出血性脑梗死,而患者无卒中危险因素时,应高度怀疑CVST,及早行MRI+MRV检查,必要时行DSA检查,一旦确诊CVST,及早进行抗凝或溶栓治疗.     

重症脑静脉窦血栓形成的血管内溶栓抗凝治疗

目的探讨重症脑静脉窦血栓形成血管内溶栓抗凝治疗的效果与安全性。方法选择传统治疗方法无效的重症脑静脉窦血栓形成病例2例,采用在数字减影血管造影(DSA)下静脉窦接触性溶栓抗凝与颈内动脉抗凝溶栓联合治疗。结果2例病人临床症状全部缓解,闭塞静脉窦开通,无严重并发症发生。结论血管内介入溶栓抗凝治疗可能是治疗重症脑静脉窦血栓形成的一种安全有效的方法。     

颅内静脉系统血栓形成的临床和影像学分析

目的探讨颅内静脉系统血栓形成的临床和影像学表现以及治疗和预后,为该病的临床诊断和治疗提供依据。方法选取我院就诊的颅内静脉和静脉窦血栓形成患者71例,收集人口学资料、临床症状和体征、影像学表现、生化等实验室检查、病因,以及治疗方案和预后,并进行统计学分析。结果 71例患者中,常见的临床表现为颅高压症状(头痛、恶心、呕吐)、癫痫、视物模糊或视力下降等。D-二聚体升高67例(94.4%)。横窦血栓形成34例(47.9%),乙状窦血栓形成25例(35.2%),上矢状窦血栓形成44例(62.0%),深部脑静脉血栓形成(直窦或Galen静脉)9例(12.7%),同时累及2个或以上静脉窦者52例(73.2%)。结论 CVST的临床表现缺乏特异性,临床上对于头部CT未见明显异常的不明原因的头痛患者、产褥期或口服避孕药或合并自身免疫性疾病的女性头痛患者,需考虑CVST可能性,并积极行影像学检查,早期识别,早期诊断。     

Obstructive Hydrocephalus from Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Background  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare form of stroke. Although increased intracranial pressure is a well-described complication of CVST, hydrocephalus has rarely been reported. Case  We present the case of a 49-year-old woman who presented with one week of headache, vomiting, and progressive neurologic deterioration leading to coma. Head CT and MRI identified extensive CVST and accompanying hydrocephalus. She was treated with systemic anticoagulation as well as mechanical and pharmacologic endovascular thrombolysis. An external ventricular drain (EVD) was not inserted given the potential bleeding risk while anticoagulated. Subsequently, she made an excellent recovery and had a normal neurologic exam at long-term follow up. Conclusion  Hydrocephalus is a rare complication of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Treatment of hydrocephalus with an EVD may not be necessary if interventions are undertaken to urgently recanalize thrombosed venous sinuses.     

Cerebral venous thrombosis presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage after spinal anesthesia

A 22-year-old male had a meniscopathy operation using spinal anesthesia. After the operation, the patient reported a throbbing headache. His brain computed tomography (CT) showed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and hyperdense dural venous sinuses suspicious for thrombosis. Filling defects were observed in the superior sagittal and right transverse sinuses on the contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images. The patient was diagnosed with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). On the tenth day of his admission, his clinical findings progressed and heparin therapy was initiated after resorption of hemorrhage was observed in a second non-contrast CT scan. The patient developed decreased consciousness the day after heparin administration. A subsequent brain CT revealed intraparenchymal hemorrhage in the right anteroinferior frontal region. Heparin therapy was discontinued, and anti-edema therapy was started. The presentation of CVST with SAH is a rare condition. Furthermore, development of CVST after spinal anesthesia is very rare. In this case, CVST developed after spinal anesthesia, and its first clinical presentation was SAH. To our knowledge, this is the first case CVST presenting with SAH after spinal anesthesia.     

尿激酶联合替罗非斑在颅内静脉窦血栓形成介入性治疗中的应用

目的 探讨尿激酶联合替罗非斑血管内溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的疗效和安全性. 方法 广州军区武汉总医院神经外科自2009年1月至2011年1月行尿激酶联合替罗非斑经微导管选择性静脉窦内溶栓、机械性碎栓治疗9例重症CVST患者,分析其临床资料和疗效. 结果 出院前8例患者脑脊液(CSF)压力正常,DSA检查显示7例患者静脉窦主干通畅,皮层静脉和深静脉恢复正常.1例部分再通,皮层静脉部分代偿.术中和术后未发生手术操作相关的并发症;出院时8例患者症状、体征得到改善,其中头痛消失7例,遗留轻度头痛1例.1例死亡. 结论 尿激酶联合替罗非斑经微导管选择性静脉窦内溶栓治疗是CVST安全、有效的治疗手段.     

Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis

Introduction: Although anticoagulation (AC) reduces the risk of a fatal outcome or severe disability in patients with cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST), prognosis of severe cases is still difficult to predict. The authors studied the clinical course of patients with CVST who died despite AC therapy to look for clinical features that might explain the lethal course of these patients. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of a series of 79 consecutive patients with CVST who were treated with a standard regimen of dose-adjusted iv heparin. Case histories of patients with a fatal outcome are presented. Results: The authors identified eight patients with a fatal outcome. All patients were stuporous or comatose at the start of AC, and four patients showed markedly delayed intracranial circulation times, indicating extensive venous thrombosis. Two patients improved, but deteriorated secondarily after reduction or discontinuation of AC. Sufficient activated partial thromboplastin time levels were reached only after a delay in three patients, and critical deterioration occurred in two of them during this time. Conclusion: Although inadequate AC may have contributed to the fatal outcome, some patients with extensive venous thrombosis who are stuporous or comatose at the start of AC may carry an increased risk of death, despite heparin therapy. More aggressive treatment approaches, such as endovascular thrombolysis, may be needed for this subgroup of patients with CVST.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成13例

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床特点与治疗方法。方法分析13例CVST患者的临床、影像学特征及治疗方法。结果 13例多为中青年患者,临床表现头痛12例(92.3%),癫痫发作8例(61.5%)。11例腰穿显示脑脊液压力增高。头颅CT显示脑静脉窦异常5/13例(38.5%);MRI显示脑静脉窦异常7/13例(53.8%);MRV显示脑静脉窦异常7/12例(58.3%);DSA显示脑静脉窦异常6/6例(100%)。患者均应用脱水和抗凝治疗,部分予溶栓治疗,13例中5例基本痊愈,6例明显好转,2例遗留有不同程度的偏瘫、癫痫等症状。结论 CVST的临床特点是中青年人发生率高,以头痛、呕吐等颅高压症状为主要表现;MRI+MRV及DSA确诊率高;一旦确诊应及时予抗凝治疗,重症患者可行溶栓治疗。     

320排动态容积CT在脑静脉窦血栓形成诊断中的应用

目的评价320排动态容积CT在脑静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）诊断中的应用价值。方法对12例CVST患者行320排头颅CT一站式检查,包括CT平扫、各期增强,然后将动态容积原始数据重建出容积图像,传入Vitreafx工作站,处理获得动脉期、动静脉混合期、静脉期及静脉窦期血管重建图像。结果12例CVST中10例累及多个静脉窦,2例为单个静脉窦受累。CVST直接征象有：CT平扫显示为“高密度三角征”（3例）,“带征”（1例）,CT增强显示“空三角征”（4例）;间接征象有：血栓形成部位邻近脑组织水肿（3例）,静脉性脑梗死（4例）,静脉性脑出血（5例）。12例CVST中静脉期图像均可见静脉窦不规则狭窄或闭塞,可见特征性的“空槽征”。12例患者的CVST均经3D—DSA证实。结论与传统影像学检测方法比较,320排动态容积cT检查无创伤、时间短和辐射剂量少,对CVST的诊断具有重要价值。     

磁共振血管成像对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断和疗效评价

目的 探讨MR脑血管成像在脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)形成的诊断和疗效评价中的作用. 方法 回顾性分析北京大学深圳医院影像中心自2001年8月至2007年1月期间收治的12例CVST患者的影像学资料,所有病例均作常规SE序列和2D-TOF静脉成像(MRV),10例患者做DSA,8例患者做3D-TOF动脉成像(MRA).比较不同成像方法对CVST病变的显示情况. 结果 12例患者共显示34个CVST.SE序列显示9例17个,表现为静脉窦正常流空信号消失,出现异常信号.MRV显示11例32个,表现为正常静脉窦高信号消失或其内充盈缺损.DSA显示10例30个.MRA显示2例(2/8)脑动脉血管减少.MRV显示的病变静脉窦数日明显高于SE序列,病变检出的阳性率为93.3%(相对DSA).MRV示6例经导管内注药溶柃治疗后随访的患者大部分病变静脉窦恢复正常高信号,溶栓前MRA所示脑动脉血管减少的2例患者则显示动脉血管明显增多. 结论 MR脑血管成像在CVST的诊断和疗效评价中能发挥重要作用.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊治分析

目的 探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）诊断及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析18例CVST的临床资料,根据临床表现、闭塞程度及侧支循环情况,10例接受单纯全身抗凝药物治疗,6例行单纯静脉溶栓,2例行全身抗凝+血管内溶栓治疗。结果 出院后随访6~23个月,平均12个月。单纯全身抗凝药物治疗的10例中,改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分0分6例,1分2例,3分2例。单纯静脉溶栓的6例中,mRS评分0分4例,1分1例,2分1例。全身抗凝+血管内溶栓治疗的2例中,mRS评分0分1例,3分1例。结论 CVST应根据临床表现、闭塞程度及侧支循环开放程度进行评估,从而选择个性化治疗方案。     

Latent Cerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis

The incidence of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) is still unknown. Several assumptions of the incidence have been made. In the one and only series of consecutive brain autopsies series by Towbin in1973 CVST was found in 10,9 % of patients aged 60 years or more. These findings suggest that the true incidence of CVST is higher than generally thought, but there are no other reports supporting these findings. Therefore in order to determine the incidence of latent CVST we conducted a new prospective post mortem study. All brain autopsies performed in our hospital between 1996 and 1998 on patients 60 years of age or older were examined for the presence of CVST in a prospective way. We examined the sagittal sinus, the torcula, the straight sinus, both transverse sinuses, and both sigmoideal sinuses for the presence of thrombosis. The clinical condition, medication, brain-imaging results, clinical cause of death, general findings from the body autopsy and definite cause of death were recorded. Additionally we requested the annual mortality figures of CVST at the department of the National Agency for Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS). A consecutive and prospective series of 102 brain autopsies was performed in our general hospital during a period of two years. We found one case of latent CVST in our series of 102 patients. Comparison with the findings of Towbin using a chi-square test yielded a significant difference in the incidence of latent CVST (χ₂ = 7.65, p < 0.01) between the two studies. The present autopsy study demonstrates that latent CVST is rare. Received: 7 June 2002, Received in revised form: 14 October 2002, Accepted: 21 October 2002 Correspondence to H. P. Bienfait, MD     

脑静脉系统血栓形成123例临床表现和影像学特点

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床表现和影像学特点。方法回顾性分析123例颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料。结果123例患者中,男41例(33.3%),女82例(66.7%),中青年患者73例(59.35%);临床表现:头痛92例(74.8%),视物模糊30例(24.4%)。D-二聚体检查92例,68例(73.9%)升高;腰穿检查80例,颅内压增高66例(82.5%);头颅CT平扫示,静脉窦条状带高密度影13例(26%);头颅MRI平扫示,静脉窦流空信号消失及密度改变71例(71%);头颅磁共振血管成像示,106例(96.4%)血栓部位血流消失;数字减影血管造影13例,均可见血栓部位血流消失。经抗凝治疗后,痊愈62例(50.4%),好转57例(46.3%),死亡4例(3.3%)。结论脑静脉系统血栓中青年多发,以头痛为主要临床症状,头颅MRI及MRV检查有助于诊断,积极抗凝治疗有助于改善预后。