LC／MS／MS法测定人血中硫普罗宁的浓度及药物动力学研究

目的建立LC／MS／MS法测定人血中硫普罗宁浓度的方法,并研究其在健康男性受试者体内的药物动力学。方法采用LC／MS／MS（ESI源）测定硫普罗宁的血浆浓度,计算药物动力学参数。结果硫普罗宁线性范围为25．0-5000ng·mL^-1,定量下限为25．0ng·mL^-1日内、日间精密度（RSD）均〈15％,准确度（RE）在15％以内。应用本法测得20名健康男性受试者口服200mg硫普罗宁胶囊后主要药代动力学参数为：tmax,为（4．20±1．01）h,t1／2为（5．61±4．42）h,Cmax为（4456±2447）ng·mL^-1,AU C0-24h为（20566±9902）ng·mL^-1,Ke为（0．173±0．094）h^-1。结论该法操作简便、快速、灵敏,可用于测定血浆中硫普罗宁浓度。     

泮托拉唑肠溶胶囊人体生物利用度及生物等效性研究

目的研究泮托拉唑肠溶胶囊在健康志愿者体内的生物利用度及生物等效性。方法20例健康志愿者随机交叉口服2种泮托拉唑肠溶胶囊各40mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血中药物浓度。结果健康志愿者口服泮托拉唑肠溶胶囊受试制剂及参比制剂后的峰浓度（Cmax）分别为（3158．81±761．351）ng／mL和（3061．48±644．54）ng／mL,达峰时间（Tmax）分别为（2．3±0．5）h和（2．2±0．5）h,0—12h药时曲线下面积（AUC0-12）分别为（6957．16±2012．73）ng·h／L和（7031．52±2095．4）ng·h／L,血浆半衰期（t1／2）分别为（1．72±0．22）h和（1．78±0．26）h。结论2种泮托拉唑肠溶胶囊在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学参数相似,具有生物等效性。     

CombretastatinA4及其磷酸酯二钠在大鼠体内的药代动力学比较研究

目的：采用LC—MS／MS技术比较研究Combretastatin（CA4）及其磷酸酯二钠（CA4P）前药分别给药于SD大鼠后的药代动力学差异。方法：12只SD大鼠禁食后分别单次尾静脉给予50mg／kgCA4P或36mg／kgCA4（等摩尔量）,采集不同时间点血样,采用LC—Ms／MS方法进行血样药物浓度测定,求算相应的药代动力学参数,并建立CA4P-CA4转化的药动学模型。结果：大鼠单剂量i．v．50mg／kgCA4P或36mg／kgCA4后,CA4P和CA4血浆药物浓度一时间曲线下面积AUC分别为（27126±4142）、（7751±801）、（5037±1433）ng·h·mL-1,消除半衰期t1／2分别为（0．85±0．35）、（1．27±0．33）和（0．95±0．65）h。CA4P和CA4在SD大鼠体内药动学行为均无性别差异。结论：大鼠单剂量i．v．50mg／kgCA4P后,CA4P在体内迅速转化为CA4,相比于直接i．v．36mg／kgCA4,CA4在体内的暴露量（AUC）显著性提高（P〈0．05）,消除半衰期也有所增加,为前药CA4P的药代动力学优势。     

伊曲康唑脂质体在大鼠体内药动学研究

目的：研究伊曲康唑脂质体在大鼠体内的药动学。方法：大鼠尾静脉注射伊曲康唑脂质体及伊曲康唑注射液,建立液相-质谱联用分析（LC—MS／MS）方法测定血浆中的伊曲康唑药物浓度。结果：伊曲康唑血浓度在10～1600ng·ml^-1范围内线性良好（r=0．9989）,伊曲康唑脂质体及市售伊曲康唑注射液大鼠体内MRT分别为（3．68±0．19）h和（1．70±0．06）h,AUC分别为（155．47±13．84）mg·L^-1·h和（87．12±5．55）mg·L^-1·h,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：伊曲康唑脂质体具有一定的缓释作用。     

盐酸度洛西汀大鼠离体肠吸收动力学

目的考察盐酸度洛西汀在大鼠各肠段的吸收特征。方法采用离体外翻肠囊法,以HPLC法测定不同浓度的盐酸度洛西汀在大鼠各肠段的吸收量,并分别计算吸收速率常数（ka）和表观渗透系数（Papp）;同法考察了P-糖蛋白抑制剂（维拉帕米和环孢素A）对盐酸度洛西汀肠道吸收的影响。结果药物浓度对大鼠各肠段ka没有明显影响;ka按空肠、回肠、十二指肠、结肠依次减小,分别为（2．64±0．17）、（2．15±0．11）、（1．24±0．04）和（0．88±0．09）·h^-1,药物吸收符合一级动力学特征,吸收机制为被动扩散;P。按空肠、回肠、十二指肠和结肠依次减小,分别为（5．59±1．69）×10^-5、（4．88±1．38）×10^-5、（3．08±1．05）和（2．66±0．70）×10^-5cm·8^-1;P-糖蛋白抑制剂对吸收没有明显影响。结论盐酸度洛西汀吸收窗比较长,适合制成肠溶制剂,也提示可以制成在肠道中缓释的制剂。     

新藤黄酸大鼠在体肠吸收动力学研究

目的：探讨新藤黄酸在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征,为设计新藤黄酸新型给药系统提供可靠的生物药剂学依据。方法：采用大鼠在体肠灌流吸收实验模型,并考察新藤黄酸在浓度为3．0、10、30ug／mL、以及不同肠段（结肠、回肠、空肠、十二指肠）对新藤黄酸吸收的影响,用HPLC－UV测定新藤黄酸的浓度。结果：在3．0～30ug／mL范围内新藤黄酸的浓度与吸收速率成线性关系,新藤黄酸在结肠、回肠、空肠、十二指肠的吸收速率常数（K。）分别为（0．03944±0．00158）、（0．04012±0．00103）、（0．04104±0．00124）、（0．08620±0．00272）h_。。结论：新藤黄酸在大鼠肠道符合一级动力学的吸收过程,在大鼠肠道为被动扩散的吸收机制。新藤黄酸在大鼠的各个肠道都有吸收,因此将新藤黄酸设计为控释制剂是可行的。     

非那雄胺血浆浓度测定及其生物等效性研究

目的建立非那雄胺血药浓度的液相色谱一质谱联用（LC—MS）测定法，用于人体生物等效性研究。方法采用随机双交叉试验设计，20名健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂2mg，用LC—MS法测定人血浆中的非那雄胺浓度。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的0～24h药时曲线下面积（AUC（0-24））分别为（123．95±25．47）μg·h／L和（126．35±28．16）μg·h／L，AUC（0-∞）分别为（126．12±27．48）μg·h／L和（129．85±29．12）μg·h／L，峰浓度（Cmax）分别为（22．17±3．83）μg／L和（22、48±4．69）μg／L，达峰时间（t1/2）分别为（3．1±0．6）h和（2．9±0．8）h，半衰期（t1/2）分别为（4．2±0．3）h和（4．3±0．5）h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（99．4±9．2）％。结论两种非那雄胺片剂具有生物等效性．     

LC-MS法测定Beagle犬血浆中埃博霉素B及其药动学研究

目的建立液相色谱串联质谱（LC—MS）法测定Beagle犬血浆中埃博霉素B含量,分析埃博霉素B在Beagle犬体内的药动学参数。方法采用LC—MS方法测定Beagle犬接受O．05,O．10和0．15mg／kg埃博霉素B静脉给药后不同时问点的血浆浓度,药物浓度一时间数据通过DAS2．0版软件进行分析。结果血浆中埃博霉素B在O．1～18ng／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=O．9999）,血浆中样品提取回收率大于70％,日内和日间的精密度（RSD）均小于15％。药动学参数t1/2β分别为（76．20±7．24）、（71．41±10．62）和（64．62±9．76）h,AUCo。分别为（43．89±7．95）、（95．16±20．82）和（127．43±31．41）μg／（L·h）。结论LC—MS测定方法操作简便,专属性强,灵敏度高,适用于Beagle犬体内埃博霉素B的浓度测定和药动学研究。Beagle犬静脉注射3个剂量埃博霉索B后的药物浓度一时问数据符合二室模型特征,且埃博霉素B在犬体内半衰期较长。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆阿奇霉素浓度及生物等效性研究

目的建立阿奇霉素血药浓度的液相色谱-质谱联用（LC—MS）测定法，为临床用药提供参考依据。方法采用随机双交叉试验设计，20名健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂0．5g，用LC—MS法测定人血浆中的阿奇霉素浓度。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的0～144h药时曲线下面积（AUC0-144）分别为（6617．87±2669．96）μg·h／L和（6456．05±2739．62）μg·h／L；0～∞药时曲线下面积（AUC0-n）分别为（7146．36±2848．25）μg·h／L（7089．33±3073．11）μg·h／L；峰浓度（Cmax）分别为（546．69±198．75）μg／L和（536．47±192．27）μg／L；峰时间（Tmax）分别为（2．1±0．9）h和（2．2±0．9）b；半衰期（t1/2）分别为（41．17±8．68）h和（44．22μ8．48）h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（102．7±9．7）％。结论两种国产阿奇霉素片剂具有生物等效性。     

川芎嗪对罗丹明123在大鼠小肠的吸收影响

目的研究川芎嗪对P—gp底物罗丹明123在大鼠小肠的吸收动力学影响。方法将24只大鼠分为以下4组：罗丹明123组、川芎嗪与罗丹明123组，川芎嗪预处理后并用罗丹明123合用组、川芎嗪预处理后单用罗丹明123组。采用大鼠在体肠灌流模型和高效液相色谱法考察各组大鼠小肠吸收罗丹明123的速率。结果各组大鼠小肠吸收速度常数分别为（0．2690±0．0480）／h、（0．3076±0．0599）／h、（0．3399±0．0424）／h和（0．2957±0．0523）／h。吸收百分率分别为（20．86±3．88）％、（24．33±4．32）％、（25．23±2．51）％和（22．34±2．89）％。结论川芎嗪在经过预处理并加入灌流液的条件下能显著提高罗丹明123的吸收速率。     

In vitro assessment of plasma protein binding of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 by equilibrium dialysis and LC-MS analysis: a case of species differences

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is isolated from Chinese traditional ginsengs with main antitumor effects. To support its pharmacokinetic study which was essential for the pre-clinical research for new drug development, in this paper, 20(R)-Rh2 plasma protein binding was assessed in vitro at four concentration levels (50, 100, 200, 400 ng/ml) both in rat and human plasma using equilibrium dialysis and followed by LC-MS analysis. The method was optimized against some influencing factors during both experimental procedures. And it was validated to be specific, sensitive, accurate, precise and of satisfactory recovery. The results showed the binding fractions were about 70% for rats and 27% for human within four concentration levels. It exhibited a significant species difference between human and rats for the plasma protein binding of 20(R)-Rh2.     

去氢骆驼蓬碱衍生物DH-004大鼠在体肠吸收动力学研究

目的考察去氢骆驼蓬碱衍生物DH-004大鼠在体肠吸收动力学特征,探讨其可能的吸收机制。方法建立UPLC法测定灌流液中DH-004浓度,用大鼠在体单向肠灌流模型考察不同质量浓度的DH-004在不同肠段的吸收特征。结果 DH-004在全肠段均有吸收。20.0μg·mL^-1 DH-004在十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的吸收速率常数(K_a)分别为(11.66±3.84)×10^-2,(10.85±2.65)×10^-2,(7.48±1.70)×10^-2和(4.75±1.14)×10^-2 min,药物表观渗透系数(P_app)分别为(1.47±0.33)×10^-2,(1.55±0.20)×10^-2,(1.25±0.10)×10^-2和(0.98±0.22)×10^-2 cm·min^-1。DH-004在十二指肠段与空肠段的K_a均明显大于其在回肠和结肠的K_a(均P<0.05)。结论 DH-004在大鼠小肠全段有不同程度地吸收,十二指肠和空肠可能为其主要吸收部位。     

Absorption and Presystemic Metabolism of Selegiline Hydrochloride at Different Regions in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Healthy Males

Purpose. The absorption and disposition of selegiline (SEL) and its metabolites N-desmethylselegiline (DMS), L-methamphetamine (MET), and L-amphetamine (AMP) were assessed in 8 healthy male volunteers at proximal and distal regions of the intestine relative to oral administration (in the stomach) to determine if intestinal site dependence contributed to the erratic oral absorption of selegiline hydrochloride which is manifest as low and variable bioavailability. Methods. An open-label, four-way crossover, single dose pharmacokinetic study comparing the bioavailability of 10 mg selegiline hydrochloride administered to healthy young males as a solution by the oral route (in the stomach) and by a nasoenteric tube to the following three sites: duodenum, jejunum and terminal ileum was conducted. Infusions were administered over a 1 minute interval and a two week washout was observed between treatments. Samples were taken over 96 hours and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Results. Selegiline exposure was greatest following administration to the stomach (~150% > duodenum or jejunum) and least in the terminal ileum (~33% less than duodenum or jejunum). Duodenal and jejunal sites were equivocal based on selegiline absorption and subsequent metabolism. While both AMP and MET exposure was equivalent at all dosing sites, DMS exposure was less (~18%) at the terminal ileum. Conclusions. The oral absorption of selegiline is neither permeability-limited or intestinal site-dependent. Stomach absorption may bypass presystemic metabolism. The reduced DMS exposure at the terminal ileum is consistent with the theorized presystemic formation of DMS via luminal P450 enzymes and the density of these enzymes in the duodenum and jejunum relative to the ileum. AMP and MET metabolites were insensitive to dosing site consistent with their hepatic formation. The true magnitude of these effects would require multiple dosing as single dose pharmacokinetics do not predict the extent of multiple dose selegiline exposure.     

3种药物转运体抑制剂对沙奎那韦在大鼠肠道吸收影响的体外试验

目的:体外研究药物转运体P糖蛋白(P-gp)和多药耐药相关蛋白2(Mrp2)特异性抑制剂对沙奎那韦在大鼠肠道吸收的影响。方法:取大鼠用乌拉坦麻醉后,分别取十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠各8cm,制备离体肠外翻模型,检测不同肠段在P-gp抑制剂地高辛(10μmol.L-1)和维拉帕米(100μmol.L-1)、Mrp2抑制剂丙磺舒(600μmol.L-1)分别与沙奎那韦(12.5μg.mL-1)的混合Krebs-Ringer缓冲液(K-R液)中孵育5、10、20、30、45、60、90min后对沙奎那韦的累积吸收量;另设含沙奎那韦的K-R液为对照组。结果:沙奎那韦在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠K-R液中的累积吸收量分别为(7.25±1.23)、(4.96±1.58)、(3.89±0.95)、(5.85±1.21)μg,吸收速率为十二指肠>结肠>空肠>回肠。维拉帕米((10.03±3.56)、(7.52±2.21)、(7.45±1.8)μg)和地高辛((8.76±2.25)、(5.98±1.89)、(6.04±1.92)μg)可显著提高沙奎那韦在结肠、空肠、回肠K-R液中的累积吸收量(P<0.05),对十二指肠无显著影响(P>0.05);丙磺舒对沙奎那韦在各肠段K-R液中的累积吸收量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:P-gp可显著影响沙奎那韦的肠道吸收,Mrp2对沙奎那韦的肠道吸收无影响。     

大鼠在体单向肠灌流法对核黄素肠吸收的研究

目的：研究核黄素在大鼠肠道的在体吸收情况。方法应用大鼠在体肠灌流技术中的重量法研究核黄素在大鼠的十二指肠、空肠、回肠的吸收情况,用高效液相色谱法测定肠灌流液中核黄素的含量,计算核黄素的有效渗透系数（Pef）及药物吸收速率常数（Ka ）。结果核黄素在大鼠各肠段的 Pef（×10－4 cm·s －1）按十二指肠、空肠、回肠顺序依次分别为1.002±0.630、0.818±0.386、0.796±0.372;Ka （×10－3 s －1）依次为1.114±0.625、0.905±0.452、0.873±0.369。结论核黄素在大鼠肠段不同部位吸收存在差异,核黄素在十二指肠的吸收显著高于空肠和回肠段。     

在体肠灌流模型研究灵仙新苷的大鼠肠吸收特性

目的:研究灵仙新苷在大鼠肠段的吸收特征。方法:以酚红为标示物,采用在体单向肠灌流模型,LC-MS/MS测定灵仙新苷在体肠灌流的浓度变化,研究灵仙新苷的吸收部位和吸收动力学特征。结果:灵仙新苷在大鼠小肠各肠段的吸收速率常数(Ka)、有效渗透系数(Peff)是十二指肠>空肠≈回肠,且十二指肠的Ka和Peff值与其他肠段存在显著性差异(P<0.05);灌流液中同一肠段不同浓度灵仙新苷的Ka和Peff均无统计学显著差异;盐酸维拉帕米和环孢素A均显著性降低对灵仙新苷的吸收(P<0.05)。结论:灵仙新苷在小肠有不同程度的吸收,其中在十二指肠吸收最好,药物浓度对灵仙新苷的Peff和Ka值无影响,其吸收机制为被动扩散,灵仙新苷可能不是P-糖蛋白底物。     

人参总皂苷中Rg1的吸收特性研究

目的：建立准确、灵敏、可靠的Rg1 HPLC-MS测定方法,研究总皂苷及单体给药后Rg1在小肠各段的吸收情况,考察是否存在分肠段吸收差异.方法：在不同肠段（十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠） 的在体肠袢中注入Rg1或含等量Rg1的总皂苷水溶液,在不同时间点取血样,提取后测定血内药物浓度,比较各个肠段对Rg1吸收的差异.同时比较单体Rg1和含等量Rg1的总皂苷水溶液灌胃后,大鼠体内Rg1的血药浓度经时过程.结果：总皂苷灌胃后,大鼠体内Rg1的血药浓度在 6 h 出现明显的双峰,而单体Rg1给药后没有出现双峰现象.不同肠段在体肠袢模型实验及灌胃实验结果表明,总皂苷给药后Rg1的吸收明显好于单体给药,总皂苷及单体给药后Rg1在不同肠段的吸收有明显差异,在十二指肠和回肠两个肠段无明显差异.结论：单体Rg1和总皂苷中Rg1在大鼠体内吸收存在明显差异,总皂苷中可能含有某种特殊物质可以在十二指肠和回肠促进Rg1的吸收.     

Biopharmaceutics classification and intestinal absorption study of apigenin

The aim of the study was to characterize the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) category of apigenin (AP) using intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) and rat intestinal permeability, and to investigate the intestinal absorption mechanism of AP in rats. In the present investigation, equilibrium solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of AP were estimated in phosphate buffers. Effective intestinal permeability (P(eff)) of AP was determined using single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) technique in four segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) of rat intestine at three concentrations (10, 50 and 100μg/ml). The aqueous solubility of AP in tested phosphate buffers was very poor with maximum solubility of 2.16μg/ml at pH 7.5. The IDR of AP was very low with a value of 0.006mg/min/cm(2). The minimum and maximum P(eff)s determined by SPIP were 0.198×10(-4) and 0.713×10(-4)cm/s at jejunum and duodenum site, respectively. In addition, the concentration-dependent permeability behavior was observed in the duodenum and jejunum, which suggested that AP was transported by both passive and active carrier-mediated saturable mechanism in these two intestinal segments. However, the observed concentration-independent permeability behavior in ileum and colon indicated primarily passive transport mechanism of absorption of AP in the last two intestinal segments. AP was classified as class II drug of the BCS due to its low solubility and high intestinal permeability. AP could be well absorbed in the whole intestine with the main absorption site at duodenum. The absorption of AP in four intestinal segments exhibited different transport mechanisms.     

Determination of site of absorption of propranolol in rat gut using in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion

Previously, permeability and site of intestinal absorption of propranolol have been reported using the Ussing chamber. In the present study, the utility of Single-Pass Intestinal Perfusion to study permeability and site of intestinal absorption of propranolol was evaluated in rats. Drug permeability in different regions of rat intestine viz. duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon was measured. Propranolol (30 μg/ml) solution was perfused in situ in each intestinal segment of rats. Effective permeability (Peff) of propranolol in each segment was calculated and site of absorption was determined. The Peff of propranolol in rat duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon was calculated to be 0.3316×10(-4) cm/s, 0.4035×10(-4)cm/s, 0.5092×10(-4) cm/s and 0.7167×10(-4) cm/s, respectively. The above results suggest that permeability of propranolol was highest through colon compared to other intestinal sites, which is in close agreement to that reported previously. In conclusion, in situ single pass intestinal perfusion can be used effectively to study intestinal permeability as well as site of intestinal absorption of compounds in rats.     

马来酸曲美布汀大鼠肠吸收动力学研究

目的研究马来酸曲美布汀在大鼠不同肠段的吸收动力学特征,为其剂型设计提供生物药剂学依据。方法采用大鼠在体肠循环法研究马来酸曲美布汀的吸收部位和吸收动力学特征,利用紫外-可见分光光度法和反相-高效液相色谱法分别测定肠循环液中酚红和甲硝唑浓度。结果马来酸曲美布汀在十二指肠、空肠、回肠及结肠中的吸收速度常数分别为0.230±0.023、0.084±0.051、0.202±0.021、0.170±0.038(h-1),不同药物浓度(10、20、25μg/ml)在小肠的吸收速率常数分别为0.393±0.044、0.354±0.017、0.365±0.075(h-1),胆总管引流与不引流时药物在小肠的吸收速率常数分别为0.354±0.017、0.370±0.014(h-1)。结论马来酸曲美布汀在全肠段中均有吸收,吸收在10～25μg/ml浓度范围内符合一级动力学特征,吸收机制为被动扩散,胆汁排泄对药物吸收影响不大。