Viral Infections During Pregnancy:The Big Challenge Threatening Maternal and Fetal Health

Viral infections during pregnancy are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes,including maternal and fetal mortality,pregnancy loss,premature labor,and congenital anomalies.Mammalian gestation encounters an immunological paradox wherein the placenta balances the tolerance of an allogeneic fetus with protection against pathogens.Viruses cannot easily transmit from mother to fetus due to physical and immunological barriers at the maternal-fetal interface posing a restricted threat to the fetus and newborns.Despite this,the unknown strategies utilized by certain viruses could weaken the placental barrier to trigger severe maternal and fetal health issues especially through vertical transmission,which was not fully understood until now.In this review,we summarize diverse aspects of the major viral infections relevant to pregnancy,including the characteristics of pathogenesis,related maternal-fetal complications,and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of vertical transmission.We highlight the fundamental signatures of complex placental defense mechanisms,which will prepare us to fight the next emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in the pregnancy population.     

新生儿肠系膜上动脉综合征二例

例1:患儿女,16 d,因呕吐6 d入院.呕吐发生在喂奶1 h后,每日呕吐4～9次,量较多,为奶汁和黄色胆汁样物质,无腹胀、腹泻,呕吐后饥饿感明显.入院查体:生命体征平稳,体重2 950 g(出生体重3 200 g),腹软、肝脾无肿大、肠鸣正常,心肺、神经系统及其他均无异常.     

出血性休克与脑病综合征4例

1 临床资料 例1,男,9个月,因发热40℃,呕吐、腹泻2d,抽搐12h,收住本院内科病房.查体:嗜睡,面色苍白,反复抽搐,呼吸急促,轻度腹胀;血常规无异常,CRP52mg/L大便黄稀.     

胸腺增生致上腔静脉压迫综合征1例

1 临床资料 患儿,女,9个月,因右眼肿胀4 d,右面部肿胀3 d,右胸壁肿胀0.5 d入院.4 d前患儿被玩具撞伤右眼角处,开始出现右眼睑肿胀、淤血,到本院眼科就诊,诊断:右眼外伤.予局部处理,肿胀逐渐消退.     

新生儿疾病临床研究进展

1 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与脑损伤 新生儿脑损伤仍是引起新生儿死亡和伤残的重要原因,早期诊断和干预十分重要.在利用磁共振成像(MRI)判断新生儿脑损伤及预后评估方面,中国医科大学附属第二医院做了较多工作.     

儿童结节性硬化症合并左肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例

病例资料:患者,女,14岁.主因间断腹痛20d,加重1周入院.查体:精神反应可,面部鼻唇沟区多发皮肤皮脂腺瘤,心肺正常,腹部稍胀,左上腹可扪及一8cm×10cm大肿物,压痛明显,边缘欠清晰,肾区叩击痛(+).     

深圳地区2004-2006年儿童腹泻病病原体分布情况

目的 探讨深圳地区2004-2006年儿童腹泻病病原体分布情况.方法 收集深圳地区2004年1月-2005年4月腹泻病患儿粪便标本,采用ELISA法检测轮状病毒(RV),2005年5月-2006年12月采用胶体金法检测RV.真菌性腹泻以40倍高倍镜下同时可见菌丝和孢子为实验诊断标准.阿米巴性腹泻以见溶组织内活动性阿米巴原虫(滋养体或包囊)为实验诊断标准.细菌性腹泻(菌痢)以40倍高倍镜下WBC( )以上,同时可见RBC为实验诊断标准.不确定性腹泻为排除以上4种腹泻外的腹泻.结果 RV腹泻主要发生在10月至次年2月,但夏季6-7月也有一个小高峰,共占40.49%;真菌性腹泻无明显季节性,占3.59%;细菌性腹泻明显在每年的6-9月高发,占39.67%;阿米巴性腹泻仅检测到10例,除1例是春末检测出来外,余皆在夏季检出,占0.03%;不确定性腹泻主要发生在12月至次年的3月,占16.24%.腹泻最高发年龄为＞1～2岁,占24.83%(8 287/33 382例),≤6个月组为最低发年龄组,占6.65%(2 217/33 382例).结论 婴幼儿腹泻种类出现明显的感染交叉性、季节交叉性的特点,具有一定的复杂多样性.加强饮食与环境卫生,切断传播途径,提高儿童主动免疫水平是预防急性腹泻的重要环节.     

发绀

发绀(cyanosis)是指血液中还原血红蛋白增多(>50g·L-1)或变性血红蛋白增多,使皮肤、黏膜呈青紫色.在皮肤薄、色素较少和毛细血管丰富的部位,如口唇、鼻尖、耳垂、颊部与甲床等处发绀较为明显,贫血时则不易发现.     

原发性肾病综合征患儿血清胆红素、尿酸水平与脂质代谢紊乱的关系

目的 探讨原发性肾病综合征(PNS)患儿血清胆红素、尿酸(UA)水平与脂质代谢紊乱的关系.方法 检测PNS患儿和健康儿童各50例血清总胆红素(TBIL)、结合胆红素(DBIL)、未结合胆红素(IBIL)、UA、脂蛋白a(LPa)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)及载脂蛋白B(ApoB)水平,并计算血脂综合指数.结果 1.肾病组UA、LPa、TC、TG、HDL.C、LDL-C、ApoB、TC/(HDL-C TBIL)和LDL-C/(HDL-C TBIL)明显高于健康对照组(Pа=0),而TBIL、DBIL和IBIL与健康对照组比较均无显著性差异(Pа>0.05);2.健康对照组血清胆红素、UA水平与血脂代谢无明显相关(Pа>0.05),而肾病组HDL-C与TBIL呈正相关(r=0.31 P=0.04),LDL-C分别与TBIL、IBIL呈负相关(r=-0.36 P=0.03,r=-0.33 P=0.04);3.肾病组UA分别与TBIL、IBIL呈正相关(r=0.37 P=0.02,r=0.45 P:0).结论 血清胆红素及UA水平变化对健康儿童血脂代谢不构成影响,但对PNS患儿,TBIL、IBIL降低,UA升高与脂质代谢紊乱密切相关.血脂综合指数可用于评价PNS患儿脂质代谢紊乱的严重程度及可能并发心血管疾病的危险性.     

小儿艾滋病58例

获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)即艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的严重危害人类健康的一种疾病。小儿患病自成人传播而来,1982年报道了首例儿童HIV感染后,此病在小儿的发生日益增多,治疗困难,预后极差。有关小儿AIDS报告尚少见,作者2005年2月至2007年2月在援赞比亚医疗队工     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

How well are we doing? – Metabolic control in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the present level of metabolic control in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) attending Brisbane paediatric diabetes clinics with published overseas data. METHODOLOGY: Blood HbA1c concentrations, population characteristics, current treatment practices and short-term complications were recorded in all patients, aged 19 years and under, attending the diabetes clinics of the two Brisbane Children's Hospitals or the private practice of one of the authors (MJT) in the first quarter of 1998. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight patients were assessed (M/F 142/126). Ages ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 11. 2 years); duration of IDDM was 0-16 years (mean 4.4 years); and 141 (53%) were pubertal. Of those aged less than 13 years, only 4% had more than two injections daily. Insulin doses (U/kg/day) rose with increasing age. Larger doses were required in regimens involving more than two injections per day than those involving one to two injections per day. Ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycaemia in the last 3 months were reported in eight (2.7%) and 17 (6.3%) of patients, respectively. Mean HbA1c (+/- SD) was 8.6 +/- 1.4% (range 5.2-14.0%), with 33% of children having a HbA1c concentration < 8%. HbA1c concentrations were significantly related (P < 0.05) to insulin dose and to duration of diabetes, but not to severe hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, age, frequency of injections, or number of clinic visits per year. Mean HbA1c concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those children in puberty (8.7 +/- 1.5%) than in those not in puberty (8.5 +/- 1.2%). CONCLUSION: Only 33% of patients had a HbA1C concentration less than 8% and 6.3% had a severe hypoglycaemic episode in the 3 months. These results are similar to published overseas data.