3.0T MRI鼠脑C6胶质瘤模型弥散加权成像定量研究

目的探讨在3.0TMRI行SD大鼠C6胶质瘤模型病灶中心区及对侧正常尾状核区的ADC及eADC值。方法32只正常雄性SD大鼠,体重250~300g,在右尾状核区接种C6胶质瘤细胞。用3.0TMRI行常规MRI及DWI检查,b值取0,1000s/mm2。在ADC及eADC图上测量病灶中心区及对侧正常尾状核区的ADC及eADC值。结果鼠脑C6胶质瘤模型病灶中心区及对侧正常尾状核区的ADC及eADC值如下:右尾状核C6胶质瘤中心区ADC平均值为(0.805±0.12)×10-3mm2/s,对侧正常尾状核区ADC平均值为(0.666±0.13)×10-3mm2/s,两者差别有统计意义(P<0.01);右尾状核C6胶质瘤中心区eADC平均值为0.451±0.06,对侧正常尾状核区eADC平均值为0.519±0.08,两者差别亦有统计意义(P<0.01)。结论用3.0TMRI对鼠脑C6胶质瘤模型行DWI成像切实可行,并且,通过测定病灶中心区及对侧正常尾状核区的ADC及eADC值,为以后的科研工作提供有价值的参考值。     

3.0 T MRI扩散加权成像ADC值与SD大鼠肝癌分化程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨3.0 T MRI扩散加权成像(DWI)表观扩散系数(ADC)值与SD大鼠小肝癌分化程度的相关性.方法 取SD大鼠80只,注射肝癌诱导试剂,3个月后建立SD大鼠肝癌模型40只,行MRI.常规行T1WI和T2WI定位,DWI采用单次激发自旋回波-回波平面成像(SE-EPI),取b=50 s/mm2和b=100 s/mm2两组,在DWI像上取直径＞5 mm高信号结节在相应ADC图上分别测量其ADC值;检查完毕取相应部位结节行HE染色.结果 40个小肝癌病灶中,27个病灶的组织分化类型单一,其中高分化5个,中分化11个,低分化11个,b=50 s/mm2时其对应ADC值分别为(2.31±0.13)×103mm2/s、(2.03±0.18)×103 mm2/s、(1.64±0.24)×103 mm2/s;b=100 s/mm2时其对应ADC值分别为(2.25±0.04)×103mm2/s、(2.11±0.27)×103mm2/s、(1.89±0.20)×103 mm2/s;余13个病灶具有中、低分化两种不同的组织分化类型,其中5个病灶主要以低分化为主,另8个病灶主要以中分化为主.不同肝癌等级之间的ADC值比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).b=50 s/mm2组中,中分化组ADC值高于低分化组(P＜0.05),高分化组ADC值均高于低分化组与中分化组(P ＜0.05);b=100 s/mm2组中,中分化组与高分化组ADC值均高于低分化组(P＜0.05),而高、中分化之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).b=50 s/mm2时其相关系数r值为0.863,b=100 s/mm2时其相关系数r值约0.696.结论 DWI ADC值与SD大鼠肝癌的病理分级之间有明显相关性,且b=50 s/mm2时相关性更高.     

DWI结合MRI动态增强扫描在肝脏炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤鉴别诊断中的应用

目的:探讨DWI结合MRI动态增强扫描对肝脏炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤与恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值。方法:对经手术或病理证实的肝脏炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤及恶性肿瘤患者行腹部MRI平扫、DWI和动态增强扫描,分析病变的影像特点,并测量分析ROI的ADC值。结果:肝脏炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤增强扫描不强化或边缘纤维组织呈环状强化。原发性肝癌动态增强扫描曲线呈快进快出的特点;转移瘤及胆管细胞癌呈延迟强化。15例炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤中,8例DWI表现为等信号,ADC图表现为稍高信号,平均ADC值(1.21±0.05)×10-3 mm2/s;4例DWI表现为低信号,ADC图表现为低信号,平均ADC值(0.61±0.07)×10-3 mm2/s;3例DWI表现为高信号,ADC图表现为稍高信号,平均ADC值(1.14±0.06)×10-3 mm2/s。原发性肝癌14例中11例DWI表现为高信号,ADC图表现为低信号,平均ADC值(1.27±0.03)×10-3 mm2/s;3例DWI表现为等信号,ADC图表现为稍高信号,平均ADC值(1.38±0.05)×10-3 mm2/s。转移瘤13例DWI表现为高信号,ADC图表现为低信号,平均ADC值(1.27±0.03)×10-3 mm2/s。12例胆管细胞癌DWI表现为稍高信号,ADC图表现为稍低信号,平均ADC值(1.65±0.03)×10-3 mm2/s。结论:DWI结合动态增强扫描对肝脏炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤与恶性肿瘤具有一定的鉴别诊断价值。     

MR扩散加权成像使用不同b值测量腹部脏器ADC值的比较

目的:探讨不同b值对MR扩散加权成像(DWI)时腹部实质性器官和肝脏病灶表观扩散系数(ADC)值测量结果的影响。方法:29例研究对象行DWI检查,包括正常对照组17例,恶性病变组12例(肝细胞癌6例,胆管细胞癌2例,转移癌4例)。对每例受试者分别采用2种扫描方案行DWI扫描,方案A采用b值为0、500和1000s/mm2,方案B采用b值为0、200和400s/mm2。测量并比较两种方案DWI扫描时腹部各器官及肝脏病灶的ADC值。结果:采用A方案时正常肝脏的ADC值为(1.50±0.11)×10-3mm2/s,采用B方案时为(1.13±0.19)×10-3mm2/s,两者差异有极显著性意义(t=6.058,P<0.001)。采用这2种扫描方案其它器官的ADC值测量结果:脾脏分别为(0.94±0.08)×10-3mm2/s和(0.86±0.08)×10-3mm2/s,胰腺分别为(1.43±0.13)×10-3mm2/s和(1.36±0.15)×10-3mm2/s,肾皮质分别为(2.19±0.15)×10-3mm2/s和(2.21±0.19)×10-3mm2/s,肝内恶性病灶分别为(1.11±0.14)×10-3mm2/s和(1.02±0.13)×10-3mm2/s;除肾皮质外,脾脏、胰腺和肝脏病灶的两次ADC值测量结果间的差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05),b值差大时的测量结果均明显高于b值差小者。结论:DWI成像时b值的不同会影响ADC值的测量结果,大b值差时的测量结果较小b值差时更准确且稳定。     

3.0 T磁共振扩散加权成像及表观扩散系数在淋巴瘤诊断及随访中的应用价值

目的 观察恶性淋巴瘤的扩散加权成像(DWI)特征及表观扩散系数(ADC)值在治疗前后的变化,探讨 DWI及ADC值在淋巴瘤诊断和随访中的应用价值.资料与方法 恶性淋巴瘤初发患者15例,男8例,女7例,平均年龄48.7岁.其中10例化疗后进行复查;健康志愿者10名,男5名,女5名,平均年龄48.4岁.在3.0 T MRI上行常规MRI及DWI检查.在ADC图上分别测量恶性淋巴瘤患者及健康志愿者颈部淋巴结的ADC值.10例复查患者在初次检查相一致部位再次测量淋巴结的ADC值,并进行前后对比,同时与健康志愿者进行比较.采用PSS 11.0统计软件,对淋巴瘤患者及正常对照组淋巴结的ADC值进行独立样本的t检验.结果 DWI与常规T2WI脂肪抑制序列比较,DWI能更敏感、直观地显示淋巴结.15例恶性淋巴瘤患者平均ADC值(753.33±31.28)×10-3 mm2/s,化疗后复查,平均ADC值(1088.32±51.28)×10-3 mm2/s.化疗前后ADC值差异有统计学意义(t=5.79,P＜0.05).健康志愿者颈部淋巴结平均ADC值(1264.20±71.60)×10-3 mm2/s.15例淋巴瘤患者治疗前ADC值与健康志愿者差异有统计学意义(t=6.53,P＜0.05),治疗后ADC值与正常人差异无统计学意义(t=1.97,P＞0.05).结论 3.0 T磁共振DWI及ADC值测量为淋巴瘤的诊断及疗效的观察提供了有价值的信息.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在膀胱病变的应用初探

目的 初步探讨扩散加权成像(DWI)及表观弥散系数(ADC)在膀胱癌诊断评估中的应用价值.方法 对45例膀胱癌占位患者行DWI及常规MR序列扫描.比较不同b值下膀胱病灶的ADC值及图像效果;分析DWI与常规序列显示膀胱病灶能力的差异;比较膀胱病灶与周围组织ADC值有无差异.结果 b值取700 s/mm2时膀胱病灶平均ADC值显著高于1500 s/mm2的ADC值.DWI发现膀胱病灶的准确率为98.1%,常规MR序列为96.2%.b值取1500 s/mm2时膀胱癌平均ADC值(0.75±0.12)×10-3mm2/s,显著低于膀胱炎(1.39±0.13)×10-3mm2/s、病灶周围正常膀胱壁(1.42±0.07)×10-3mm2/s、尿液(2.69±0.13)×10-3mm2/s(P<0.05).结论 DWI及ADC值对膀胱癌的诊断评估具有较好的应用价值,是对常规MR检查有意义的补充.     

扩散加权成像鉴别肺恶性肿瘤与实性良性病变的初步研究

目的探讨扩散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)对肺恶性肿瘤与实性良性病变的鉴别诊断价值。资料与方法62例肺内恶性肿瘤和实性良性病变(共66个病灶)行常规MRI和DWI检查,b值为500s/mm2,观察病变区DWI信号特点并测量其表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值。结果不同病变组DWI信号虽有一定特点,但不具特征性。恶性病变组和良性病变组ADC值分别为(1.256±0.320)×10-3mm2/s、(1.648±0.416)×10-3mm2/s,两者差异有统计学意义(t=-3.637,P=0.001),ADC值鉴别肺内良恶性病变的最佳诊断阈值为1.400×10-3mm2/s,敏感性和特异性分别为83.3%和74.1%;小细胞肺癌ADC值为(1.064±0.196)×10-3mm2/s,非小细胞肺癌ADC值为(1.321±0.335)×10-3mm2/s,两者差异亦有统计学意义(t=2.967,P=0.007);原发性肺癌ADC值为(1.255±0.328)×10-3mm2/s,肺转移瘤ADC值为(1.263±0.280)×...     

健康成人肾脏不同部位的磁共振扩散加权成像研究

目的通过测量健康成人肾脏磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）时的表观弥散系数（ADC）值,为肾脏病变患者在DWI检查时提供正常对照值标准。方法 20名无任何肾疾患的健康志愿者均经MRI常规平扫及DWI扫描,DWI扫描时扩散敏感系数b值分别采用0 s/mm2、200 s/mm2、500 s/mm2、800 s/mm2及1000 s/mm2。全部操作是采用EPI序列和呼吸门控软件进行的。结果不同b值下双侧肾脏不同部位皮、髓质ADC值差异有统计学意义,双侧肾脏不同部位皮质在不同b值下的ADC值均高于相应部位髓质,两者之间差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。结论健康成人肾脏各不同部位的ADC值与b值相关,肾脏皮质ADC值高于相应部位的髓质。     

脑型血吸虫病的扩散加权成像表现

目的：探讨脑型血吸虫病的扩散加权成像表现。方法：8例脑型血吸虫病患者,在常规MRI检查基础上行DWI扫描。分析DWI图像,测量血吸虫病灶、灶周水肿及对侧正常脑组织的ADC和eADC值。结果：DWI图上,血吸虫病灶和灶周水肿均呈等信号或稍高信号。脑血吸虫病灶、灶周水肿和对侧正常脑组织的ADC值分别为（14.78±0.98）×10^-4mm^2/s、（15.41±1.87）×10^-4mm^2/s和（8.48±0.92）×10^-4mm^2/s,eADC值分别为0.23±0.02、0.20±0.04和0.43±0.04。结论：磁共振DWI和ADC、eADC值测量可为脑型血吸虫病的诊断提供有价值的信息。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在宫颈癌诊断中的应用

目的评价MR弥散加权成像(DWI)在宫颈癌诊断中应用的价值。方法对30例非宫颈肿瘤女性的子宫颈和50例宫颈癌患者的子宫颈进行常规MRI扫描和横断面DWI(b=600s/mm2),比较正常宫颈和宫颈癌病灶的表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值。结果正常子宫颈DWI表现为粘液,内、中、外带四层结构,其平均ADC值〔(1.71±0.14)×10-3 mm2/s)〕显著高于宫颈癌的ADC值〔(0.97±0.13)×10-3 mm2/s)〕(P<0.01)。结论 ADC值可有效地定量区分宫颈癌与正常宫颈,DWI更容易显示宫颈癌及其周围侵犯和盆腔淋巴结转移。     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Molecular imaging programs in the United States: results of a national survey

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify and describe the characteristics of molecular imaging (MI) programs in the United States and to determine the factors considered critical for their future. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a validated survey was sent to members of the Society of Chairmen in Academic Radiology Departments (SCARD) in the United States, and 26 variables were studied. RESULTS: The response rate was 40.3%; 67.9% of the departments surveyed have an MI program. The main focus of 47.4% of departments is oncology. The number of radiologists working for the department was the only variable found to be significantly positively correlated with (1) number of researchers in the MI program, (2) number of MI modalities available, (3) total number of grants, and (4) having ongoing MI clinical trials. These four variables plus the number of federal grants and the space used by MI programs were independent of the geographical region, hospital size (number of beds), and department size (number of radiological examinations per year). All the MI programs received grants during 2005. Only 16.1% have no alliances with industry. Among all the departments, 82% identified staff training and recruitment as the keys for success; 78.57% considered oncology the most important future application of MI and cancer management the hospital service most affected by MI. CONCLUSION: MI programs are starting to be more widespread throughout the United States, and the trend is for more academic radiology departments to become engaged in MI activities; their development is independent of department characteristics. Radiology departments strongly agreed about the key components for success of MI initiatives and the areas that will be most affected by MI applications.