慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉合并支气管哮喘患者鼻窦内镜术后对支气管哮喘疗效的影响

目的　观察鼻窦内镜术 (endoscopicsinussurgery ,ESS)对慢性鼻窦炎伴支气管哮喘患者哮喘发作的影响。方法　对 2 10例慢性鼻窦炎患者施行ESS术 ,其中伴有支气管哮喘病史者 4 2例(2 0 0 % )。 2 10例患者均于术前、术后采用酶联免疫吸附测定法 (ELISA)检测外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)培养上清液中的白细胞介素 4 (IL 4 ) ,干扰素γ(IFN γ) ,可溶性白细胞介素 2受体 (sIL 2R)和可溶性IgE低亲和力受体 (solubeCD2 3 ,sCD2 3 )的含量 ,并与 2 0例正常对照组进行比较。通过主观和客观标准评定 4 2例患者哮喘发作及对皮质类固醇的耐受状况 ,并对术后患者进行为期 1年 (10例 )和 3年(32例 )的随访。结果　鼻窦炎合并支气管哮喘患者术前PBMC培养上清液中IL 4 ,sIL 2R、sCD2 3 含量较对照组显著升高 ,而IFN γ含量较对照组显著减少。术后IL 4、sIL 2R、sCD2 3 含量较对照组显著降低 ,而IFN γ含量显著增高。术后哮喘改善水平由随访术后 1年的 4 5 %提高到术后 3年的 70 %。 4 2例中 32例 (76 % )哮喘发作次数明显减少 ,术前长期服用类固醇的 2 1例中 ,14例 (6 7% )减少了对口服类固醇的使用。结论　ESS对慢性鼻窦炎伴支气管哮喘患者的治疗有较满意的远期疗效。ESS能调节IL 4、IFN γ、sIL 2R、sCD2 3 水平 ,降低哮     

哮喘伴慢性鼻窦炎治疗

目的探讨支气管哮喘伴有慢性鼻窦炎及鼻息肉患者行鼻内镜手术(endoscopicsinussurgery,ESS)的治疗效果。方法1998年8月～2002年10月,对25例支气管哮喘伴有慢性鼻窦炎及鼻息肉经药物治疗无效的患者,采用鼻内镜手术,按Messerklinger’s术式,切除钩突、摘除息肉、开放筛窦及上颌窦,清理窦口鼻道复合体病变组织;围手术期应用抗生素和类固醇皮质激素等。结果随访18个月～3年,支气管哮喘症状疗效为:有效10例,好转10例,无效5例;鼻窦炎及鼻息肉疗效为:治愈10例,好转12例,无效3例。结论ESS对支气管哮喘伴有慢性鼻窦炎及鼻息肉患者的治疗,可降低哮喘的发作频率和对类固醇皮质激素的依赖。     

变应性鼻炎患者外周血单个核细胞Th1/Th2细胞因子的检测及其意义

目的探讨T淋巴细胞活化及释放的Th1/Th2细胞因子失平衡与变态反应性鼻炎发病的关系.方法用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定40例变态反应性鼻炎患者,20例慢性鼻炎患者和20例健康人的外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),经PHA诱导培养后上清液中Th1细胞因子γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和Th2细胞因子白介素4(IL-4)、白介素5(IL-5)的水平及血清中可溶性白介素2受体(sIL-2R)的水平,并分别对变应性鼻炎患者的sIL-2R与IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-5的相关性进行研究.结果PBMC培养的上清液中变应性鼻炎组的IL-4和IL-5水平显著高于慢性鼻炎组和正常组(P＜0.01);而IFN-γ水平却显著低于后两组(P＜0.01).变应性鼻炎组患者血清的sIL-2R变应性鼻炎组均显著高于后两组(P＜0.01)且与PBMC培养的上清液中IL-4和IL-5的浓度呈正相关(r分别为0.625和0.595,P＜0.01).与IFN-γ浓度呈负相关(r=-0.580,P＜0.01).结论变应性鼻炎患者体内激活的T淋巴细胞是Th2细胞,并释放Th2细胞因子,Th1细胞和Th1细胞因子分泌则受到抑制;Th2细胞因子在调节变应性鼻炎IgE合成及嗜酸性细胞浸润等病理生理机制上起重要作用.     

手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎对控制支气管哮喘发作疗效的初步观察

目的探讨慢性鼻窦炎合并支气管哮喘患者在手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎后支气管哮喘的发作情况。方法选取2001～2007年我院收治的慢性鼻窦炎且合并支气管哮喘的手术患者40例行鼻内镜下手术,术后平均随访(5.4±2.0)年,观察鼻窦炎术后哮喘发作情况。结果术后1年随访结果显示,支气管哮喘治愈6例(15.0%),好转18例(45.0%);术后3年随访结果显示,支气管哮喘治愈18例(45.0%),好转14例(35.0%)。结论多数慢性鼻窦炎合并支气管哮喘患者经鼻内镜手术治疗后支气管哮喘症状明显改善,部分患者甚至可以治愈。     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉伴支气管哮喘的围手术期治疗

目的探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(CRS)、鼻息肉伴有支气管哮喘患者的围手术期治疗。方法对72例伴有支气管哮喘的CRS、鼻息肉患者行鼻内镜下鼻窦功能性手术(FESS),观察不同麻醉下术中及术后哮喘发作情况并给予相应的治疗。结果局麻下30例手术患者中5例术中出现一过性焦虑、呼吸不畅,但无哮喘发作;3例术后轻度哮喘发作;全麻下42例手术患者术中均平稳,4例术后哮喘发作,其中1例哮喘持续状态,经治疗后好转。结论伴有哮喘的鼻-鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者行FESS手术是必要、安全的。     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎-鼻息肉伴哮喘患者鼻内镜围手术期药物治疗

目的 探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎-鼻息肉(CRSwNP)伴支气管哮喘患者鼻内镜围手术期药物治疗原则及效果。方法 收集2010年6月至2013年12月山东大学齐鲁医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的109例CRSwNP伴支气管哮喘患者行鼻内镜手术(ESS)的临床资料。术前均对哮喘进行全面评估, 哮喘完全控制6个月后行ESS手术治疗, 围手术期采用雾化吸入及全身糖皮质激素等药物治疗。结果 围手术期无哮喘急性发作, 仅1例患者术后第2天因口服镇痛剂出现喘息;术后随访1~3年, 采用鼻内镜检查并行ESS临床疗效评估, 病情完全控制者5例(4.59%), 病情部分控制者94例(86.24%), 病情未控制10例(9.17%);仅1例术后13个月因股骨头坏死行手术治疗。结论 全面细致的哮喘病情评估和ESS围手术期药物治疗有利于防止围手术期哮喘发作及控制术后CRSwNP患者鼻息肉复发, 有利于提高手术疗效。     

鼻窦炎与支气管哮喘

本文介绍33例支气管哮喘兼鼻窦炎患者,鼻窦炎显然是诱发了支气管哮喘的突然发作。年龄17～72岁,平均为44岁。21例(64%)无特异家族史、个人史,皮肤试验阴性。30例(90%)鼻检查呈现鼻息肉。17例(52%)对阿斯匹林过敏。临床检查不到半数患者伴有鼻窦炎症状及体征。X线检查呈现显著的粘膜及骨膜增厚而模糊浑浊,并伴液平面。5例患者未经皮质激素治疗,10例接受一次大量皮质激素,18例患者接受连续皮质激素治疗。治疗包括抗生素治疗2例,上颌窦造瘘术2例,上颌窦根治术3例,两侧鼻内蝶、筛窦开放术26例。     

流式细胞术检测IFN-γ、IL-4在鼻息肉及变应性鼻炎患者外周血表达的差异

目的检测鼻息肉及变应性鼻炎患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）内IL-4，IFN-γ的表达，探讨细胞因子与鼻息肉和变应性鼻炎发病的关系，以及二者发病机制的不同。方法用流式细胞仪测定30例鼻息肉患者、30例变应性鼻炎患者和30例健康人的PBMC，经PMA诱导培养后IFN-γ／和IL-4的水平，与健康对照组比较，进行统计学分析。结果鼻息肉组PBMC中CD3^＋／CD8^-／IFN-γ^＋和CD3^＋／CD8^-／IL-4^＋含量均较健康对照组明显升高，比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。变应性鼻炎组PBMC中CD3^＋／CD8^-／IFN—γ^＋含量较健康对照组明显降低，而CD3^＋／CD8^-／IL-4^＋含量则明显升高，比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论鼻息肉患者体内分泌IFN-γ、IL-4均增高，分泌多种细胞因子，在鼻息肉的发生发展中起到网络调节作用。而变应性鼻炎患者分泌IL-4增高，分泌IFN-γ却受到抑制，这种细胞因子失平衡可能在变应性鼻炎发病机制中起到重要作用。     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴支气管哮喘患者内镜手术综合治疗疗效观察

目的 研究以内镜手术为主的综合治疗对慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis,CRS)伴支气管哮喘患者的疗效.方法 2006年9月至2009年3月共收治CRS伴支气管哮喘患者25例,行内镜鼻窦手术,围手术期使用鼻内糖皮质激素、口服大环内酯类抗生素、鼻腔冲洗等治疗.分别于术前、术后1年、3年对临床疗效进行评估.CRS疗效评估的指标为视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)、患者自评及鼻内镜Lund-Kennedy评分,哮喘评估指标为哮喘控制量表评分和分级、用药量和肺功能.结果 术后1年随访23例(92%),术后3年随访12例(48%).CRS疗效:整体症状的VAS评分术后1年为(3.20±2.19)分((x)±s,以下同),术后3年为(3.79±2.32)分,分别较术前[(8 12±0.60)分]有显著改善(P值均为0.000),术后1年、3年之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.851);鼻内镜Lund-Kennedy评分术后1年为(4.35±3.21)分,3年为(5.50±2 64)分,分别较术前[(9.80±2.10)分]有显著改善(P值均为0.000),术后1年、3年之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.606).支气管哮喘疗效:哮喘控制量表评分术前为(21.96±2.16)分,术后1年为(23.61±1.94)分,术后3年为(22 33±3 47)分,行双向方差分析,三者之间差异无统计学意义(F=2.871,P=0 065);术后1年14例患者哮喘用药不变,术后3年9例患者哮喘用药不变;第1秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量的比值术前为74.68±11.09,术后1年为73.27±12.27,术后3年为73.50±7.87,三者之间差异无统计学意义(F=0.076,P>0.05).结论 以内镜手术为主的综合治疗对CRS伴哮喘患者疗效显著且持久,但治愈者极少;哮喘临床控制水平、用药量和肺功能均保持稳定.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS)-based on multidisciplinary treatment for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis ( CRS) and asthma. Methods The study included 25 CRS patients with asthma who received ESS from September 2006 to March 2009, besides surgery, who also used corticosteroid nasal spray, oral macrolide antibiotics and nasal irrigation perioperatively. Evaluation was performed before ESS, 1 year and 3 years post-ESS. Evaluation index included visual analogue scale(VAS) and endoscopy Lund-Kennedy assessment for CRS, and asthma control test (ACT) and pulmonary function tests for asthma. Results Twenty-three (92% ) patients were followed up for 12 months. Twelve (48% ) of them were followed up for 36 months. CRS efficacy: VAS of general symptom significantly improved after ESS compared to pre-ESS (8. 12 ±0. 60, (x) ±s) , after 1 year (3. 20 ±2. 19) and 3 year (3.79 ±2.32) follow up(both P =0.000). There was no statistic difference between 1 year and 3 year follow up (P = 0. 851). Endoscopy Lund-Kennedy score significantly improved in postESS after 1 year (4.35 ±3.21) and 3 year (5.50 ±2. 64) follow up compared to pre-ESS(9. 80 ±2. 10,both P = 0. 000 ) , and there was no difference between 1 year and 3 year follow up (P = 0. 606 ). Asthma efficacy: ACT pre-ESS, 1 year and 3 year were 21. 96 ± 2. 16, 23.61 ±1.94 and 22. 33 ±3.47, without statistic difference ( F = 2. 871, P = 0. 065 ). Pulmonary function showed no significant change after surgery (Pre-ESS 74.68 ± 11.09, 1 year 73.27 ± 12.27, 3 year 73.50 ± 7.87, F = 0.076, P > 0.05).Conclusions ESS improves CRS with asthma significantly and persistently. Asthma control level, antiasthma drug dose and pulmonary function remain stable after ESS.     

未合并变应性鼻炎及哮喘的OSAHS儿童血清Th1/Th2细胞因子检测及临床意义

目的:探讨未合并变应性鼻炎(AR)及哮喘的OSAHS患儿血清Th1/Th2免疫平衡相关细胞因子的水平及临床意义。方法:对我科收治的91例OSAHS患儿进行鼻内镜检查,并按其是否合并AR及哮喘进行分组,采用ELISA方法测定其血清中Th1细胞因子TNF-β和IFN-γ,以及Th2细胞因子IL-4和IL-5水平。收集105例正常儿童为对照组,同样分组并进行血清细胞因子检测。结果:本组患者中16例合并AR,4例合并哮喘、6例合并AR及哮喘,未合并AR及哮喘65例。未合并AR及哮喘的OSAHS患儿中,血清IFN-γ水平低于对照组(P<0.01),其余血清Th1/Th2免疫平衡相关细胞因子(TNF-β、IL-4及IL-5)与对照组之间无显著差异。结论:未合并变应性疾病的OSAHS患儿中,血清IFN-γ水平下降导致Th1细胞介导的保护性细胞免疫反应下降,引起Th1/Th2失衡而致病。     

Asthma outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery in aspirin-tolerant versus aspirin-induced asthmatic patients

BACKGROUND: Certain diseases affect both upper and lower airways. Aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) is a clinical entity characterized by asthma, nasal polyposis, and aspirin intolerance. To understand the response of the lower airway to surgical treatment of the sinuses, we examined asthma outcomes in AIA compared with a second group of aspirin-tolerant asthmatic (ATA) patients to establish if there were any differences between the two groups after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). METHODS: A retrospective record review was performed of 91 asthmatic subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis. Forty-one subjects had AIA and 50 subjects had ATA. Subjective and objective asthma outcome parameters were used to compare between the two groups at three time points: immediately before ESS and 6 and 12 months after ESS. RESULTS: Preoperatively, AIA patients had significantly higher asthma severity (p<0.0001) and lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second values (p=0.04). At 12 months after ESS, a statistically significant difference between the two groups with better results in AIA patients was seen in asthma severity improvement (p=0.010) and in the decrease of ICS doses (p<0.0001), without significant differences between the two groups in other asthma outcome parameters. CONCLUSION: AIA patients usually present with more severe asthma. The asthmatic complaints of AIA and ATA patients continue to improve significantly over 6 and 12 month after ESS. Although ESS helped both groups of patients, AIA had statistically significant better results compared with ATA patients in asthma severity scores and decreased need for ICS.     

Endoscopic sinus surgery improves pulmonary function in patients with asthma associated with chronic sinusitis

We evaluated the clinical efficacy of endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with asthma associated with chronic sinusitis. Twenty-one patients (13 men and 8 women) from 27 to 72 years old were enrolled in this study. All patients had had sinus-related symptoms for more than 3 months and had computed tomographic evidence of paranasal sinus opacification. Fifteen patients underwent bilateral endonasal ESS under local anesthesia, and 6 other patients without surgery were controls. The sinus-related symptoms of the preoperative and postoperative periods were assessed via a questionnaire. The period 6 months prior to surgery was compared with that 6 months postoperatively with regard to peak expiratory flow and total dosage of systemic glucocorticoids. Sinus-related symptoms in the ESS group were significantly improved 6 months postoperatively. The average peak expiratory flow 6 months following surgery was improved in the ESS patients, ranging from 40 to 190 L/min. Seven patients showed a reduction in the need for corticosteroids, whereas 2 patients were unchanged and 2 patients required larger dosages. The remaining 4 patients needed no corticosteroids before or after ESS. No significant changes in sinus-related symptoms or peak expiratory flow were obtained for the control group. Improvement of paranasal sinus disease by successful ESS can alleviate pulmonary dysfunction in asthma associated with chronic sinusitis. We believe that adequate and positive treatment for chronic sinusitis would reduce not only the nasal and sinus-related symptoms evoked by chronic sinusitis, but also some of the signs induced by asthma.     

Clinical outcomes after revision endoscopic sinus surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine if patients undergoing revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis obtain significant symptomatic benefit from surgery. DESIGN: Prospective controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Adult patients undergoing revision ESS were evaluated preoperatively with a computed tomographic scan and the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory. After the revision ESS, patients were reevaluated with the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory. Data were analyzed for symptom score changes and effect sizes, changes in medication, and economic variables. Improvements in sinonasal symptom scores, medication use, and economic variables were compared with those of a contemporaneous control group of patients undergoing primary ESS and matched for age, sex, and Lund score. RESULTS: The 21 patients (mean age, 44.8 years) who completed evaluation after revision ESS had a mean follow-up of 12.4 months. Mean preoperative Lund score was 12.6. Large effect sizes indicating significant symptom improvements were noted for nasal obstruction (effect size, -1.9), hyposmia (-0.9), and headache (-0.6), as well as nasal (-1.1) and total symptom domains (-0.9; P<.05 in all cases). Nasal steroid and nonsedating antihistamine use did not decrease significantly after ESS, but oral antibiotic use showed a downward trend (net change, - 2.9 wk/y; P =.23). Improvements in clinical symptoms were statistically similar to corresponding improvements in the matched cohort of patients undergoing primary ESS. CONCLUSIONS: The symptomatic relief that revision ESS can provide for patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis is similar to that following a primary ESS. However, many patients undergoing revision ESS require continued intense medical management of their chronic rhinosinusitis.     

Outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic sinusitis cases complicated/ not complicated by bronchial asthma and eosinophilic infiltration of the sinus mucosa

BACKGROUND: Intractable sinusitis is, in most cases, complicated by bronchial asthma and severe eosinophilic infiltration of the sinus mucosa. Our aim here was to study the postoperative outcomes of chronic sinusitis complicated/not complicated by bronchial asthma and of cases with eosinophilic sinusitis/non-eosinophilic sinusitis. METHODS: We conducted a prospective analysis of the outcome of 180 patients with or without bronchial asthma and eosinophilic infiltration who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic sinusitis. The patients were divided into four groups by the presence/absence of asthma and presence/absence of eosinophilic infiltration of the sinus mucosa. One surgeon performed the ESS, and all the groups received the same postoperative treatment. RESULTS: The outcomes of ESS were significantly worse in the cases complicated by eosinophilic sinusitis and asthma, especially in relation to the incidence of smell disturbances and the endonasal findings. Patients suffering from chronic sinusitis without asthma showed good improvement following ESS. There was no significant differences in the outcome after ESS between cases of eosinophilic sinusitis and those with non-eosinophilic sinusitis among the patients without asthma. CONCLUSIONS: We contend that eosinophilic sinusitis without asthma may not represent intractable sinusitis. We wish to emphasize that complication by     

Endoscopic sinus surgery: its subjective medium-term outcome in chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVE: The subjective success of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis has been reported mainly after short-term follow-up studies, but may change with increasing time after surgery. We assessed in a retrospective study the medium-term clinical outcome of ESS as complete ethmoidectomy or pansinus surgery in 208 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The senior author performed the surgeries according to his techniques. We used a questionnaire focusing on nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, nasal dryness/crusts, sneezing, headache, smell, numbness in cheeks and lips, ear pressure, epiphora, and sore throat. Additionally the subjective influence of sinus surgery on asthma, bronchitis and allergic diseases was evaluated. The mean follow-up was 3.1 years. RESULTS: Overall success was reported by 92% of all patients. Forty-one percent of all patients with complete ethmoidectomy and 32% of all patients with pansinus surgery described complete resolution of complaints. No differences in clinical success rates were noted when comparing primary surgery or revision. A favorable effect was also reported for asthma, bronchitis and allergic diseases. CONCLUSION: Improvements for nasal symptoms and coexisting complaints are demonstrated with a mean observation period of more than 3 years. The value of ESS is underlinedfor the treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.     

内镜鼻窦手术前后鼻气道阻力和嗅觉功能的测试结果

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively analyse the changes of nasal airway resistance (NAR) and olfactory function in patients before and after endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS). METHODS: NAR and olfactory functions in 127 patients suffering from chronic sinusitis and/or nasal polyps were measured with anterior rhinomanometry and T&T olfactometer standard odors. RESULTS: 1. The degree of NAR increased and olfactory dysfunction were accompanied with varied clinic classifications. 2. After the ESS, NAR decreased and olfactory functions improved obviously, the effective rates were 93.4% (85/91) and 71.9% (64/89) respectively. 3. Allergy was one of the major factors that affected the outcome of nasal function after ESS. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The improvements of NAR and olfactory function in patients with chronic sinusitis and polyps were significant after ESS. 2. As the determining method of nasal function, the measurement of NAR and olfactory function ought to be used widely in clinical practice.     

Failures of Adenoidectomy for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children: For Whom and When Do They Fail?

OBJECTIVES: To determine which children who are treated with adenoidectomy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) will ultimately undergo endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and the length of time between adenoidectomy and ESS. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of prospectively collected data in a tertiary pediatric otolaryngology service. METHODS: One hundred forty-three children had adenoidectomy for CRS over a 10-year period. Follow-up was available on 121 children. Sixty-one children failed the procedure. Data were available on 55 children who underwent ESS after failing adenoidectomy for the treatment of CRS. Mean time from adenoidectomy to ESS was determined. Factors such as age, allergic rhinitis, asthma, computed tomography (CT) score, and sex were evaluated for effects on this time. RESULTS: With use of Cox regression analysis, the mean time from adenoidectomy to ESS was 24 months, ranging from 4 to 77 months. The presence of asthma (P < .04) and age less than 7 years (P < .01) were predictors of earlier failure. Allergic rhinitis (P < .3), CT score (P < .9), and sex (P < .3) showed no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Those who fail adenoidectomy for CRS who require ESS are mainly children who are younger than 7 years of age and have asthma. They appear to require a salvage ESS at a mean of 24 months after the adenoidectomy.     

Predictive factors and outcomes in endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

PURPOSE: To assess objective and quality of life (QOL) outcomes before and after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to determine preoperative factors that predict surgical outcome in these patients. METHODS: One hundred nineteen adult patients with CRS and a mean follow-up of 1.4 +/- 0.35 years were evaluated prospectively including the following patient factors: prior sinus surgery, polyps, asthma, acetylsalicylic acid intolerance (ASA), smoking, allergy, depression, and sex. Computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, and QOL assessment was performed. Predictive value of patient factors was determined based on change in endoscopy and QOL scores after ESS. RESULTS: Objective outcomes: preoperative CT scores were significantly worse in patients with polyps, asthma, and ASA, whereas CT score was unaffected by prior sinus surgery, smoking, allergy, depression, and sex. Patients with CRS demonstrated significant improvement on nasal endoscopy after ESS, but preoperative, postoperative, and change in scores were affected by certain patient factors. Endoscopy scores were significantly worse in patients with prior sinus surgery, polyps, asthma, and ASA, but these patients also experienced the greatest improvement in endoscopy scores. Smokers and patients with depression had the least change in endoscopy scores. QOL outcomes: patients with CRS experienced improvement in QOL after ESS. Pre- and postoperative QOL was positively affected by polyps and adversely affected by ASA, depression, and female sex, but these groups still experienced significant improvement in QOL scores. Pre- and postoperative QOL was unaffected by prior sinus surgery, asthma, smoking, and allergies, and all of these groups experienced significant improvement in QOL scores. Factors predictive of outcome: ASA and depression were predictive of worse outcome. Preoperative CT scores approached significance as being predictive of outcome. CONCLUSION: Surgical management of CRS was associated with significant improvement on objective and QOL measures; however, specific patient factors, in particular ASA and depression, predict poorer outcome. Preoperative CT may be a predictor of endoscopic and QOL outcome and deserves further study.