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目的探讨支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗气道狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法对山东大学齐鲁儿童医院呼吸介入科2008年10月至2011年8月收治的156例气道狭窄患儿,实施支气管镜介导下球囊扩张治疗,其中146例肺炎致气道炎性狭窄、4例结核感染引起的气道狭窄、1例异物肉芽组织增生致气道狭窄并肺不张;5例气管插管引起的气道疤痕性狭窄。结果 (1)156例气道狭窄的患儿分别接受支气管镜下球囊扩张1～3次。139例显效,其中134例狭窄段管径增大,肺不张复张2/3以上;5例主气道狭窄经球囊扩张治疗呼吸通畅。12例有效,肺不张经球囊扩张后肺组织复张1/3～2/3。5例无效,虽扩张后局部狭窄解除,但胸部CT肺不张无改善。总有效率96.8%。(2)经1～6个月随访,气管镜下扩张部位气道未再次狭窄,胸片或胸部CT肺不张无复发。(3)26例扩张时扩张部位的支气管黏膜轻微出血,止血效果好,9例术后轻微胸痛未作处理很快缓解,无其他并发症。结论支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗儿童气道狭窄是有效、安全、简便的方法。     

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??Abstract?? Objective To study balloon dilatation with cryotherapy under bronchoscope for subglottic stenosis in infants and young children??and to explore the efficacy of this new technology??the timing of treatment and safety. MethodFrom July 2009 to May 2014 in 28 SGS cases aged from 1 month to 3 years?? bronchoscopic balloon dilatation treatment with CO2 cryotherapy was performed?? and different types of SGS treated by minimal invasi were assessed regarding efficacy, complications and outcome. Results The infant SGS were divided into ??°~??° by severity?? and soft membrane SGS and scarring SGS by the causes of stenosis. ??° SGS included 16 cases, in which 8 cases soft membrane SGS were treated by balloon dilatation effectively?? 9 cases after combined treatment; in scarring SGS balloon dilatation was effective in 1 case?? 4 cases after combined therapy; ??° SGS included 8 cases?? soft membrane SGS were treated effectively in 2 cases?? 4 cases after combined treatment; in scarring SGS balloon dilatation was effective in 1 case?? 2 cases after combined therapy; ?? °SGS included 4 cases?? 1 case of soft membrane SGS and 1 case of scarring SGS responded well to integrated treatment .Conclusion MSCT and bronchoscopy assessment is used in grading the extent and causes of stratification in infants with subglottic stenosis?? and then we can select the appropriate treatment programs to improve the prognosis of the disease and improve life quality of SGS children.     

Balloon tracheoplasty as initial treatment for neonates with symptomatic congenital tracheal stenosis

Neonates with congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) sometimes develop respiratory distress and may be difficult to intubate. We used balloon tracheoplasty with a rigid bronchoscope for emergency airway management in neonates with symptomatic CTS. Herein, we describe the balloon tracheoplasty procedure and the early outcomes following its use as the initial treatment of neonatal symptomatic CTS. We performed a retrospective analysis of five neonates with CTS who were initially treated with balloon tracheoplasty at our institution from January 2010 to December 2013. Five patients with a mean birthweight of 2,117 g were treated during the study period. Of these, four developed respiratory distress after birth, and all patients had difficult intubations. In all five patients, definitive diagnosis of CTS was made by rigid bronchoscopy and 3-dimensional reconstruction scan. A total of nine balloon dilatations were performed in five patients. Following balloon tracheoplasty, two patients were extubated, one was extubated after resection and end-to-end anastomosis following initial balloon dilatation, and one remained hospitalized with tracheostomy for tracheomalacia. The remaining patient died from tracheal bleeding associated with congenital heart disease. Although our sample size was small, balloon tracheoplasty is a potentially effective initial treatment for selected cases with neonatal symptomatic CTS.     

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目的探讨高压球囊扩张术在儿童支气管狭窄临床应用中的疗效及安全性。方法对天津市儿童医院2010年6-12月住院的5例支气管狭窄患儿(包括先天性狭窄1例),经支气管镜进行高压球囊扩张术,每次球囊扩张1～3min,对比术前及末次球囊扩张术后胸片的改变,并定期随访1～6个月。对其临床资料进行回顾分析。结果 5例患儿经高压球囊扩张2～4次,狭窄段支气管管腔明显增宽,临床症状及体征明显改善,复查胸片肺实变及肺不张均有不同程度好转,肺气肿明显减轻。随访1～6个月,4例肺炎肺不张患儿复查胸片基本正常,1例先天性狭窄患儿未再出现高调金属样咳嗽,胸片示肺气肿消失。结论经支气管镜高压球囊扩张术治疗儿童支气管狭窄是一种安全、有效、简便的方法。     

局麻下儿童支气管镜及球囊扩张术在呼吸系统疾病中的临床应用

目的：研究支气管镜及介入治疗对小儿呼吸系统疾病的诊断、治疗价值及其安全性。方法：438例患呼吸系统疾病患儿（男性236人,女性202人）,年龄最小17 d,最大15岁,经局麻开展支气管镜术包括支气管镜下介入治疗。结果：经支气管镜检查确诊肺部感染311例,肺不张68例,反复咳喘36例,咯血6例,支气管异物6例,先天性支气管肺发育异常5例,支气管扩张症2例,纤毛不动综合征1例,肺部肿瘤1例,先天性免疫缺陷病2例。经支气管镜检查及局部冲洗或肺泡灌洗以及异物取出等处理后,379例显效,46例有效;5例炎症后狭窄行支气管镜下高压球囊扩张术,取得满意疗效。支气管镜检术中无严重并发症的发生。结论：局麻下行支气管镜术及球囊扩张术是安全、有效的,在儿科呼吸系统疾病的诊断和治疗上具有重要价值。     

应用球囊扩张气道成形术治疗儿童支原体肺炎肺不张的探讨

目的 对支气管镜介导下球囊扩张气道成形术治疗支原体肺炎肺不张患儿4～5级气道炎性狭窄的疗效和安全性进行评价.方法 对30例支原体肺炎所致的气道炎性狭窄并肺不张患儿,实施支气管镜介导下球囊扩张气道成形术.分别于术前和最后一次球囊扩张术后胸部CT检查,对肺不张的情况进行评价.所有患儿均接受了1～6个月的随访.结果(1)30例气道狭窄的患儿分别接受球囊扩张1～3次.经过球囊扩张气道成形术后,25例患儿狭窄段管径增大,球囊扩张部位远端肺组织复张;5例狭窄段扩开不明显,其中3例病变部位有肉芽组织形成,经球囊联合冷冻治疗后,球囊扩张部位远端肺组织复张;另2例患儿病程超过3个月,扩张治疗无效.(2)经1～6个月随访,肺复张的28例患儿胸部CT显示扩张治疗部位影像正常,2例扩张治疗无效的患儿胸部CT显示的肺不张范围较前无变化.(3)30例接受此方法 治疗的患儿,20例扩张时出现扩张部位的支气管黏膜轻微出血,5例术后轻微胸痛,没有其他严重并发症发生.结论支气管镜介导下的球囊扩张气道成形术治疗儿童肺部感染后气道狭窄有效、安全.     

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??Objective To analyse the treatment effects of bronchoscopy lavage treatment for RMPP??and to study the proper time to do the operation. Methods A total of 76 cases??from June to December 2013??were enrolled in the retrospective study. According to the the course of the disease??there were divided into three groups??≤2 weeks????2??3 weeks and ??3 weeks. The febrile period??duration of hospital stay??WBC??N%??L%??CRP??the chest radiography and the bronchoscopic findings were compared with each other. Results The febrile period??≤2 weeks group it was 13.9±3.8?? in ??2??3 weeks group??14.1±5.0?? in ??3 weeks group??14.1±5.0?? they all had significant difference between each other. The chest radiographic changes were divided into complete absorption??partial absorption and no change. Compare the chest radiography at the 7th day after operation?? the ratio was 14.3%??5.4% and 0??85.7%??75.8% and 76.0%??0??18.9% and 24.0%. At one month??the ratio was 41.4%??26.3% and 11.3%??42.4%??65.7% and 75.1%??0??7.9% and 13.6%. According to the bronchoscopic findings we analysed??the airway mucosal or bronchial wall’s lesions in RMPP mainly were white mucosa covered??mucosal erosions and roughness. Lumen stenosis??dilator??obliteration and mucosa plug were seen more in the third group. Conclusion In the treatment of RMPP children??earlier bronchoscopy therapy can help shorten the fever course and promote chest radiography improvement. The mycoplasma infection of long time could cause lumen stenosis??dilator??obliteration and mucosa plug.     

Transileocolic venous balloon dilatation for the management of primary and recurrent portal venous stenosis after living donor liver transplantation in children

Portal venous stenosis is relatively a rare complication after liver transplantation in children and it sometimes leads to life threatening event due to gastrointestinal bleeding or graft failure. Recently, balloon dilatation has been widely accepted as a treatment of choice for the management of portal venous stenosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of transileocolic venous balloon dilatation for the management of primary and recurrent portal venous stenosis after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children. The records of 57 pediatric liver transplants were retrospectively reviewed. Nine patients (15.8%) with portal venous stenosis were identified. Seven symptomatic children with portal venous stenosis underwent balloon dilatation. Two approaches were employed for balloon dilatation; the transileocolic venous approach and the percutaneous transhepatic approach. In patients with recurrent stenosis, careful follow-up was carried out while they were asymptomatic. Twelve balloon dilatations were performed in seven children with primary or recurrent portal venous stenoses. The initial technical success rate was 91.7% (11/12), while 6 out of 12 (50.0%) procedures resulted in recurrent stenosis. Five out of six recurrent stenoses required repeated balloon dilatation. The clinical success rate of balloon dilatation in our study was 85.7% (6/7). Other than recurrent stenosis, two procedure-related complications occurred. In conclusion, transileocolic venous balloon dilatation was a safe and effective procedure for portal venous stenosis after LDLT in children.     

先天性心脏病合并气道异常的临床分析

目的 探讨先天性心脏病（CHD）合并气道异常患儿的临床特征和预后。方法 回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2012年1~12月行胸部多排螺旋CT（MDCT）+气道重建和（或）纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）检查的住院CHD患儿的临床资料,按是否合并气道异常分为气道异常组和气道正常组,根据检查指征的不同,将气道异常组进一步分为心脏指征亚组和气道指征亚组。从病史中截取临床特征、CHD类型、气道异常类型、治疗和预后等资料,行气道正常组和异常组的比较。 结果 460例CHD病例进入分析。气道异常组195例（42.4%）,男113例,中位年龄6月龄（1 d至14.5岁）;气道正常组265例,男157例,中位年龄3.9月龄（1 d至15.4岁）。①166/195例存在1种气道异常,包括：单纯气道狭窄（125例,64.1%）、单纯气管性支气管（21例,7.2%）、单纯对称性支气管（8例,4.1%）和单纯气道软化（6例,3.1%）等,29例伴2种及以上气道异常;外源性压迫所致气道狭窄占80.9%（123/152）。②不同类型CHD合并气道异常的比例：血管环为84.2%,梗阻型为51.5%,发绀型为49.1%,左向右分流型为33.8%。气道指征亚组左向右分流型的比例高于心脏指征亚组（62.4% vs 20.3%）,发绀型比例低于心脏指征亚组（12.0% vs 51.4%）。③气道异常组喘息、既往肺炎≥3次的比例显著高于气道正常组（P＜0.05）。 ④气道异常组均未行外科治疗,随访复查MDCT+气道重建19例（轻度气道狭窄4例,中度气道狭窄15例）,其中气道狭窄消失6例（CHD术后均>1年）,减轻6例（CHD术后 <1年5例）,无明显变化5例（出院>1 年,CHD均未矫治）,加重者2例。气道异常组死亡22例。结论 儿童CHD合并气道异常的类型以气道狭窄最多见。对血管环和（或）反复呼吸道感染、喘息的CHD患儿应注意合并气道异常可能。大多数继发性轻中度气道狭窄在外源性压迫解除后1年以上,气道狭窄可能逐渐恢复正常。     

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??Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of electric coagulation through the flexible bronchoscope in the treatment of the central airway constriction caused by the formation of granulation tissue and fibroplasia and the ventilation obstruction compelled by the occupying diseases of throat in children.Method Twelve cases were treated using the electric coagulation through the flexible bronchoscope. Those cases included 3 cases blocked by bronchial foreign body??2 cases with atelectasis due to the formation of granulation tissue after endobronchial tuberculosis??5 cases who had decompensation caused by the gas channel fibroplasia after the trachea cannula and 2 cases of dyspnea caused by cysts in root of the tongue.The effect evaluation was performed before the operation and after the last electric coagulation.The size of the airway constriction was evaluated by bronchoscope and the degree of atelectasis and respiratory ventilation were separately estimatede by computer tomography and pulmonary function test.Result Twelve patients seperately received electric coagulation procedures??11 patients had excellent treatment effect?? and one with effective effect.The rate of effective therapy was 100%. No complications happened.Conclusion The method of electric coagulation through the flexible bronchoscope for central airway obstruction caused by granulation??fibroplasia and the occupying diseases of throat is effective and convenient. However??the method has certain operation risk?? so operators should be specially trained.