回、汉族癫痫患者ABCB1基因C3435T多态性与癫痫耐药的相关性研究

目的 研究ABCB1基因C3435T的单核苷酸多态性在回、汉族癫痫人群中的分布特点;探讨回、汉族癫痫患者人群中ABCB1基因型对癫痫耐药的影响,进一步阐明癫痫耐药机制.方法 收集宁夏地区同族癫痫耐药患者33例,回族药物敏感癫痫患者29例,汉族癫痫耐药患者62例,汉族药物敏感癫痫患者61例,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法对入选患者的ABCB1基因C3435T位点进行基因分型,并随机抽取11%的基因分型样本进行直接测序证实.统计4组癫痫患者中C3435T的基因型、等位基因频率,分别用x2等检验进行统计分析.结果 回、汉族对照比较,回族癫痫患者中外显子26 C3435T位点基因型及等位基因频率与汉族癫痫患者均没有差异,(均P＞0.05).与药物敏感组比较,耐药组外显子26C3435T-CC基因型明显多于药物敏感组(P＜0.001),而TT基因型则少于药物敏感组(P＜0.001).与药物敏感组比较,耐药组C等位基因频率高于药物敏感组,而T等位基因频率低于药物敏感组(P＜0.001).结论 在中国回、汉族人群中均存在的ABCB1-C3435T位点基因多态性与癫痫耐药有关联,这一位点的基因多态性可以影响癫痫患者对抗癫痫药物(AEDs)的反应性.     

多药耐药基因1 C3435T和C1236T多态性与癫痫患者苯巴比妥血清药物浓度的关系

目的以中国汉族癫痫儿童为研究对象,探讨多药耐药基因1(MDR1)基因C3435T和C1236T多态性对抗癫痫药苯巴比妥药物浓度的影响。方法符合癫痫诊断标准的癫痫患者90例,服用苯巴比妥,抽取受试者外周静脉血,采用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性方法对服用苯巴比妥癫痫患者进行MDR1基因C3435T和C1236T分型,同时采用荧光偏振免疫法测定苯巴比妥的血清浓度,比较不同基因型间苯巴比妥(PB)血清浓度差异。结果 MDR1基因C3435T多态性中,PB在基因型CT、CC和TT基因型中血清浓度分别为7.02±0.89μg·m L-1,8.12±1.0μg·m L-1,6.32±0.78μg·m L-1;3基因型间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MDR1基因C1236T多态性中,苯巴比妥在CT、CC和TT基因型血清浓度分别6.72±0.91μg·m L-1,7.13±0.8μg·m L-1,8.2±0.63μg·m L-1;3基因型间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 MDR1基因C3435T和C1236T多态性不影响抗癫痫药苯巴比妥药物浓度。     

精神分裂症患者BDNF基因C270T多态性Meta分析

目的评价脑源性神经营养因子基因C270T多态性与精神分裂症的关系。方法检索国内外公开发表的关于精神分裂症患者C270T位点多态性病例对照研究的文献,对C270T位点C/T等位基因和CC/(CT+TT)基因型进行Meta分析,计算OR值,并按人种因素分亚组分析。结果共纳入16篇文献,包括3874例患者与4309名对照。C/T等位基因和CC/(CT+TT)基因型均与精神分裂症有关(均P0.01),OR值分别为1.65[95%CI(1.26,2.16)]和1.71[95%CI(1.27,2.30)]。亚组分析中,高加索人群等位基因和基因型与精神分裂症无统计学关联(均P=0.05);亚洲人群等位基因和基因型与发病风险有关(均P0.01),OR值分别为1.89[95%CI(1.30,2.75)]和1.97[95%CI(1.29,3.03)]。结论脑源性神经营养因子基因C270T位点多态性可能增加亚洲人群精神分裂症的易感性。     

ABCB1基因多态性与抗癫(癎)药物疗效的相关性研究

目的 观察多药耐药基因ABCB1多态性在癫(癎)患者中的分布特点,并探讨其与癫(癎)耐药的相关性.方法 采用流行病学方法收集正规服用抗癫(癎)药(AEDs)且依从性好的癫(癎)患者852例(癫(癎)组),分析其临床特点;同期选取相同地区的非癫(癎)者1 003例为对照(对照组).癫(癎)组再分为耐药亚组(671例,服用3种或3种以上AEDs,癫(癎)发作次数在随访前1年仍≥1次)和控制亚组(181例,AEDs治疗,随访前1年无癫(癎)发作).利用MassARRAY时间飞行质谱技术检测癫(癎)组和对照组ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs).应用分子流行病学方法,与对照组比较,分析ABCB1基因多态性在癫(癎)患者中的分布特点及对AEDs疗效的关系.结果 对耐药亚组、控制亚组和对照组进行ABCB1基因多态性检测发现3组的SNPs均服从Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡.癫(癎)组与对照组ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点的SNPs基因型分布差异无显著性(P＞0.05);耐药亚组和控制亚组3个位点SNPs基因型分布差异无显著性(P＞0.05).单体型分析显示癫(癎)组和对照组、耐药亚组和控制亚组3个位点SNPs组成的常见单体型分布差异无显著性(P＞0.05).耐药相关的多因素Logistic回归分析未发现ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点SNPs与耐药有统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 未发现ABCB1基因C3435T,G2677T/A和C1236T位点多态性与AEDs耐药有相关性.     

ABCB1基因多态性与抗癫药物疗效的相关性研究

目的观察多药耐药基因ABCB1多态性在癫患者中的分布特点,并探讨其与癫耐药的相关性。方法采用流行病学方法收集正规服用抗癫药(AEDs)且依从性好的癫患者852例(癫组),分析其临床特点;同期选取相同地区的非癫者1 003例为对照(对照组)。癫组再分为耐药亚组(671例,服用3种或3种以上AEDs,癫发作次数在随访前1年仍≥1次)和控制亚组(181例,AEDs治疗,随访前1年无癫发作)。利用Mass ARRAY时间飞行质谱技术检测癫组和对照组ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)。应用分子流行病学方法,与对照组比较,分析ABCB1基因多态性在癫患者中的分布特点及对AEDs疗效的关系。结果对耐药亚组、控制亚组和对照组进行ABCB1基因多态性检测发现3组的SNPs均服从Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡。癫组与对照组ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点的SNPs基因型分布差异无显著性(P0.05);耐药亚组和控制亚组3个位点SNPs基因型分布差异无显著性(P0.05)。单体型分析显示癫组和对照组、耐药亚组和控制亚组3个位点SNPs组成的常见单体型分布差异无显著性(P0.05)。耐药相关的多因素Logistic回归分析未发现ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点SNPs与耐药有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论未发现ABCB1基因C3435T,G2677T/A和C1236T位点多态性与AEDs耐药有相关性。     

GABAARG2基因C588T多态性与癫痫的相关性研究

目的探讨中国粤西地区汉族人群GABAARG2基因C588T的单核苷酸多态性与癫痫的关系。方法采用病例-对照研究方法,收集粤西地区汉族人群189例癫痫患者,100例健康人作为正常对照组,根据患者对抗癫痫药物的反应性分为耐药组(92例)和药物敏感组(97例),提取所有研究对象外周血基因组DNA,采用PCR扩增后基因测序鉴定GABAARG2基因C588T多态性,测定该位点基因型频率和等位基因频率,并进行统计学分析。结果耐药组与药物敏感组、正常对照组的CC、CT、TT基因型频率及C、T等位基因频率比较差异均无统计学意义;药物敏感组与正常对照组的CC、CT、TT基因型频率比较(χ~2=6.468,P=0.039)差异有统计学意义,CC与CT优势比为1.669(95%CI=0.842~3.306,P=0.141),CC与TT的优势比为2.652(95%CI=1.240~5.668,P=0.011);C、T等位基因频率比较(χ~2=7.411,P=0.006)差异有统计学意义,C等位基因与T等位基因优势比为1.737(95%CI=1.166~2.588,P=0.006)。结论 GABAARG2基因5号外显子的C588T多态性与癫痫的易感性相关,但与癫痫的耐药风险不相关。     

难治性癫痫的耐药性与多药耐药基因MDR1C3435T多态性的相关研究

目的 探讨我国难治性癫痫患者外周血中MDRl基因C3435T多态性与耐药的相关性.方法 采用PCR-RFLP的方法检测64例癫痫患者MDRI基因C3435T多态性的表达.其中,难治性癫痫组31例,治疗有效组33例.结果 难治性癫痫组CC基冈型占64.5%,治疗有效组CC基因型占18.2%,两组病例基因型频率(X2=16.13 P＜0.001)、等位基冈频率(X2=20.17 P＜0.001)比较均有统计学意义.结论 难治性癫痫患者外周静脉血中MDRl基因表达明显增高,可作为难治性癫痫患者的一项监测指标.     

MDR1C3435T基因多态性与抗癫痫药卡马西平疗效的相关性研究

目的研究癫痫患者外周血中MDR1(多药耐药)C3435T位点基因分型,分析C3435T基因多态性与患者血药浓度及疗效的相关性。方法收集服用卡马西平的癫痫患者80例,根据疗效分为有效组和耐药组,同时测定其血药浓度;采用PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析)技术检测其MDR1C3435T位点的基因型。将有效组和耐药组的CBZ血药浓度及基因型进行比较。结果有效组与耐药组基因型进行χ2检验(χ2=2.825,P=0.244),无统计学差别。结论MDR1C3435T基因多态性与抗癫痫药CBZ的血药浓度及疗效没有明显相关性。     

多药耐药基因1C3435T多态性在癫(癎)患者中的分布

目的了解多药耐药基因1（MDR1）C3435T多态性在癫痫患者分布特点，探讨其与患者耐药的相关性。方法用常规酚-氯仿法提取72例癫痫药物治疗耐药患者和62例癫痫药物治疗有效患者的外周血DNA，应用PCR-RFLP方法检测其MDR1基因外显子26（exor26）C3435T的多态性。结果患者的MDR13435位点存在3种基因型，野生型CC、杂合突变型CT和纯合突变型TT在134例癫痫患者中分布频率分别为24．63％、53．73％和21．64％。TT基因型在耐药患者组和药物有效组中分别为18．1％和25．8％，CT基因型分别为48．6％和59．7％，差异均无统计学意义（P：0．277和P=0．200）。CC基因型在耐药患者组中的频率为33．3％，在药物有效组为14．5％，两者比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．012）。等位基因C和T在癫痫人群中分布频率为51．5％和48．5％，其中C等位基因在耐药组的频率（57．6％）明显高于药物有效组（44．4％）；相反，T等位基因在药物有效组的频率（55．6％）分布要高于耐药组（42．3％，P=0．03）。结论MDR1基因多态性分布中，CC基因型、C等位基因可能与癫痫耐药有关。癫疴治疗有效可能与TT基因型、T等位基因有相关趋势。     

抑郁症患者多药耐药基因多态性对度洛西汀稳态血药浓度和临床疗效的影响

目的探讨抑郁症患者多药耐药1(multidrug resistance 1,MDR1)基因的G2677T和C3435T位点多态性对度洛西汀稳态血药浓度和临床疗效的影响。方法 120例符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版(CC-MD-3)抑郁发作标准的抑郁症患者接受度洛西汀治疗8周。在治疗前后采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表评估患者病情,检测8周时度洛西汀稳态血药浓度。检测患者的MDR1基因的G2677T/C3435T多态性。结果 8周后,MDR1基因的G2677T位点的不同基因型患者组之间度洛西汀稳态血药浓度和疗效的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),TT基因型组的度洛西汀稳态血药浓度高于GG和GT基因型组[(34.22±2.41)ng/mL,(31.49±3.32)ng/mL,(32.40±2.89)ng/mL,P<0.05],TT型患者组的疗效评分平均秩次较GG型患者组高(70.38 vs 51.65,P<0.05);C3435T位点的不同基因型患者组之间的度洛西汀稳态血药浓度和疗效差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),TT型的度洛西汀稳态血药浓度较CC型和CT型高[(33.99±2.40)ng/mL,(31.53±3....     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.