Aetiopathology of maxillary swelling—a 3-year prospective study

A wide variety of lesions and not necessarily a malignant tumour can cause maxillary swelling. Non-specificity of clinical and radiological features of these maxillary lesions makes their diagnosis difficult. Review of literature adds a little regarding the aetiopathological distribution of the various lesions causing maxillary swelling. We present our finding regarding the relative distribution of various conditions causing maxillary swelling. The awareness of the spectrum of pathology related to maxillary swelling is essential for correct diagnosis and treatment. Forty-eight patients who presented with a swelling of the maxilla to our hospital between May 1998 and April 2001 were prospectively studied regarding the clinical presentations, radiological features and histological findings. Maxillary swelling was found to be caused by malignant tumours in 54.2%, benign neoplasms in 22.9% and non-neoplastic lesions in 22.9%. Overall squamous cell carcinoma (22.9%) was the commonest lesion, tumour of vascular origin was the commonest benign neoplasm and odontogenic cyst was the commonest among the non-neoplastic lesions.     

Histology of submandibular gland tumours, 10 years' experience

Introduction and objectivesThere are few reports focused on neoplasms in the submandibular gland because they are uncommon and are frequently grouped with the other salivary glands tumours. In the classical studies, the proportion of malignancy reported in these cases is around 50%.ObjectivesDetermining the proportion of malignancy, the most frequent histological types, the gender distribution and average age at diagnosis in patients with submandibular gland neoplasms who were treated in our hospital from 2000 year to 2010.MethodsA retrospective review of our department database of the patients who underwent surgery for submandibular gland neoplasm in a ten-year period was performed.ResultsTwenty-two patient records were included, in which 19 (86%) patients presented benign disease and 3 were of a malignant type (adenocarcinoma, well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, follicular lymphoma). Two of the 3 cases of malignant neoplasms were in men.ConclusionsA greater proportion of benign neoplasm was found in submandibular tumours. The most frequent benign tumour is the pleomorphic adenoma. Women are more commonly affected (76%). Benign tumours appear in younger patients than do malignant ones.     

Carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma and malignant mixed tumors. Histomorphologic indexes

Clinical and pathologic differences exist between the several neoplasms encompassed by the term malignant mixed tumors of salivary glands. The majority of the neoplasms are carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma. True malignant mixed tumors (carcinosarcomas) are rare, and even more rare are the benign metastasizing mixed tumors. This study of 40 malignant mixed tumors indicates that two previously unreported variables, measured invasion in millimeters and histologic subclassifications of the malignant neoplasm, are valuable guides to prognosis and biologic behavior. All patients whose malignant neoplasm extended for more than 8 mm beyond residual capsule or benign residual tumor died of their disease. The extent of invasion also correlated with perineurial invasion, involvement of bone, and metastases to lymph nodes. Histologic subclassification points out that there is no prototypical carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma and that high- and low-grade carcinomas can be found. Only one of the patients with low-grade (terminal duct) carcinomas died of his disease during follow-up periods extending to over 20 years.     

CD44V6在头颈部肿瘤中的表达 及临床意义的探讨

目的探讨cD44v6在头颈部肿瘤中的表达及其临床意义。方法选择1998年3月至1999年12 月手术切除的头颈部肿瘤新鲜标本43例(恶性肿瘤30例，良性肿瘤13例)及正常口腔黏膜10例，采用流式 细胞术对组织中的cD44v6作定量表达。结果(1)正常口腔黏膜、良性肿瘤、恶性肿瘤中均可以检测到 cD44V6的表达；(2)cD44v6的定量分析在头颈部良、恶性肿瘤之间，恶性肿瘤与正常口腔黏膜之间，转移与 未转移的恶性肿瘤之间差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论CD44V6能否作为头颈部恶性肿瘤转移及估计预 后的指标仍需进一步探讨。     

Imaging modalities in recurrent head and neck tumors

Patients with recurrent neoplasms of the head and neck present perplexing management problems, and accurate preoperative assessment of their disease is crucial. Thirty-eight patients with suspected recurrent neoplasms comprise this study: 30 had computed tomography scans, 4 had magnetic resonance images, and 4 patients underwent both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to assess the anatomical extent of pathology in 34 malignant and 4 benign tumors. Contrast enhancement was essential for detecting disease on computed tomography scan. Differentiation of recurrent tumor was more difficult when the patient had undergone radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated superior visibility in recurrent parotid and paranasal sinus neoplasm, but was less helpful in laryngeal and pharyngeal recurrences. Computed tomography demonstration of a mass with infiltration of normal fat or tissue planes or lymphadenopathy correlated highly with recurrent disease. Imaging techniques and fine points for determining recurrent neoplasms are presented.     

Parapharyngeal space tumors. Our experience. I.P.O. Francisco Gentil,Lisbon

Primary parapharyngeal space tumours are rare, representing only a 0.5% of head and neck neoplasms. The authors report a case series review of 38 patients with parapharyngeal tumours who underwent surgical excision between 1975 and 1998. Twenty-six of them were female (68%) and twelve male (32%). Thirty-three tumours (87%) were benign and five (13%) were malignant being the Pleomorphic adenoma the most common neoplasm (39%). All patients were treated surgically: the trans-cervical approach was used in 19 cases, cervical-parotid in 5, the trans-parotid approach in 7 patients, transoral in 5, the cervical-parotid approach with mandibulectomy in 2 and the combined transoral-cervical approach in 1 case. Out of the 33 patients with benign neoplasms, 1 (a pleomorphic adenoma treated through a transoral approach) had a recurrence. Amongst the 5 with malignant disease, recurrence or persistent local tumour was seen in 4 cases; and of these, 3 with persistent local tumour after incomplete excision died.     

彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的 探讨彩超对甲状腺肿瘤中的临床应用价值。方法 对2001年1月～2002年12月153例甲状腺肿瘤患者术前行彩超检查,术后经病理诊断的甲状腺肿瘤进行分析。结果 术前彩超提示为良性肿瘤的135例中,术后病理诊断为甲状腺腺瘤的69例,结节性甲状腺肿63例,结节性甲状腺肿并甲状腺癌2例,微小癌1例：术前彩超提示为甲状腺恶性肿瘤的18例,术后病理诊断为甲状腺乳头状癌者16例,甲状腺腺瘤者2例。彩超对甲状腺良性肿瘤的诊断符合率为97．8％(132／135),恶性肿瘤的诊断符合率为88．9％(16／18),总的诊断符合率为96.7％(148／153)。结论 彩超对甲状腺肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断有很大的价值,可为甲状腺肿瘤治疗方案的选择提供可靠信息。     

Synchronous double primary cancers of the unilateral parotid gland

Synchronous parotid neoplasms, especially synchronous neoplasms of two separate and histologically different types, are extremely uncommon. A review of the literature revealed that most reported cases were either a combination of two distinct benign neoplasms or a benign neoplasm and another malignant tumor. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report of synchronous unilateral double primary carcinomas of the parotid gland. Here we report a 39-year-old woman who exhibited basal cell adenocarcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma simultaneously in the left parotid gland.     

The incidence of neoplastic versus inflammatory disease in major salivary gland masses diagnosed by surgery

What is the incidence of non-neoplastic disease when dealing with masses of the major salivary glands? A knowledge of this information would aid the physician in making decisions relative to the management of the masses. Furthermore, the expected malignancy rate may need to be adjusted according to the findings of this study. Many reported series of salivary gland neoplasms show the relative incidence of benign vs. malignant neoplasms; however, not every patient with a mass of the salivary gland who comes to surgery is finally diagnosed as having had a neoplasm. Knowing the relative incidence of neoplastic vs. non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases has important diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. Records of all patients who underwent either a parotidectomy or submandibular gland excision from 1975 to the present at the Eye and Ear Hospital of Pittsburgh were reviewed; 73% of the parotidectomies performed were done for neoplastic disease. A patient with a parotid mass has a likelihood of 1:10 of having a malignancy. Similarly, on a population basis, 1 submandibular mass in 12 will be malignant.     

An analysis of salivary gland neoplasms: a 12-year, single-institution experience in Turkey

The epidemiology of salivary gland tumors worldwide is not very well defined. Although many studies on this subject have been undertaken, the data are generally focused on specific topics such as parotid gland neoplasms or tumors of the major salivary glands. We conducted a study to establish the prevalence and distribution of benign and malignant neoplasms of both the major and minor salivary glands at a single institution. We reviewed 244,204 cases that had come through our pathology department from January 1994 through December 2005 and found 235 cases of a salivary gland neoplasm (0.09%). The female-to-male ratio was 1.04:1, and the mean age of the patients was 47 years. Of the 235 neoplasms, 159 (67.66%) were located in the parotid gland, 34 (14.47%) in the submandibular gland, and 42 (17.87%) in the minor salivary glands. A total of 146 tumors (62.13%) were benign and 89 (37.87%) were malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common neoplasm, occurring in 98 cases (41.70%). The most common malignancy was mucoepidermoid carcinoma, with 27 cases (11.49%). Our data demonstrate that the characteristics of salivary gland tumors in a Turkish population at a single institution are similar to those reported in the literature worldwide.     

Relative distribution of the tumours of ear, nose and throat in the paediatric patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to observe the type and anatomical distribution of various tumours of the otolaryngological region in the paediatric age group of patients. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out over a period of 2 years between May 2001 and April 2003 in a Teaching Hospital and tertiary referral centre in India. Patients 15 years of age or under who presented with a tumour of the otolaryngological region to the department of Otolaryngology were included in this study. Lymphoma of the cervical lymph nodes was not included in this study. Site of origin and histology of the tumours were noted. The minimum follow-up period was 18 months. RESULTS: Forty-three patients of above age group with a neoplasm of the otolaryngological region were managed in our department, the incidence was 0.5%. The ratio of benign to malignant lesion was 7.6:1. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma was the commonest tumour (11 cases, 26%) and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was the commonest malignant tumour (3 cases, 7%). The commonest site of neoplasm was the nose and paranasal sinuses (13 cases, 30%). CONCLUSION: A tumour in the otolaryngological site in the paediatric population is rare, the incidence being 1 in 200 new cases in the age group of 15 years or under, 12% of the tumours were malignant. Awareness of relative distribution of neoplastic lesions is valuable for early detection and correct management. This study indicates that the distribution of otolaryngological tumours in the Indian subcontinent is different from the western countries, particularly the juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma and laryngeal papilloma.     

Le Fort I down-fracture of the maxilla: application to benign antral neoplasm

Benign neoplasms of the maxillo-facial region require different treatment than do malignant lesions. Conservation of adjacent tissues is vital in order to optimize postoperative function and esthetics. The Le Fort I down-fracture technique is a historically proven approach for resecting benign neoplasms involving the nasal and para-nasal cavities. The Le Fort I, as practised today, is transoral and placed superior to the dento-alveolar processes of the maxilla. Surgical access, therefore, need not result in a skin scar nor loss of dental structures. Postoperative recovery to full function is rapid. The elegance and versatility of the Le Fort I down-fracture technique is discussed with reference to the report of a large, intra-antral benign odontogenic neoplasm.     

Synovial sarcoma of the neck associated with previous head and neck radiation therapy.

Synovial sarcoma is a rare neoplasm that uncommonly arises in the neck. Fourteen years after facial and neck radiation therapy for acne, synovial sarcoma of the neck developed in a young man. Possible radiation-induced benign and malignant neoplasms that arise in the head and neck region, either of thyroid or extrathyroid origin, remain a continuing medical problem.     

Cystadenocarcinoma (papillary cystadenocarcinoma) of the submandibular gland

Cystadenocarcinoma (papillary cystadenocarcinoma) of the salivary gland is a rare malignant neoplasm. Major locations of this neoplasm are the parotid gland, the sublingual gland, and minor salivary glands, while occurrence in the submandibular gland is extremely rare. As far as we know, only one report, written in the French language, has been published concerning cystadenocarcinoma of the submandibular gland, but no report is available in the English language. In this report, we describe a case of cystadenocarcinoma arising from the submandibular gland of a 54-year-old male patient. The neoplasm is a low-grade carcinoma, and pre-operative examination may not show typical characteristics of malignant neoplasms. Therefore, as was true in this case, the differential diagnosis from benign lesions is sometimes difficult. This is the first report on cystadenocarcinoma of the submandibular gland in the English language and the first to show a computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of this neoplasm in the submandibular gland.     

Non-squamous cell carcinoma diseases of the larynx: clinical and imaging findings

IntroductionSquamous cell carcinoma is the most common laryngeal neoplasm and accounts for approximately 95% of all malignant neoplams of the larynx. However, various benign and malignant tumors and inflammatory diseases may affect the larynx.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical and imaging findings of non-squamous cell neoplasms and inflammatory diseases of the larynx.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted in 18 patients who were diagnosed with non-squamous cell carcinoma lesions of larynx at our institution between 2007-2017. Clinical symptoms, examination findings, imaging characteristics, histopathologic diagnosis and treatment modalities were analyzed.ResultsThere were 9 malignant lesions (2 chondrosarcoma, 1 neuroendocrine tumor-atipical carcinoid, 1 Natural Killer/T-cell lymphoma, 1 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 3 plasmocytoma-multiple myeloma involvement, 1 adenocarcinoma metastasis), 3 benign neoplasms (chondroma, paraganglioma, lipoma), 2 tumor-like lesions (Brown tumor and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor), 3 inflammatory lesions (Wegener granulomatosis, Behçet's disease and tuberculosis involvements), and 1 vascular malformation. The most common presenting symptom was hoarseness (66.6%). Paraganglioma was seen as hypervascular lesion on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and showed intense tracer uptake on 68Gallium-DOTA-peptide PET/CT. Chondroid matrix calcifications were detected in chondroma and chondrosarcoma-grade 1. In patients with vascular malformation and lipoma, the typical imaging findings made it possible to diagnose.ConclusionImaging studies may provide clues for diagnosis of non-squamous cell laryngeal lesions. Clinical and imaging findings and previous clinical history should be evaluated together in clinical management of laryngeal lesions.     

35例鼻眼相关疾病的诊治分析

目的：回顾分析鼻眼相关疾病的诊治结果，提高鼻眼相关疾病的诊治水平。方法:回顾分析35例鼻眼相关疾病患者的临床资料。结果:35例中, 鼻源性眼眶蜂窝织炎6例，外伤性鼻眶骨折、视神经管骨折4例，鼻窦黏液囊肿11例，内翻性乳头状瘤3例，鼻窦恶性肿瘤11例。鼻眼病变特征：炎性病变以眶壁破坏吸收为主，良性肿瘤则表现为眶壁受压移位，恶性肿瘤以眶壁破坏为主。结论:鼻窦与眼眶关系密切, CT扫描有助于此区域病变的早期诊断、指导治疗及观察预后;良性肿瘤以手术切除为主,恶性肿瘤需采用手术加放疗等综合治疗。     

咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断和治疗

咽旁隙肿瘤由于解剖部位深在和毗邻关系复杂,手术切除是对耳鼻咽喉──头颈外科医生的一大挑战。文章报告我们1978年1月～1998年1月收治的67例咽旁隙肿瘤的诊治情况。67例咽旁隙肿瘤中,男38例,女29例,年龄5～82岁。本组病人均行手术治疗,手术采用经颈颌切开和经口咽软腭切开摘除肿瘤。结果表明良性肿瘤占70．15％（47／67）,恶性肿瘤占29．85％（20／67）,良性肿瘤最常见是混合瘤,其次是神经源性肿瘤（19．4％）;恶性肿瘤以淋巴结转移癌为最多（9／67,13．4％）。文章结合我们的经验,讨论了咽旁隙的解剖、肿瘤的病理分类、咽旁隙肿瘤的手术方法和有关注意事项。     

Oncocytic carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: a rare neoplasm

Oncocytic neoplasms are tumors composed of oncocytes (i.e., epithelial cells with a large cytoplasm that is rich in mitochondria). Most cases are benign and originate from the major salivary glands, while the minor salivary glands are rarely involved. Occurrence of oncocytic carcinoma (or malignant oncocytoma) within the sinonasal tract is an unusual event. We report a rare case of maxillary sinus oncocytic carcinoma occurring in a 45-year-old male. Biopsy was consistent with an unspecified salivary gland neoplasm. The patient underwent total maxillectomy through a lateral rhinotomic approach; hard palate reconstruction with temporal myofascial flap was performed. Definitive histology was consistent with oncocytic carcinoma. Due to the local extension of the lesion, postoperative radiotherapy (60 Gy) was delivered. Three years after surgery, the patient is free from disease. A brief analysis of the literature was also accomplished in order to discuss treatment options and prognosis of this unusual neoplasm.     

Cytology in the otorhinolaryngologist’s domain - a study of 150 cases, emphasizing diagnostic utility and pitfalls

150 patients with mass lesions in the head and neck area, excluding the CNS and thyroid gland were subjected to FNA cytodiagnosis. II out of 150 smears were considered unsatisfactory for diagnostic evaluation. Out of the 139 patients who yielded satisfactory smears, cytodiagnosis led to the following broad categories - inflammatory and non- neoplastic (24/139, 17.3%), benign neoplasm (60/139, 43.2%), suspicious for malignancy (14/139. 10%) and malignant neoplasms (41/139, 29.5%). Histopathologic follow- up was available in 120 cases. 15/24 with inflammatory lesions were not subjected to biopsy, rest 4 were lost to follow up (I had a suspicious smear and 3 the diagnosis of benign neoplasm). Correlation of cytodiagnoses with histopathology yielded the following results - 52 out of 57 patients with the cytodiagnosis of benign neoplasm and having, histologic follow up had concordance, while 39 out of 41 cytologic diagnoses of malignancy, correlated with histopathology. Out of surgically sampled 9 patients, with inflammatory smears, 8 were benign and 1 malignant. In the suspicious category 2 out of 13 surgically sampled patients had malignancy. Thus, excluding the suspicious smears the accuracy of diagnosis by FNAC in this study came to 93% and a sensitivity for cancer detection of 95%. We encountered a false negative rate of 9.0% and a false positive rate of 4.9%. The results are discussed, especially in the light of the misdiagnoses and ways at avoiding diagnostic : error.     

Role of subtotal thyroidectomy in the management of the follicular neoplasm of the thyroid

Clinically apparent thyroid nodules affect 4% to 7% of the population in North America. Malignant neoplasms of the thyroid comprise only about 1% of all cancers and are found in only 20% of patients undergoing thyroid surgery for suspected thyroid carcinoma. A follicular neoplasm of the thyroid is the most common histologic finding. During surgery, using frozen-section techniques, it is often difficult to distinguish between a benign and malignant lesion. The diagnosis may be deferred following intraoperative frozen-section examination of tissue or changed on evaluation of embedded tissue. In this series of 1224 thyroidectomies from 1976 to 1990, the pathology data from thyroidectomy surgical specimens submitted to tissue analysis were evaluated. It was found that subtotal thyroidectomy was effective in the management of the follicular neoplasm. This approach significantly reduced the morbidity and complications of patients undergoing thyroidectomy.