蛋白质冷冻干燥制品中的保护剂及其保护机制

综述蛋白质保护剂冻干制品中各类保护剂的应用及其作用机制的研究进展，所涉及的保护剂种类包括多羟基化合物、糖、氨基酸、聚合物、蛋白质等。     

糖尿病健康教育护理体会

糖尿病是一种常见的内分泌-代谢疾病,因胰岛素绝对或相对不足及靶细胞对胰岛素敏感性降低,引起糖、蛋白质、脂肪和继发性水、电解质紊乱、高血糖等临床特征。患者表现为多尿、多饮、多食和消瘦,久病可致多系统损害,重症或应激时可发生酮症酸中毒或其他急性代谢紊乱。随着现代经济发展和     

凝集素在肿瘤进展、迁移及预后研究中的应用

凝集素是一类能识别、结合特定单糖或糖链结构的糖蛋白或蛋白质,因其不但能够用于寡糖或糖复合物的分离纯化,也可用于糖链结构的分析,近年来被广泛用于分析各种肿瘤细胞表面糖链结构,以及肿瘤进展、迁移及预后等方面的研究。     

老年人糖尿病的药物应用护理

糖尿病是由遗传因素、免疫功能紊乱、精神因素等多种病因引起以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢紊乱;各种致病因子导致机体胰岛素分泌或作用的缺陷,或二者同时存在而引起的,从而引发机体对糖、蛋白质、脂肪、水和电解质等一系列代谢紊乱异常。久病可引起多系统损害,导致眼、肾、神经、心脏、血管等组织的慢性进行性病变,引起功能缺陷及衰竭。随着年龄增长,各器官功能逐渐衰退,合理的对老年糖尿病患者应用药物控制糖尿病的发展,减少并发症的产生,提高患者生活质量尤为重要。     

糖尿病与糖 不得不说的故事

糖尿病患者必须与糖决裂吗?在回答这一问题之前,我们有必要搞清楚糖尿病和糖的基本概念:糖尿病是一种多病因的代谢疾病,特点是慢性高血糖,伴随因胰岛素分泌及/或作用缺陷而引起的糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢紊乱.     

脂质体在生物大分子药物中的应用

脂质体作为新的制剂技术,对提高蛋白质、多糖、多肽类等生物大分子药物的稳定性、靶向性及临床应用有很大的帮助.综述对脂质体作为生物大分子药物载体的优点及制备方法,并介绍了新型脂质体在大分子药物中的应用.     

浅谈生物(生化)试剂的正确贮存

生物(生化)试剂的正确管理应针对两大矛盾加以解决:一是贮藏条件要求严格;二是有效期短、限时使用。在贮藏方面,对于温度和湿度的要求特别严格,尤其是温度。必须按照规定的贮藏条件保管,以阻止或延缓其变质。绝大多数生物(生化)试剂系由微生物(细菌、病毒、立次氏体)和动物毒素、人和动物的血液及组织,或健康动物的脏器、腺体组织、血液、尿以及植物蛋白、酶、胚等经过微生物学及生物化学等理论和方法所制成。这些试剂从化学成分上看,一般多属蛋白质、酶、或类酯、多糖、糖、氨基酸、蛋白质的复合物,有的又是用微生物及其代谢     

糖尿病患者口服降血糖药物的用药指导

<正>糖尿病是因胰岛素分泌不足及靶细胞对胰岛素敏感性降低。引起糖、蛋白质、脂肪和水、电解质代谢紊乱的内分泌代谢疾病。典型临床症状为口渴、多饮、多食、多尿、消瘦等,严重时可发生酮症酸中毒。但尚有许多病人并无上述症状,仅在体检时或出     

在社区糖尿病患者中护理干预式健康教育的研究与应用

<正>糖尿病是一种因胰岛素相对或绝对不足引起的多系统、多器官损伤的慢性代谢性疾病,能引起体内代谢失调(糖、蛋白质、脂肪、和水、电解质紊乱)和高血糖状态。临床上出现烦渴、多尿、多饮、多     

浅谈糖尿病病人的出院指导

糖尿病是因胰岛素分泌绝对或相对不足和靶细胞对胰岛素敏感性降低,引起糖、蛋白质、脂肪和继发的水、电解质紊乱,临床表现为“三多一少”症状,糖尿病是影响人民健康和生命的常见病。在糖尿病人群中,冠心病、脑血管病、失明、肢体坏疽等严重并发症者,较之非糖尿病人群高2～3倍或更多。目     

Antiviral activity of Arthrospira-derived spirulan-like substances

Natural substances offer interesting pharmacological perspectives for antiviral drug development in regard to broad-spectrum antiviral properties and novel modes of action. In this study we analyzed polysaccharide fractions isolated from Arthrospira platensis. Fractions containing intracellular or extracellular spirulan-like molecules showed a pronounced antiviral activity in the absence of cytotoxic effects. Using specific assays for the quantification of viral replication in vitro, these substances exhibited strong inhibition of human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpesvirus type 6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, while only weak or no inhibition was noted for Epstein-Barr virus and influenza A virus. Considering herpesviruses, antiviral effects were most pronounced when the cells were preincubated with the substances prior to the addition of virus, indicating that antiviral action may be primarily targeted to virus entry. However, an inspection of the inhibition of human cytomegalovirus protein synthesis clearly demonstrated that intracellular steps also contributed to the antiviral effect. In the case of human immunodeficiency virus, inhibition occurred at a stage later than viral entry. Thus, spirulan-like substances possess a marked antiherpesviral and anti-HIVactivity based on different modes of action. Further development of these substances might yield novel candidates of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.     

Mixed-wall microcapsules made of cross-linked proteins and polysaccharides: preparation and properties

Microcapsules were prepared through an interfacial cross-linking process using terephthaloylchloride and applied to mixtures of a protein (human serum albumin or gelatin) and a polysaccharide. Their properties were compared with those of microcapsules prepared from the protein alone. Morphological characteristics of mixed-walled microcapsules were often modified, as seen by light and electron microscopy. Otherwise, they appeared to be more resistant to digestive media: they were gastroresistant, and their degradation time in pancreatin was prolonged upon raising the amount of polysaccharide. Moreover, the lysis time was shown to depend on the nature of the polysaccharide: microcapsules prepared from acidic polysaccharides at pH 9.8 were hydrolyzed faster. Lastly, the resistance increased upon decreasing the polymers/acylchloride ratio, or upon raising the reaction pH. Encapsulation assays were carried out with sodium salicylate, which was incorporated with a high efficiency. Mixed-walled microcapsules allowed a prolonged release of the tracer in vitro. As compared with protein microcapsules, the release profiles of batches prepared with hydroxyethylstarch exhibited only slight modifications of the initial part of the curve, while a significant burst effect was observed with carboxymethylcellulose-containing microcapsules.     

Unexpected skin barrier influence from nonionic emulsifiers

Skin disorders are often treated with creams containing various active substances. The creams also contain emulsifiers, which are surface-active ingredients used to stabilize the emulsion. Emulsifiers are potential irritants and in the present study the influence of stearic acid, glyceryl stearate, PEG-2, -9, -40, and -100 stearate, steareth-2, -10 and -21 on normal as well as on irritated skin have been evaluated with non-invasive measurements. Test emulsions were created by incorporating 5% emulsifiers in a water/mineral oil mixture (50:50). The emulsions and their vehicle were then applied to normal skin for 48 h and to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) damaged skin for 17 h in aluminum chambers. Twenty-four hours after removal of the chambers the test sites were evaluated for degree of irritation. In normal skin, the emulsifiers induced significant differences in TEWL but not in skin blood flow. Five of the emulsifiers increased TEWL. In SLS-damaged skin an aggravation of the irritation was expected. However, no differences regarding skin blood flow was noted from the emulsifiers. Furthermore, three emulsifiers unexpectedly decreased TEWL. These results highlight the possibility of absorption of these emulsifiers into the lipid bilayer, which increase TEWL in normal skin and decrease TEWL in damaged skin.     

一种南海软珊瑚多糖的提取、分离及活性评价D

目的 从南海软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中提取、分离和纯化多糖,分析其基本理化性质,并对其生物活性进行初步评价。方法 采用酸性蛋白酶从软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中提取粗多糖,利用碱性蛋白酶和732型阳离子交换树脂去除蛋白,利用Q Sepharose Fast Flow强阴离子交换柱层析对多糖进行分离纯化,并对多糖组分进行总糖含量、蛋白含量和单糖组成分析。将得到的多糖组分采用三氧化硫-吡啶法进行硫酸酯化修饰并对其进行抗病毒、抗凝血生物活性评价。结果 从软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中提取分离得到3种多糖组分,单糖组成较复杂,主要含有Ara, Gal及Rha;软珊瑚多糖硫酸酯可以明显抑制HBsAg和HBeAg的表达量;体外抗凝实验中可延长APTT和PT值。结论 从软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中得到了3种多糖组分,硫酸酯化修饰的软珊瑚多糖具有良好的抗病毒、抗凝血活性,为软珊瑚多糖的深入研究提供了基础。     

药用微乳伪三元相图的几种制备方法比较研究

目的评价目前常用的几种微乳伪三元相图制备方法的优劣。方法选择吐温-80、聚氧乙烯辛基苯基醚(OP)和大豆卵磷脂为乳化剂,乙醇为助乳化剂,肉豆蔻酸异丙酯或油酸乙酯为油相,制备伪三元相图,以相图中数据点的准确性和可靠性等为指标,评价不同方法所得微乳相图的差异。结果不同方法制备的水包油型乳化剂的伪三元相图微乳区面积差异不大,但图中不同区域数据点的准确性和可靠性差异较大;不同方法制备的油包水型乳化剂伪三元相图的各相以及相区的面积差异均较大。结论制备准确可靠的伪三元相图,应根据组分的性质及所制备的微乳类型来选择方法,并综合利用某几种方法来判断滴定终点。     

山楂多糖药理作用和提取工艺研究进展

山楂含有黄酮、多糖、有机酸等生物活性物质,对黄酮、有机酸等有效成分研究较多,而对山楂多糖的研究较少。山楂多糖具有抗疲劳、增强免疫力、抗氧化、抗肿瘤以及调血脂等药理作用,其提取方法主要有水提、超声波提取、微波提取。主要综述近年来国内外对山楂多糖的药理作用以及其提取工艺的研究进展,为更好地开发利用山楂这一植物药资源,进而研发相关新药提供依据。     

Investigation of the absorption properties of two synthetic emulsifiers by means of radioactively labelled iodine / Short communication (author's transl)

The absorption properties of the two non-ionic synthetic emulsifiers polyoxyethylene-glycerin-monooleate (PGMO) and polyoxyethylene-glycerin-monostearate (PGMS) were studied experimentally on male Wistar rats using radioactive iodine (Na131I) solution. The two emulsifiers were compared with a combination of equal parts of lanoline and vaseline. PGMO showed better absorption properties than did GPMS and the lanoline-vaseline combination.     

Development of polysaccharide gel coated pellets for oral administration 1. Physico-mechanical properties

Spherical pellets containing theophylline, calcium acetate and microcrystalline cellulose were extruded and spheronized, before being coated with six different pectins or alginates by interfacial complexation. The aim of this study was to discover the effect of the coatings on physico-mechanical properties that will be crucial in determining the pellets' utility as sustained release systems. An insoluble, smooth and uniformly thick coat of calcium polysaccharide was formed around the core pellets. A factorial experiment was designed to investigate the effect of pellet size and polysaccharide type and concentration on the entrapment efficiency, mechanical properties and other physical characteristics. Coated pellets were observed by scanning electron microscopy and, depending on the particular polysaccharide used, the dry coats were found to be 30-80 microm thick. The size of pellet, the type and concentration of polysaccharide influenced the yield of theophylline in the coated pellets. Although the mechanical properties of the pellets were improved by applying any of the gel coats, use of an alginate with a high content of guluronic acid or an amidated pectin coating gave the best results. This is probably because both of these have significant potential to form very stable cross-links within the gel coats.     

Not-So-Clean Fun: A Profile of Bath Salt Users Among a College Sample in the United States

This research examines the characteristics of users of synthetic stimulants marketed as “bath salts.” Synthetic stimulants such as MDPV (3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone), Mephedrone (4-Methylmethcathinone), and Methylone (3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone) are often contained in products sold at convenience stores and over the Internet in the United States. Despite the recent legal action banning these types of synthetic stimulants, little is known about the characteristics of the users of these substances. This research provides a profile of bath salt users in the United States among an emerging adult population. A self-report survey instrument was administered to 2,349 students at a large university in the southeastern United States. Respondents indicated whether they had used synthetic stimulants and reported demographic characteristics. Results indicated that users of bath salts were more likely to be male, Hispanic or Native American, student athletes, employed, identify as a members of the LGBT community, and users of other substances.     

Microencapsulation using poly (L-lactic acid) II: Preparative variables affecting microcapsule properties

Poly (L-lactic acid) [L-PLA] microcapsules containing phenobarbitone were prepared from a w/o emulsion system, using light liquid paraffin as the continuum and a solution of phenobarbitone and L-PLA in acetonitrile as the disperse phase. Increasing stirring rate and emulsifying agent concentration were found to reduce microcapsule size. Spans (sorbitan esters of fatty acids) and Brijs (polyoxy ethylene ethers of fatty acids) with different physicochemical properties have been found to produce microcapsules of differing size. An attempt has been made to correlate emulsifier properties and the corresponding microcapsule size. It was found that the emulsifiers had little or no effect on the interfacial tension between light liquid paraffin and acetonitrile and there was no correlation between HLB of the emulsifiers and the resulting microcapsule size. It was postulated that microcapsule size would be affected by the packing of the emulsifier at the interface which would depend on the structure of the emulsifier. Closer, more uniform packing by the straight chain saturated fatty acid containing emulsifiers produced smaller microcapsules than when lose packing, which existed when emulsifiers containing either three fatty acid chains or a 'V' shaped cis-double bond containing fatty acid chain, were used. Microcapsule size was found to increase rapidly with an increase in polymer concentration, if this polymer concentration was increased in conjunction with an increase in the total solid content of the dispersed phase. Increases in polymer concentration by reducing the quantity of solvent for the dispersed phase caused little increase in mean microcapsule size. The phenobarbitone content in the microcapsules was not affected significantly by variations in the preparative parameters.