放射性介入操作中辐射剂量与防护措施

由放射性介入操作所导致的辐射剂量已引起人们越来越多的关注，尤其是考虑到该项操作的频率不断增加和日趋复杂化。现有研究的主要集中于三个方面：目前放射性介入操作中的剂量水平、操作人员和患的辐射危险以及辐射防护措施。     

心血管病介入操作时患者受照剂量估算

放射诊疗新技术给人类带来了巨大的利益,放射性介入操作是其中最具代表性的一类新技术.然而在放射性介入操作的过程中,患者受照剂量在医用X射线诊断和治疗中是最高的,其剂量可能大到能引起皮肤和眼晶体辐射损伤,而且其防护也是目前职业辐射防护中最困难的.目前有60%左右的介入术是在心血管病的治疗中开展,心血管病介入操作时患者的辐射防护问题已引起了国内外广泛的重视,并开展了较为广泛的研究.大量的研究结果表明,心血管病放射性介入操作可能给患者造成值得重视的高剂量辐射.但是许多研究都是集中在表面剂量,这个量对评估患者的风险是远远不够的.在外照射情况下,当人体受穿透力强的辐射(X射线、γ射线、中子)照射一定剂量时,可造成深部组织和器官损伤,因此在研究表面剂量的同时,研究深部组织和器官的剂量也是至关重要的.由于放射性介入操作可能引起肿瘤和遗传这类随机性效应损伤,因此需要估算其有效剂量.     

CT引导介入操作中患者有效辐射剂量的研究

目的探讨CT引导下各类介入操作中患者接受的有效辐射剂量。方法回顾性分析近2年来我科CT引导下介入诊断和治疗259例次患者的检查资料。介入操作包括穿刺活检、引流、射频消融、经皮瘤内无水乙醇注射术、放射性¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子植入术、腹腔神经丛阻滞术等6种方法。浏览PCAS系统上的医学信息和图像,并记录患者所接受的介入诊疗方式、扫描时间、扫描次数、总毫安秒、CT剂量指数、剂量长度乘积。有效辐射剂量根据国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）制定的蒙特卡罗有效剂量转换公式进行计算。结果放射性¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子植入术、经皮瘤内无水乙醇注射术、射频消融术、腹腔神经丛阻滞术、引流、活检平均有效辐射剂量分别是（25.62±10.43）mSv、（19.02±7.35）mSv、（18.69±6.39）mSv、（16.22±5.60）mSv、（10.66±4.51）mSv和（9.67±3.81）mSv,粒子植入术的有效辐射量明显高于其他介入操作,差异有统计学意义。结论 CT引导下单次介入操作有效辐射剂量相对较小,引起辐射损伤及后续并发症的危险小,但多次介入治疗累积的有效辐射剂量可能会较大,需要引起一定的重视。     

综合性放射防护措施在介入治疗防护中的应用

目的探讨综合性放射防护措施在介入治疗防护中的应用价值。方法在84例介入手术治疗中联合应用床下铅橡胶帘、铅玻璃防护屏、铅防护服、铅围脖、铅眼镜及距离等对介入操作人员进行综合性防护。利用FJ-2000个人剂量仪监测X射线辐射剂量,并对相关数据进行统计分析。结果床下铅橡胶帘防护效率为93.4%;铅玻璃防护屏防护效率为93.5%;铅防护服防护效率为88.4%这些放射防护器材前后X线辐射剂量差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。距球管1 m处X线衰减量为58.6%,距球管3 m处的X线衰减量为86.4%。1 m与2 m之间,2 m与3 m之间的辐射剂量差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论综合性防护措施在介入操作中可有效降低X射线辐射、减少对介入操作人员身体危害。     

短寿命放射性药品的质量控制

近年来,短寿命的放射性药品在核医学诊断中使用越来越多,因为它们有利于诊断,对患者辐射剂量小,便于操作和污物处理。     

从事或协助透视引导下介入操作医务人员的职业剂量

正从事透视引导下介入(FGI)操作的工作人员是医学上辐射暴露最严重的人群之一。然而,有关工作者每月或每年接受辐射剂量(或随时间变化的剂量趋势)的数据有限。     

出血性脑血管病介入诊疗过程中辐射剂量的分析

目的:测量出血性脑血管病在介入放射学诊疗过程中患者及介入医生所受到的X线辐射剂量,分析探讨影响X线辐射剂量的因素及其减低剂量的途径和方法.方法:应用热释光测量法对我院介入中心近期120例出血性脑血管病进行介入放射学检查和(或)介入治疗时患者及介入医生辐射剂量测量.结果:出血性脑血管病患者行全脑血管造影时患者皮肤剂量范围在0.013～4.032 Gy,介入医生所受剂量范围在0.113～1.601 mGy;行栓塞治疗时患者皮肤剂量范围在2.231～10.868 Gy,介入医生所受剂量范围在0.307～2.548 mLGy.结论:全脑血管造影是诊断出血性脑血管病的金标准,介入治疗是治疗脑血管病的重要而有效的方法之一,但患者及介入医生所受的X线辐射剂量很大,因此应该采取有效的防护措施来减低X线辐射剂量.     

美国介入放射学实践中病人辐射剂量的初步参考值

<正>目的提出在美国X线透视引导下操作病人辐射剂量的初步参考值。材料与方法这是对来自介入放射学操作辐射剂量(RAD-IR)研究数据所作的第二次分析,研究方案得到机构伦理委员会批准并符合HIPAA要求。计算RAD-IR研究中每种操作的剂量分布(百分位数),每一组数据至少含有30例病例。剂量分布的     

江苏省介入放射工作者剂量水平研究

介入放射学在心、脑血管、外周血管、肿瘤等领域取得了飞速的进展[1].由于介入操作技术的特殊性,致使在床边操作的人员町能受到较大的辐射剂量,相当一部分人的年有效剂量超过1 mSv,有的甚至超过50 mSv[2].     

核医学工作人员和受检者辐射防护现状

诊断核医学使用的放射性药物具有电离辐射效应,有可能损害核医学工作人员和受检者的健康或危及生命。笔者介绍了国内外诊断核医学近年来的发展趋势,并对核医学工作人员和受检者在不同检查项目中的辐射剂量进行重点分析,评估他们的辐射防护状况。笔者分析了近年来核医学辐射防护领域的研究,结果表明在采取有效防护措施的情况下,核医学工作人员的年有效剂量低于放射性工作人员的年剂量限值。受检者接受SPECT检查所致的辐射剂量主要来自99Tcm标记的单光子放射性药物,接受PET/CT检查所致的辐射剂量绝大部分来自CT扫描,所以选择合适的放射性药物活度和CT采集条件可以显著降低受检者的辐射剂量。     

Radiation protection in interventional radiology

There is growing concern regarding the radiation dose delivered during interventional procedures, particularly in view of the increasing frequency and complexity of these techniques. This paper reviews the radiation dose levels currently encountered in interventional procedures, the consequent risks to operators and patients and the dose reduction that may be achieved by employing a rigorous approach to radiation protection.     

Occupational Exposure of the Eye Lens in Interventional Procedures: How to Assess and Manage Radiation Dose

Occupational exposure from interventional x-ray procedures is one of the areas in which increased eye lens exposure may occur. Accurate dosimetry is an important element to investigate the correlation of observed radiation effects with radiation dose, to verify the compliance with regulatory dose limits, and to optimize radiation protection practice. The objective of this work is to review eye lens dose levels in clinical practice that may occur from the use of ionizing radiation. The use of a dedicated eye lens dosimeter is the recommended methodology; however, in practice it cannot always be easily implemented. Alternatively, the eye lens dose could be assessed from measurements of other dosimetric quantities or other indirect parameters, such as patient dose. The practical implementation of monitoring eye lens doses and the use of adequate protective equipment still remains a challenge. The use of lead glasses with a good fit to the face, appropriate lateral coverage, and/or ceiling-suspended screens is recommended in workplaces with potential high eye lens doses.     

放射性介入操作中的剂量和健康效应研究现状

介入性放射学是近年发展起来的、在一些计算机新技术和生物工程新材料基础上利用放射诊断学手段进行诊断和治疗的新技术,它的出现,确实给人们带来了巨大的利益,但也开始注意到它可能给病人造成辐射损伤。在一些放射性介入的操作中,病人接受剂量可能大到能引起病人的皮肤和眼晶体损伤,因而病人的辐射防护问题已引起了国内外广泛的重视,而且开展了较为广泛的研究。     

Evolution of radiation exposure to operator in diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures and reduction of radiation exposure to operator with protective device

A study was performed to evaluate operator dose during diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures (IVR) and to establish methods of operator dose reduction with a radiation protective device. Operator dose was measured by glass dosimeters worn on the neck and on the abdomen outside the lead apron. In addition, the dose of the primary beam at the collimator surface was measured, which made it possible to define the correlation between the entrance air kerma, measured with Skin Dose Monitor, and operator dose exposed during the monitored procedure. IVR protectors were developed to decrease the amount of scatter radiation received by operators performing the procedures, and their effects were evaluated in abdominal and cardiac angiography procedures. The average effective dose and doses of the neck and abdomen outside the lead apron, estimated for individual procedures, were as follows: abdominal angiography procedures: effective dose, 0.07 mSv; neck area, 0.18 mSv; abdominal area, 0.51 mSv; cardiac angiography procedures: effective dose, 0.07 mSv; neck area, 0.13 mSv; abdominal area, 0.68 mSv. Operator doses were well correlated with exposure dose in abdominal angiography procedures (diagnostic procedure r=0.84, IVR r=0.77). It was found that 68.0% of the effective dose in abdominal angiography procedures and 43.0% of the effective dose in cardiac angiography procedures could be reduced by the use of IVR protectors. Operator and patient doses in interventional radiology were interdependent. The minimization of operator doses is particularly important during interventional radiology, and it is necessary to be aware of practical radiation protection procedures. Measures that reduce patient dose will also reduce occupational exposure. Moreover, operator dose could be substantially reduced by the use of IVR protectors in addition to wearing a protective lead apron during IVR. It was suggested that IVR protectors are effective radiation protective devices in interventional radiology procedures.     

Establishing diagnostic reference levels for interventional procedures in Kenya

PurposeTo quantify ionizing radiation exposure to patients during interventional procedures and establish national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) for clinical radiation exposure management.MethodsThe cumulative reference point air kerma, kerma area product, fluoroscopy time and other operational parameters were monitored for 50 children and 261 adult patient procedures in five catheterization medical laboratories in Kenya. To estimate the risk associated with the exposure, effective doses were derived from the kerma area product using conversion factors from Monte Carlo models.ResultsAbout 3% of the measured cumulative reference point air kerma for the interventional procedures approached the threshold dose limit with the potential to cause deterministic effects such as skin injuries. In interventional cardiology, the results obtained for both children and adults indicated 33% were below the diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). In adult interventional radiology, 29% for cumulative reference point air kerma, and 43% for kerma area product and fluoroscopy time respectively were below the diagnostic reference levels. NDRLs were proposed for routine use in the procedures considered and for the non-existent DRLs situations in paediatric interventional cardiology.ConclusionThe measured patient doses were above the DRLs available in the literature indicating a need for radiation optimization through, continuous monitoring and recording of patient dose. To promote radiation safety, facilities performing interventional procedures need to establish a radiation monitoring notification threshold for possible deterministic effects, in addition to the use of the newly established national diagnostic reference levels, as a quality assurance measure.     

不同版本国际放射防护委员会建议组织器官权重因子对心脏介入诊疗所致有效剂量的影响

目的 对比采用国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)60和ICRP 103组织器官权重因子计算冠状动脉血管造影术(CAG)及经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术(PCI)所致有效幅射剂量的变化.方法 采用在ART仿真人体辐照体模(fluke biomedical)躯干部分布放热释光剂量计的方法获得器官剂量,再将器官剂量按照不同版本ICRP组织器官权重因子加权求和获得有效剂量.分析有效剂量变化趋势及原因.同时计算有效剂量与剂量面积乘积(DAP)转换系数.结果 ICRP 103对组织器官权重因子进行调整后带来了有效剂量的增加:CAG(6.88%)和PCI(8.46%).对于CAG、PCI诊疗过程,权重因子的变化带来女性有效剂量的变化为7.25%(8.76%),男性有效剂量的变化为6.51%(8.17%);有效剂量对DAP的转换系数也从0.10(0.13)变为0.11(0.14).结论 ICRP 103对组织器官权重因子的调整导致了CAG和PCI诊疗过程所致患者器官剂量的增加,对于有效剂量增加幅度PCI略高于CAG,女性患者略高于男性患者.有效剂量的增加有两方面原因:器官权重因子变化小而器官当量剂量大和器官当量计晕小但器官权重因子变化大.有效剂量和DAP之间转换系数的变化表明在介入放射工作中用转换系数估算患者有效剂量时要考虑新版本ICRP对组织器官权重因子的调整.     

Benefits and safety of CT fluoroscopy in interventional radiologic procedures

PURPOSE: To determine the benefits and safety of computed tomographic (CT) fluoroscopy when compared with conventional CT for the guidance of interventional radiologic procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on 203 consecutive percutaneous interventional procedures performed with use of CT fluoroscopic guidance and 99 consecutive procedures with conventional CT guidance were obtained from a questionnaire completed by the radiologists and CT technologists who performed the procedures. The questionnaire specifically addressed radiation dose measurements to patients and personnel, total procedure time, total CT fluoroscopy time, mode of CT fluoroscopic guidance (continuous versus intermittent), success of procedure, major complications, type of procedure (biopsy, aspiration, or drainage), site of procedure, and level of operator experience. RESULTS: The median calculated patient absorbed dose per procedure and the median procedure time with CT fluoroscopy were 94% less and 32% less, respectively, than those measurements with conventional CT scanning (P <.05). An intermittent mode of image acquisition was used in 97% of the 203 cases. This resulted in personnel radiation dosimetric readings below measurable levels in all cases. CONCLUSION: As implemented at the authors' institution, use of CT fluoroscopy for the guidance of interventional radiologic procedures markedly decreased patient radiation dose and total procedure time compared with use of conventional CT guidance.     

The comparison between dose rates at the interventional reference point of the angiography systems in many facilities

The management of the radiation dose is very important in interventional radiology (IVR), especially in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Therefore, we measured entrance surface doses at the interventional reference point of 27 cardiac intervention procedures in 22 cardiac catheterization laboratories around Hiroshima, and compared these doses. Recently, for cardiac interventional radiology, the X-ray machines using flat-panel detectors (FPD) instead of image intensifiers (I.I.) is increasing; 13 systems used FPD and 14 systems used I.I. For fluoroscopy rate, the difference between laboratories was 9 times. For cineangiography rate, the difference between laboratories was 7 times. In addition, between both devices, the I.I. group is bigger than the FPD group. When comparing by the same condition, for the dose at the interventional reference point, no significant difference was detected between the FPD group and the I.I. group. This study shows that FPD is not available for reducing the radiation dose simply. Therefore, it is necessary that we think of the balance with image quality and radiation dose. The optimization of the devices and cardiac intervention procedures becomes very important.