MOCS1基因突变致钼辅酶缺乏症1例

患儿男,1月龄时因左手抖动1周就诊。血尿酸降低,头颅MRI示脑软化、萎缩、囊变,婴儿期出现小头畸形、特殊面容（长脸、长额头、前额隆起、长人中、低鼻梁、颜面部浮肿、厚下嘴唇）、下肢肌张力增高及严重全面发育迟缓。患儿行全外显子组测序示MOCS1基因存在c.217C > T （p.R73W）纯合变异,来源于父母,该变异判定为“可能致病的”。根据患儿临床表现及基因检查明确诊断为钼辅酶缺乏症A型,该病为国内首次报道。     

婴儿原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

二、三十年前,甲状旁腺功能亢进被认为是一种罕见的疾病。近来,由于常规生化的应用,已知原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的发病率每年大约在50/10万人口。然而婴儿原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进仍然极为少见,迄今文献仅报道28例。其临床表现为典型严重高血钙症。呼吸窘迫、肌张力减弱以及骨骼脱钙,一般在出生后头3个月内就出现。组织学显示4个甲状旁腺均增生。死亡率在单纯药物治疗患儿为87.5%,手     

芳香族L- 氨基酸脱羧酶缺乏症一家系临床表现及遗传学分析

目的探讨芳香族L-氨基酸脱羧酶缺乏症(AADCD)的临床表型及遗传学特点。方法回顾分析1个AADCD家系的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果家系中2例同胞兄弟均在3月龄发病,主要表现为动眼危象、发育迟缓、肌张力低下、多汗。全外显子测序检测到患儿DDC基因c.714+4(IVS 6)A>T和c.1234(exon 13)C>T复合杂合变异,前者来源于父亲,后者来源于母亲。结论DDC基因c.714+4(IVS 6)A>T和c.1234(exon 13)C>T复合杂合变异的AADCD临床表型常为重型、发病早。     

PARS2基因变异致早发性婴儿癫痫性脑病1例报告

遗传学因素是早发性婴儿癫痫性脑病的常见病因.文章鉴定1例早发性婴儿癫痫性脑病患儿的致病性变异.男性患儿,4月27日龄,反复抽搐发作20余天,表现为痉挛发作,伴发育迟缓.其父母表型无异常.患儿存在PARS 2基因c.287 G>A(p.Arg 96 His)和c.283 G>A(p.Val 95 Ile)复合杂合变异,前...     

严重表型心- 面- 皮肤综合征2 例临床特征和基因突变分析

目的探讨心-面-皮肤综合征严重表型患儿的临床特征和基因变异。方法回顾分析2例具有心-面-皮肤综合征严重表型患儿的临床资料,以及高通量测序技术检测的基因分析结果。结果 2例男性患儿,生后即出现喂养困难及精神运动发育迟缓,除有颅面部和心脏畸形外,还伴喉气管畸形,均在6月龄内死亡。基因检测发现2例患儿的BRAF基因存在新生变异c.1783TC(p.F595L)、c.770AG(p.Q257R)。结论发现2例国内未见报道的BRAF基因变异致心-面-皮肤综合征严重表型患儿。     

二代测序法对中央轴空病的诊断价值 ：附 1 例报告

目的探讨二代测序法在中央轴空病诊断中的价值。方法回顾分析1例中央轴空病患儿的临床资料,以及二代测序和多重连接探针扩增技术对致病基因检测的结果。结果患儿,女,3岁,临床表现为行走困难缓慢加重、发育迟缓、面部肌无力、先天性髋关节脱位。体格检查显示脊柱侧弯,不同程度近端肌张力及肌力减低、肌容积缩小,腱反射减弱,病理征阴性。肌酸激酶轻度升高,肌电图未见异常。应用二代测序法检测发现患儿RYR1基因存在新生的错义变异c.14582GA,p.Arg 4861His(杂合),经Alamut功能软件预测此位点变异可能会影响蛋白结构与功能,与中央轴空病高度相关。结论国内首次报道RYR1基因变异位点c.14582GA,p.Arg4861His。临床高度怀疑中央轴空病时可选择二代测序法确诊。     

早发型亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶缺陷症 1 例临床及基因分析

目的探究MTHFR基因突变引起的亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶缺陷患儿的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法回顾分析1例MTHFR缺陷导致癫痫、脑积水患儿的临床资料和MTHFR基因检测结果,并复习相关文献。结果女性患儿生后第10天出现抽搐、呼吸不规律、喂养困难、肌张力低下,血同型半胱氨酸水平明显升高(147.9μmol/L);基因测序示MTHFR基因存在复合杂合突变(c.1319_c.1320 insTT,c.1262 GA),其中c.1319_c.1320 insTT以往未见报道。予甜菜碱、亚叶酸钙、维生素B_6、维生素B_(12)治疗2周后,患儿血清总同型半胱氨酸水平下降,临床症状好转,但随后一个月内出现明显脑积水,精神运动发育明显迟缓。结论早发型亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶缺陷患儿可在生后早期即有表现,血同型半胱氨酸测定及基因检测有助于早期诊断和干预。     

DKC1基因变异致联合免疫缺陷及小肠结肠炎为表现的Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson综合征1例

1岁9月龄男性患儿存在胎儿期宫内发育迟缓、小头畸形、小脑发育不良和体格发育迟缓,同时表现为早发的联合免疫缺陷、小肠结肠炎及骨髓衰竭,进而合并严重感染,出现巨细胞病毒感染所致坏死性视网膜综合征及大肠埃希菌败血症。经基因检测分析发现DKC1基因半合子错义变异c.146C>T（p.Thr49Met）,该变异遗传自母亲,且该变...     

CASK基因变异1例临床特征分析

目的分析CASK基因变异的临床特征。方法回顾1例因CASK基因变异导致智力障碍、小头畸形伴脑桥小脑发育不良患儿的临床资料以及基因检测结果。结果男性患儿,3个月27天。临床主要表现为小头畸形、先天性喉软骨发育不良以及气管软化、生长发育迟缓、喂养困难、四肢肌张力高、反复无热抽搐。染色体微阵列检测未检测到有临床意义的基因拷贝数缺失、重复和大片段纯合子现象。高通量测序结合Sanger测序验证结果显示患儿携带CASK基因半合子移码变异c.1818_1821dupAACT,p.T608Nfs*16,该变异为可能致病性变异。结论发现1例CASK变异导致智力障碍、小头畸形伴脑桥小脑发育不良的病例。     

PARS2相关发育性癫痫性脑病1例并文献复习北大核心CSCD

探讨PARS2相关发育性癫痫性脑病的临床和分子遗传学特征。回顾性分析1例PARS2相关发育性癫痫性脑病患儿的临床表现、影像学及遗传学数据。结合文献复习,总结该病的临床和遗传学特征。患儿男,9个月,因“反复抽搐3个月”2022年1月就诊于北京大学第一医院儿科。随访8个月仍有全面发育落后,伴肌张力低下及小头畸形。共纳入患儿20例,临床特征为生后6个月以内起病,全面发育迟缓,痉挛发作,肌张力低,小头畸形,以额叶受累为著的脑萎缩伴小脑齿状核周围异常信号及心脏受累。共报道11个致病性变异,最常见的变异为c.283G>A(42.3%)和c.1091C>G(19.2%)。对于生后6个月内起病的全面发育迟缓和痉挛发作患儿,如伴肌张力低,小头畸形,额叶为著的脑萎缩伴小脑齿状核周围异常信号和心脏受累,应考虑到PARS2相关发育性癫痫性脑病的可能,c.283G>A和c.1091C>G为两个高频致病性变异。     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

The importance of different immunosuppressive regimens in the development of posttransplant diabetes mellitus

Solid-organ transplantation is the optimal long-term treatment for most patients with end-stage organ failure. After solid-organ transplantation, short-term graft survival significantly improved (1). However, due to chronic allograft nephropathy and death with functioning graft, long-term survival has not prolonged remarkably (2). Posttransplant immunosuppressive medications consist of one of the calcineurin inhibitors in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (Aza) and steroids. All of them have different adverse effects, among which posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events and infections causing the death of many transplant patients and it may directly contribute to graft failure (3). According to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (4), diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined by symptoms of diabetes (polyuria and polydipsia and weight loss) plus casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2-h plasma glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L following oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This metabolic disorder occurring as a complication of organ transplantation has been recognized for many years. PTDM, which is a combination of decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance, develops in 4.9/15.9% of liver transplant patients, in 4.7/11.5% of kidney recipients, and in 15/17.5% of heart and lung transplants [cyclosporine A (CyA)/tacrolimus (Tac)-based regimen, respectively] (5). Risk factors of PTDM can be divided into non-modifiable and modifiable ones (6), among which the most prominent is the immunosuppressive therapy being responsible for 74% of PTDM development (7). Emphasizing the importance of the PTDM, numerous studies have determined the long-term outcome. On the basis of these studies, graft and patient survival is tendentiously (8) or significantly (9, 10) decreased for those developing PTDM.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.     

Whole-body mineral measurements in Swedish adolescents at 17 years compared to 15 years of age

Aim: To provide reference data for bone mineral variables in 15- and 17-y-old adolescents and to analyse the relationships between these variables and measures of bone and body size, gender, puberty, growth, various lifestyle and environmental factors and socioeconomic background.

Methods: In the same 321 randomly selected adolescents (147 boys and 174 girls) living in two different regions of Sweden, the total bone mineral content (TBMC), bone area (BA) and total bone mineral density (TBMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at ages 15 and 17 y. The effects of bone and body size, gender, growth, sexual maturity, physical activity, region of domicile, social conditions, food habits, smoking and alcohol intake on TBMC and TBMD were examined in multivariate analyses.

Results: In the 15-y-old adolescents, BA, height, gender, physical activity, maturity and weight explained 91% and 48%, of the variance in TBMC and TBMD, respectively. In similar analyses in the 17-y-olds, the corresponding figures were 92% and 62%, respectively, when BA, height, growth, physical activity, gender and region emerged as significant in the model. In all these analyses, BA explained most of the variance in TBMC and TBMD. No significant reduction of variance was found when different measures of social conditions, smoking, food habits, alcohol or dietary intakes of energy, calcium or vitamin D were included in the models. The reason why region of domicile had a significant impact on TBMC in the 17-y-olds is not known. The fact that the normal fluoride concentration in drinking water (1.1 mg/L) is 10 times higher in the region where TBMC was higher than in the other region is an interesting observation.

Conclusion: Almost 90% of the variance in TBMC and 50% of that in TBMD was explained by measures of bone and body size and only a few percent by gender, physical activity, Tanner stage, growth and region of domicile.     

VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE PEDIATRIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT PATIENT

Varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the human herpesvirus family, causes the clinical syndromes of chickenpox during primary infection and shingles on later reactivation. In immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, VZV can produce life-threatening infections. The most serious forms of VZV infection involve hematogenous dissemination of the virus to vital organs, such as the lung, brain, and liver. Advances in immunoprophylaxis, antiviral chemotherapy, and vaccine development have provided effective tools to limit the morbidity and mortality previously associated with VZV infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. In this review, we discuss virologic aspects of VZV, pathogenesis of VZV infection, methods of viral diagnosis, clinical manifestations of infection in both normal and immunocompromised patients, and available preventative and therapeutic measures.     

The potential role of rapamycin in pediatric transplantation as observed from adult studies

Although pediatric patient and renal graft survival rates have shown marked improvements during the past decade, the persistent toxicities of immunosuppressive drugs and chronic allograft attrition remain major obstacles in transplant therapy. Results in adult patients suggest that complete steroid withdrawal is possible in the majority of recipients under treatment with a cyclosporin A-rapamycin (CsA RAPA) regimen. Furthermore, preliminary studies suggest that a marked reduction in the dose of CsA may be possible under the umbrella of RAPA coverage. The gain in immunosuppressive efficacy afforded by RAPA has not only been obtained without an increased morbidity owing to infectious or neoplastic causes, but also with the potential for reducing the incidence and/or progression of chronic rejection.     

GENETICS OF CARNEY COMPLEX AND RELATED FAMILIAL LENTIGINOSES, AND OTHER MULTIPLE TUMOR SYNDROMES

Carney complex is a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome that affects the adrenal cortex, the pituitary and thyroid glands, and the gonads. The complex is also associated with skin and mucosa pigmentation abnormalities and myxoid and other neoplasms of mesenchymal and neural crest origin. Thus, this syndrome also belongs to another group of genetic disorders, the lentiginoses (or lentigenoses), which include the Peutz-Jeghers, LEOPARD, arterial dissections and lentiginosis, and Laugier-Hunziker syndromes, Cowden disease and Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith (Bannayan-Zonana) syndrome and the centrofacial, benign patterned and segmental lentiginoses, all of which can be associated with a variety of developmental defects. The inheritance of Carney complex, just like that of the other MENs and the lentiginoses, is autosomal dominant. Genetic loci or genes have been identified for Carney complex, Peutz-Jeghers and Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndromes, but not for other lentiginoses. Elucidation of the molecular defects responsible for these disorders is expected to shed light on aspects of early neural crest differentiation, the regulation of pigmentation, the development of autonomous endocrine function, and endocrine and nonendocrine tumorigenesis.     

All you ever wanted to know about infant formulas (but were afraid to ask)

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and health care professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and often attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Génétique des schizophrénies : mise en perspective des schizophrénies à début précoce et autres pathologies du développement

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe brain disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, flat and/or inappropriate affect and cognitive impairment. The lifetime risk is about 0.5% with heritability of 65–85%. The prevalence of early-onset schizophrenia (defined here as before 15 years of age) has not been well studied, but is likely to be 5–10% of all cases. The rarity of early-onset SCZ has made it difficult to study. We focus on genetic studies of adults with schizophrenia, highlighting results for early-onset schizophrenia where available. Prior to the past 5 years, studies failed to find replicable association or linkage between SCZ and specific genes when appropriate statistical corrections for multiple testing were used. Many false positive results were probably reported using the candidate gene approach. Recently, the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) “chips” has permitted large genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses that suggest that across all age groups, a proportion of genetic risk can be attributed to a large number of common SNP, each with a very small effect on risk (odds ratios of 1.1 or less). The greatest known genetic effect is conferred by the 1.5–3 Mb 22q.11.2 deletions, which occurs in ∼ 1/4000–1/6000 births with SCZ developing in 20–30% of carriers. Large SNP and aCGH microarray studies have now identified associations between SCZ and other rare, large copy number variations (CNV, insertions and deletions) with high odds ratios (5–10), including deletions of 1q21, 2p16.3 (neurexin-1 gene), 3q29 and 15q13.3, and duplications of 16p11.2. Some of these CNV are also associated with autism or other developmental disorders as well as epilepsy or intellectual deficiency, suggesting some overlap in the mechanisms that contribute to risks of these disorders. Based on preliminary data from larger-scale analyses in progress, approximately 1–2% of cases carry a CNV that has been clearly associated with SCZ (ORs 4–12). Whole exome and genome sequencing studies of large adult samples will be the next steps to identify rarer SCZ-associated mutations, including point mutations and smaller as well as rarer CNV. Genetic findings are beginning to contribute to an understanding of biological mechanisms of SCZ risk and may lead to new approaches to treatment.     

INACTIVATION OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT AND THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LUNG INJURIES

Inactivation of pulmonary surfactant may be important in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of surfactant dysfunction by instilling exogenous surfactants may improve gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics. Surfactants used for treatment vary in their attributes and effects, so when various surfactants are considered for therapy, resistance to inactivation is an important consideration. Animal models of acute lung injury exist in which the relative merits of surfactants can be compared. We hypothesize that the surfactants most resistant to inactivation in vitro will be the ones that are most effective in treatment of animal models of acute lung injury. Surfactants with higher concentrations of surfactant proteins (specifically A, B, and C) are more resistant to inactivation. Nonionic polymers mimic surfactant proteins in preventing surfactant inactivation under some conditions. Adding nonionic polymers to surfactant containing minimal amounts of SP-B and SP-C markedly improves lung function of animals with lung injury. Making surfactants more "inactivation-proof" may improve surfactant therapy of acute lung injuries.