基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用.方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组.分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值.放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差.利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放.结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5mm和3.6 mm.结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症.     

Current concepts on imaging in radiotherapy

New high-precision radiotherapy (RT) techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or hadrontherapy, allow better dose distribution within the target and spare a larger portion of normal tissue than conventional RT. These techniques require accurate tumour volume delineation and intrinsic characterization, as well as verification of target localisation and monitoring of organ motion and response assessment during treatment. These tasks are strongly dependent on imaging technologies. Among these, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (US) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been applied in high-precision RT. For tumour volume delineation and characterization, PET has brought an additional dimension to the management of cancer patients by allowing the incorporation of crucial functional and molecular images in RT treatment planning, i.e. direct evaluation of tumour metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, hypoxia and angiogenesis. The combination of PET and CT in a single imaging system (PET/CT) to obtain a fused anatomical and functional dataset is now emerging as a promising tool in radiotherapy departments for delineation of tumour volumes and optimization of treatment plans. Another exciting new area is image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), which focuses on the potential benefit of advanced imaging and image registration to improve precision, daily target localization and monitoring during treatment, thus reducing morbidity and potentially allowing the safe delivery of higher doses. The variety of IGRT systems is rapidly expanding, including cone beam CT and US. This article examines the increasing role of imaging techniques in the entire process of high-precision radiotherapy.     

Treatment of glioblastoma using MRIdian® A3i BrainTx™: Imaging and treatment workflow demonstration

For patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma, the current standard-of-care includes maximal safe resection, followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide, with tumor treating fields. Traditionally, diagnostic imaging is performed pre- and post-resection, without additional dedicated longitudinal imaging to evaluate tumor volumes or other treatment-related changes. However, the recent introduction of MR-guided radiotherapy using the ViewRay MRIdian A3i system includes a dedicated BrainTx package to facilitate the treatment of intracranial tumors and provides daily MR images. We present the first reported case of a glioblastoma imaged and treated using this workflow. In this case, a 67-year-old woman underwent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after gross total resection of a left frontal glioblastoma. The radiotherapy treatment plan consisted of a traditional two-phase design (46 Gy followed by a sequential boost to a total dose of 60 Gy at 2 Gy/fraction). The treatment planning process, institutional workflow, treatment imaging, treatment timelines, and target volume changes visualized during treatment are presented. This case example using our institutional A3i system workflow successfully allows for imaging and treatment of primary brain tumors and has the potential for margin reduction, detection of early disease progression, or to detect the need for dose adaptation due to interfraction tumor volume changes.     

磁共振成像技术应用于肿瘤放射治疗的进展

随着大孔径MRI设备逐步投入临床,磁共振成像(MRI)技术在肿瘤放射治疗中的成功应用引起了众多学者的关注。本文综述了磁共振成像技术在模拟定位、靶区勾画、剂量计算、疗效评估等方面的应用进展,并对4D-MRI以及MRI引导放疗的应用潜力进行了总结。     

Supine magnetic resonance (MR) mammography in radiotherapy planning

Purpose: Radiotherapy of the breast is normally performed in a supine position, so conventional prone magnetic resonance (MR) mammography is unsuitable for radiotherapy planning purposes. No dedicated supine breast coil is yet available, limiting the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this area. A technique has been developed on a 0.2T open scanner to produce breast images suitable for radiotherapy planning.Method: The single-sided supine breast technique uses a similar patient position to that for radiotherapy treatment. A small coil is used as a side-on loop over the patient's shoulder that allows the arms to be raised and abducted and a flat tabletop insert imitates the treatment tabletops. The open design of the scanner allows the breast to be positioned in the field centre, increasing the signal to noise ratio (SNR).Twenty patients undergoing routine radiotherapy of the breast were referred for MRI scans in addition to the routine radiotherapy planning. MR markers were placed on the patient's skin over tattoos corresponding to treatment field borders. A high bandwidth T1W sequence was performed in transverse, sagittal and coronal planes. Images were assessed by the clinical oncologist to determine whether all breast tissue was included within the treatment field.Results: Images of good diagnostic quality were produced in reasonable scan times. Glandular breast tissue was well demonstrated, particularly in younger, pre-menopausal women. Surgical cavities and enlarged lymph nodes were also well demonstrated. MR markers allowed accurate delineation of the treatment field.Conclusion: The single-sided supine technique produces high quality breast images contributing valuable infonnation for treatment planning and assessment. MR provides better discrimination between breast and surrounding fatty tissue than fluoroscopy.     

The assessment of irradiated bladder carcinoma using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging

AIM: To evaluate the role of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCEMRI) in distinguishing residual or recurrent tumour from radiation change in patients with bladder carcinoma.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with biopsy proven bladder carcinoma were imaged before and at 4 and 12 months after radiotherapy (XRT) using conventional and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 0.5 Tesla. An enhancement of >1.54 times above baseline at 80 s post-contrast injection proved a reliable indicator of tumour before radiotherapy and was therefore applied to the assessment of patients after XRT. Conventional MR images and dynamic enhancement profiles (DEPs) from the site of previous tumour were scored by three radiologists for the presence of tumour at 4 and 12 months after XRT. Findings were compared with cystoscopic biopsy.RESULTS: Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging had negative predictive values of 100% and 93% for tumour recurrence at 4 and 12 months, respectively. The positive predictive values, sensitivity and specificity were 48, 100 and 48% at 4 months and 50, 80 and +76% at 12 months post XRT, respectively.CONCLUSION: Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may prove reliable in excluding the presence of persistent or recurrent tumour up to 12 months after XRT.     

基于锥形束CT的头颈部肿瘤在线与离线结合图像引导放疗的研究

目的 分析锥形束CT(CBCT)在线摆位校正与离线自适应校正在减小头颈部肿瘤临床靶区(CTV)外放,从而减轻正常组织并发症中的作用。方法 16例行三维适形放疗的头颈部癌症患者入组。分次放疗前后均行在线CBCT扫描1次,并与计划CT图像配准,记录各个方向的配准差值。放疗前后的配准差值分别作为放疗分次间误差和分次内误差,用于计算每例患者的系统误差和随机误差。利用CTV外放计算公式,计算在线校正前后CTV外放;以0.5 mm为允许的最大残余系统误差,计算离线校正系统摆位误差后CTV外放。结果 未经在线校正,左右、头脚和前后方向上群体化CTV外放分别为5.7 mm、5.6 mm和7.3 mm;每分次放疗均行在线校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为1.7 mm、1.7 mm和2.3 mm;对系统摆位误差进行离线自适应校正,3个方向上群体化CTV外放分别为2.7 mm、2.5 mm和3.6 mm。结论 基于CBCT图像分析的在线校正和离线自适应校正均能明显减小摆位误差,有助于缩小CTV外放,并有望减轻正常组织并发症。     

3D treatment planning system—Pinnacle system

The treatment planning system is key for the success of external beam radiotherapy, directly impacting the quality of treatment plans and accuracy of dose calculation in the plans. In this article, we provided an overview of the Pinnacle treatment planning system for external beam planning, including 3-dimensional (3D) conformal plans, step-shoot intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans, and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. We discussed dose calculation algorithm and other utilities, including image fusion, plan documentation, and adaptive planning. Based on our many years of clinical experience with the system, the aim of this article is to provide readers with a summary of this particular planning system.     

Repeatability of functional MRI for conformal avoidance radiotherapy planning

PURPOSE: To establish the repeatability of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examinations in order to develop an appropriate margin for functional organs at risk (fOAR) in the radiotherapy planning process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This work investigates the variability of motor cortex activation in the left and right hemispheres of 15 normal subjects. The uncertainty of the absolute position and volume of the activation was determined for each volunteer by repeating the fMRI examination three times in a single scan session. RESULTS: Our study proposes the use of 2.9 mm and 2.2 mm margins for the left and right motor cortices, respectively. CONCLUSION: From the sample of 15 volunteers we established an appropriate planning margin that is considered to represent the uncertainty in spatially measuring the fOAR for a single fMRI examination. The work will be of interest to anyone investigating the clinical robustness of fMRI.     

Individualized radiotherapy by combining high-end irradiation and magnetic resonance imaging

Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) has been integrated into daily clinical routine and can today be considered the standard especially with high-dose radiotherapy. Currently imaging is based on MV- or kV-CT, which has clear limitations especially in soft-tissue contrast. Thus, combination of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and high-end radiotherapy opens a new horizon. The intricate technical properties of MR imagers pose a challenge to technology when combined with radiation technology. Several solutions that are almost ready for routine clinical application have been developed. The clinical questions include dose-escalation strategies, monitoring of changes during treatment as well as imaging without additional radiation exposure during treatment.     

Monaco treatment planning system tools and optimization processes

The Monaco treatment planning system combines Monte Carlo dose calculation accuracy with robust optimization tools to provide high-quality radiotherapy treatment plans for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT), intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Recent technology advances have allowed for fast calculation speeds, which allow clinicians and patients to benefit from the accuracy of the Monte Carlo algorithm while reducing overall planning time. A collection of biological and physical dose-based planning tools and templates simplify the planning process and allow for consistent results across organizations. At the same time, multicriteria optimization (MCO) ensures critical organs are spared to the greatest possible degree while maintaining target coverage. Monaco encompasses a full suite of treatment modalities, including conventional radiotherapy and particle therapy, and is paving the way for real-time adaptive treatments with developments in magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiation therapy.