乳腺肿瘤X线摄影临床价值分析

目的探讨乳腺X线摄影在乳腺肿瘤鉴定与诊断中的应用价值。方法分析70例X线摄影的乳腺肿块患者的影像学资料,X线诊断结果与病理结果进行对比分析。结果乳腺X线摄影结果与金标准病理诊断的符合率为80.00%。70例腺肿块患者的肿块及结构扭曲、钙化等征象23例,仅表现微钙化征象11例,毛刺样肿块21例,伴乳头凹陷8例,乳腺皮肤增厚10例,肿块周围粗大血管征5例。6例良性病变误诊为恶性病变:3例为右乳外上象限肿块影,边缘清晰,呈浅分叶状,未见明显钙化,术后病理结果为乳腺结核;2例为左乳外上象限大片状致密影,其内大片成簇状微小钙化,病理结果为乳腺囊肿;1例为左乳头深部肿块影,边缘模糊欠规整,病理结果为乳腺囊肿。8例良性病变因钼靶表现为边缘模糊,未见明显毛刺征象,术前误诊为乳腺癌。乳腺肿瘤钼靶X线诊断乳腺肿瘤的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为79.49%、80.65%、80.00%。结论肿块及微小钙化是乳腺癌最直接、最主要的X线征象,乳腺X线摄影对乳腺组织结构显示清晰,特别是对微小钙化有很高的诊断价值。     

乳腺肿瘤性病变的钼靶X线征象分析

目的 明确乳腺肿瘤性病变的钼靶X线征象,评价钼靶在乳腺肿瘤性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值.资料与方法 总结分析本院从2008年6月至2010年1月共1330例乳腺疾病钼靶X线摄影中检出并经手术和病理证实为乳腺肿瘤患者176例,其中乳腺良性肿瘤103例,乳腺癌70例,交界性叶状肿瘤3例.常规摄乳腺X线片,怀疑乳腺导管内乳头状瘤者,行溢液乳管造影.结果 (1)乳腺良性肿瘤钼靶X线多表现为圆形、椭圆形肿块,边界清楚,周边有或无透明"晕征",导管内乳头状瘤造影多表现为导管内单个或多个充盈缺损.(2)70例乳腺癌的钼靶X线征象,表现为肿块者56例(80%),砂粒状或簇状微钙化46例(66%),肿块伴微钙化42例(60%),结构扭曲、紊乱5例(7%),局灶性致密影3例(4%),血管影增粗24例(34%).(3)叶状肿瘤的钼靶X线表现为圆形或浅分叶状肿块,密度高而均匀,肿块体积较大.结论 乳腺不同良恶性肿瘤具有较为特征性的X线征象,钼靶X线在乳腺良恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要意义,结合临床病史,可进一步提高诊断准确率.     

全视野数字化乳腺摄影对乳腺导管原位癌的诊断价值

目的 :探讨全视野数字化乳腺摄影(full-field digital mammography,FFDM)对乳腺导管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)的诊断价值。方法 :选择经手术病理证实的DCIS患者36例,分析其X线表现。患者术前均行FFDM检查。诊断标准采用美国放射学院(ACR)推荐的乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BI-RADS)。结果:病灶出现钙化23例;肿块16例,其中肿块伴钙化5例;局灶性致密伴钙化11例;结构扭曲伴钙化7例;阴性1例;致密乳腺建议其他检查1例。BI-RADS诊断:5类11例,4类19例,3类3例,2类、1类、0类各1例。FFDM诊断的敏感性91.67%,符合率83.33%。结论:DCIS的常见X线表现为恶性钙化、肿块,FFDM对乳腺DCIS有重要的诊断价值。     

超声检查和乳腺X线摄影及数字乳腺断层摄影对乳腺肿块的应用

目的探讨超声检查、乳腺X线摄影和数字乳腺断层摄影对致密型乳腺无钙化肿块的诊断价值。方法收集100例致密型乳腺无钙化肿块患者的临床资料,以病理组织检查结果为金标准,进行乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BI-RADS)评价常规超声、乳腺X线摄影和数字乳腺断层摄影对疾病的检出率和符合率。结果 100例患者中,良性病变41例(41.00%),平均肿块直径(2.14±0.68)cm;恶性病变59例(59.00%),平均肿块直径(2.32±0.71)cm。良性病变与恶性病变患者肿块直径的比较,并无明显差异(P0.05)。超声对良性致密型乳腺无钙化肿块的检出率和符合率均明显高于乳腺X线摄影、数字乳腺断层摄影(P0.05),乳腺X线摄影与数字乳腺断层摄影对良性病变的检出率和符合率的比较,均无明显差异(P0.05)。三种影像学方法对恶性致密型乳腺无钙化肿块的检出率和符合率的比较,均无明显差异(P0.05)。超声对乳腺肿块良性病变的BI-RADS分类结果与乳腺X线摄影比较,存在明显差异(P0.05);超声与数字乳腺断层摄影、乳腺X线摄影与数字乳腺断层摄影对乳腺肿块良性病变的BI-RADS分类结果比较,并无明显差异(P0.05);三种影像学方法对乳腺肿块恶性病变的BI-RADS分类结果比较,并无明显差异(P0.05)。结论对致密型乳腺无钙化肿块数字乳腺断层摄影、超声的诊断价值相当,二者的检出率和诊断符合率均高于乳腺X线摄影。     

全数字化乳腺X线摄影对乳腺导管原位癌的诊断价值

目的探讨全数字化乳腺X线摄影(full-field digital mammography,FFDM)对乳腺导管原位癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析52例经穿刺或手术病理证实的乳腺导管原位癌的X线摄影表现。结果以恶性钙化为主要征象32例,钙化表现为微细、多形性,呈簇状、群集或段性分布,其中单纯钙化24例,钙化合并局灶性致密8例;表现为肿块8例,其中3例肿块边缘见毛刺;单纯局灶性致密3例;结构扭曲2例;导管造影显示导管内占位性病变3例;X线无异常发现4例。结论 FFDM可以清晰显示微小钙化、小结节、局灶致密及结构扭曲等征象,尤其对微小钙化敏感,对乳腺导管原位癌的诊断具有重要价值。     

男性乳腺肿块的乳腺X线分析及其临床意义

目的:研究引起男性乳腺肿块常见疾病的X线表现特点及诊断,以提高对其认识.方法:收集因乳腺肿块进行乳腺X线检查的男性49例,回顾性分析上述患者的乳腺X线表现及临床特点,归纳可引起男性乳腺肿块的常见疾病种类.结果:49例男性患者,经乳腺X线检查诊断为男性乳腺发育症45例,其中结节型31例(68.9％),树枝型6例(13.3％),弥漫型8例(17.8％).另外4例经X线检查发现乳腺肿块归为BI-RADS 4类,最终手术病理证实为浸润性乳腺癌1例,转移性腺癌1例,囊内乳头状癌1例,脂肪坏死1例.结论:男性乳腺发育症和男性乳腺癌是引起男性乳腺肿块的常见病因,前者一般通过典型X线表现就可做出正确诊断,男性乳腺癌、脂肪坏死等少见疾病的确诊仍有赖于最终病理诊断.     

评估数字相位对比乳腺X线摄影系统的乳腺X线片计算机辅助检测病变的能力

<正>评价计算机辅助检测(CAD)系统对数字相位对比乳腺X线摄影(PCM)系统摄片图像中检测微小钙化和肿块的能力,PCM系统是以相位对比和25μm像素的高分辨率乳腺X线摄影提供的清晰图像为特征。从大约3500例乳腺X线片中收集50例正常的和50例异常的乳腺X线摄影打印成胶片并在观片灯上阅片。7名有     

乳腺良性病变的钼靶X线诊断

目的 探讨乳腺良性病变的钼靶X线诊断价值.方法 收集63例行钼靶摄片检查并经手术及病理证实的乳腺良性病变,对其临床及X线征象进行回顾性分析.结果 63例共发现肿块性病变64个,包括纤维腺瘤42例,囊肿10例,导管乳头状瘤7例.错构瘤2例,以及血管瘤2例.病变边界清晰者32个,部分边界清晰者22个,边界模糊者10个,伴有钙化的肿块12例.结论 钼靶X线检查对乳腺良性病变的诊断、鉴别诊断具有重要价值,应作为女性乳腺肿块性病变的首选检查方法.     

乳腺浸润性导管癌全数字化X线表现56例回顾性分析

目的探讨乳腺浸润性导管癌的X线表现,提高对乳腺浸润性导管癌的X线影像诊断水平。方法收集经手术病理证实且术前均行全数字化乳腺X线检查的浸润性导管癌的56例进行回顾性分析。结果 56例患者的X线表现:肿块36例,钙化22例,肿块伴钙化6例,局限性密度增高或结构扭曲4例,皮肤及乳头改变2例。结论乳腺浸润性导管癌的X线,其中较多见的X线表现为肿块和钙化,具有较高诊断价值,其他少见征象亦具有一定的诊断意义。     

乳腺派杰氏病的X线表现及临床特点

目的:探讨乳腺派杰氏病(Paget病)的X线表现及其临床意义。方法:结合临床及病理检查系统分析4例患者经手术证实的乳腺派杰氏病的X线平片。结果:主要X线表现:4例患者中,有乳头乳晕皮肤改变2例(其中乳腺下象限不规则肿块1例);乳头凹陷2例。4例中有2例分别见乳腺弥漫分布的短棒状、分支状钙化和多发细沙粒状钙化,有1例淋巴结转移。结论:虽然乳腺Paget病的X线表现无明显特异性,但X线检查是乳头乳晕湿疹样改变的绝对指征。放射科医生能够认识和掌握派杰氏病的临床特征,对该病的早期诊断意义重大。     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控通路以及与肿瘤发生发展关系的研究进展作一综述.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.