长效驱蚊霜野外现场驱避效果观察

目的:观察长效驱蚊霜野外驱避效果.方法:选择120名男性健康受试者,随机平均分为4组,第1组(空白对照组)、第2组(施美蚊不叮香露对照组)、第3组(长效驱蚊霜A型试验组)、第4组(长效驱蚊霜B型试验组).所有受试者左前臂裸露并分别涂抹驱蚊剂,每次间隔30 min,在蚊子最多的丛林中站立15 min,观察驱蚊剂的驱避效果.结果:在2 h内试验组驱避蚊虫的有效率为100%,对照组有效率为0.00%,两种驱蚊剂有非常显著的差异(P<0.001).结论:长效驱蚊霜对驱避蚊虫叮咬效果非常显著,驱避效果优于施美蚊不叮香露.     

“黑科技”让蚊子自相残杀

正近期,我国部分地区相继出现确诊乙型脑炎病例,乙型脑炎的传染源主要为猪、牛等牲畜,夏季蚊子是主要传播载体。可见,积极开展灭蚊行动,预防蚊媒等传染性疾病十分有意义。现在科技越来越发达,灭蚊的方法也越来越多样化,以蚊治蚊就是一种新兴的手段,即     

登革热病原学及疫苗研究进展

随着气温的升高,登革热发病率大幅度增加,在亚洲一些国家登革出血热成为儿童住院和死亡的原因之一.登革热是一种蚊媒传染病,已成为热带及业热带地区重要的公共卫生问题,目前还没有疫苗和有效的治疗方法.各国非常需要有效、价格合适、可提供长期免疫保护的4价登革热疫苗来控制该病的流行,但目前仅靠控制蚊媒的传播米预防登革热的流行,安全有效的登革疫苗仍处于实验阶段.     

驱蚊剂研究概况

蚊、蠓等吸血性医学昆虫对人类的危害相当严重。驱蚊剂研究,从第二次世界大战迄今已历四十几年。通过从天然植物来源发掘、人工合成和配方研究,得到了一系列有效的驱蚊剂。同时,构效关系的研究取得了成果,驱避机理的研究亦有了良好的开端。本文就驱蚊剂研究概况作一介绍。     

睢宁县1990—1999年流行性乙型脑炎流行病学分析

流行性乙型脑炎(以下简称乙脑)是由乙型脑炎病毒引起的蚊媒急性中枢神经性传染病。其病情重,病死率高,严重危害人民(尤其是儿童)的身体健康。为掌握乙脑的流行规律、探讨流行因素、制定防治对策、进一步控制乙脑的发生和流行,现将我县1990～1999年10年间确诊为乙脑病例的流行病学调查结果分析报告如下。     

第一次全军虫媒传染病流行病学和预防专题学术会议资料综述

第一次全军虫媒传染病流行病学和预防专题学术会议资料综述济南军区军事医学研究所（山东济南２５００１４）杨占清，刘元东，于晓敏第一次全军虫媒传染病流行病学和预防专题学术会议于１９９５年９月１７～１９日在海南省三亚市召开。会议共收到学术论文４６篇，其中蚊媒...     

商丘市基本消灭丝虫病后流行病学监测结果分析

目的 观察基本消灭丝虫病以后残存传染源的传播能力和自然转归，探索基本消灭丝虫病后人群和蚊媒监测方法。方法 选择基本消灭丝虫病后残存微丝蚴血症者的三个村庄作为纵向监测点，连续监测人群和蚊媒微丝蚴感染情况。按照防治前感染率分层抽取部分村庄作为横向监测点，监测人群和蚊媒微丝蚴感染情况。结果 在基本消灭丝虫病后，残存的低密度微丝蚴血症者能够自然转阴，并不会造成新的感染。结论 商丘市基本消灭丝虫病后，丝虫病的传播无流行病学意义。     

牲畜防制法在灭疟工作中的重要作用

牲畜防制法,又称动物预防法、动物屏障防制法,即采用增加大牲畜以诱使媒介按蚊叮咬牲畜、减少人蚊接触、达到降低或控制蚊传疾病流行的方法。此法早在四十多年前就曾在一些国家和地区的防疟措施中取得很大成功。四十年代由于化学杀虫剂的出现,却把已证实有效的牲畜防制法忽视了,随着化学杀虫剂的广泛而持久地大量使用,不仅存在环境污染,还出现了蚊虫对化学杀虫剂的抗性问题,抗性蚊虫品系和抗性程度日益增加和严重,使全球灭疟运动遇到巨大困难。为了降低蚊传疾病流行和巩固灭疟成果,重提牲畜防制法作为综合抗疟措施之一、重新认识牲畜防制法在灭疟措施中的重要作用显得十分必要。     

朝鲜半岛主要蚤媒传染病的流行病学概况

鼠疫、鼠型斑疹伤寒和蚤媒斑疹热型立克次体病是朝鲜半岛历史上对军事行动有重要影响的三种主要蚤媒传染病,该文对这三种传染病的流行病学特征进行了综述,分析了蚤媒传染病在朝鲜半岛的流行传播风险,并提出相应的防控建议。     

怎样预防登革热？

(一)、消灭蚊子。蚊子是传播登革热的罪魁祸首,预防登革热关键在于灭蚊,消灭传播媒介。重点在于消灭蚊孳生地,这是最重要治本措施,也是预防登革热最简便易行的有效措施。     

Malaria vector control strategies. What is appropriate towards sustainable global eradication?

Malaria a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium remains to be a main global burden despite concerted efforts to eliminate it. While diverse control strategies have been put in place for mosquito-borne diseases, vector control continues to be a critical component in infection prevention. Vector control majorly focuses on the eradication of mosquitoes using a variety of chemical insecticides that includes organochlorides, carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. The use of conventional insecticide-based as mosquito control strategies poses several challenges such as the widespread development of insecticide resistance, environmental damage concerns, and effects on non-target organisms. These challenges create a demand for the development and use of alternative pest control strategies that are sustainable, safer, and environmentally friendly to mosquito vector management. This review provides insight into alternative sustainable interventions for mosquito vector control in the form of biorational pesticides. Biorational pesticides are pesticides that have little or no effect on humans and environments and include entomopathogenic microorganisms, insect growth regulators, and endosymbiotic bacteria. It also puts into perspective their environmental impacts, benefits, and challenges. Further, countries like Sri Lanka, that are certified as malaria free by World Health Organization (WHO) incorporated the use of entomopathogenic bacteria, insect growth regulators and larvivorous fish in their national vector control programs leading to the successful elimination of malaria in 2016. We therefore highlight success stories of the countries that have implemented these interventions bringing out the lessons for countries that are battling malaria epidemics.     

Odorant receptor modulation: ternary paradigm for mode of action of insect repellents

The modulation of insect behavior for the purpose of controlling the spread of infectious diseases has been the task of a few insect repellents for which the mechanistic modes of action on odorant receptors (ORs) are unclear. Here, we study the effects of the repellents DEET and IR3535, and a novel OR co-receptor (Orco) agonist on odorant-evoked currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing two subtypes of Aedes aegypti ORs (AaORs). We show that DEET and IR3535 behave as insurmountable antagonists of ORs, and that modulation of OR activity is not restricted to antagonism and agonism, but also includes synergism. This knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying OR blockade, activation and hyperactivation will be fundamental to the development of novel strategies for the control of mosquito behavior.     

A bioassay for mosquito repellency against Aedes aegypti: method validation and bioactivities of DEET analogues

Objectives Vector‐borne diseases are still a major mortality factor in Africa and South‐east Asia and effective mosquito repellents are therefore needed. An efficient and safe in‐vitro assay system using artificial blood and skin substitute could facilitate the development of novel repellents, as most assays currently rely on human subjects or vertebrate whole blood. Moreover, examining the skin permeation profiles could provide safer mosquito repellents. The new assay system could serve as an initial system for testing new repellent candidates upon validation with DEET and its analogues. Methods N,N‐Diethyl‐meta‐toluamide (DEET) and five analogues were synthesised and used to validate a novel in‐vitro bioassay using artificial blood and collagen membrane. Repellency against Aedes aegypti was correlated with lipophilicity and skin permeation. Key findings The new in‐vitro assay showed good reproducibility (interday relative standard deviation <10% at high concentrations). Four of the five DEET analogues showed repellency similar or superior to that of DEET. Repellency correlated linearly with lipophilicity but stronger repellents tended to permeate skin better. Conclusions The new in‐vitro assay using blood substitute and collagen membrane significantly simplifies screening of possible mosquito repellents. Lipophilicity as well as skin permeation profiles should be considered before testing of compounds that are candidates for mosquito repellents.     

Comparative study of subchronic toxicities of mosquito repellents (coils,mats and liquids) on vital organs in Swiss albino mice

The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the toxicities of different types of mosquito repellents i.e. coils, mats and liquid vapors in animal models. Different types of mosquito repellents including liquid vaporizers, coils and mats have been extensively used by the people to get protection from the mosquitoes and diseases associated with them. The active constituents of these repellents include; allethrins, pyrethrins, paraffin and various other derivatives, are well known for their toxicities. Exposure of albino mice to these repellents for 3?h per day over a period of 20?days produced significant toxicological effects on vital body organs including; liver, lungs, kidneys, brain and heart. The order of toxicity of different repellents on nervous and hepatic tissues was found to be: Coil?>?Liquid?>?Mat while in renal and cardiac tissues, the coil was again found to be the most toxic one, mat with medium toxicity whereas liquid as least toxic (Coil?>?Mat?>?liquid). Lungs tissues are almost equally affected by all the repellants. On the basis of current findings, it has been concluded that exposure to various types of mosquito repellents can be deleterious to health and can cause various health related issues by producing pathological changes in the vital organs.     

Low toxicity and high efficacy in use of novel approaches to control Aedes aegypti

ABSTRACT

Arthropod-borne viruses are a group of etiologic agents accounting for different incapacitating diseases that progress to severe and lethal forms in animal and human targets consequently representing a significant burden on public health and global economies. Although attempts were undertaken to combat Aedes aegypti, the primary urban mosquito vector of several life-threatening diseases, the misuse of chemical pesticides, development of resistance, and toxicity on non-target species still need to be overcome. In this context, it is imperative for development of long-lasting, novel approaches envisioning effective control of Aedes aegypti, mainly in endemic regions. Thus, the present review was undertaken to describe safe and eco-friendly approaches as potential weapons against Aedes aegypti. Accordingly, the findings discussed indicated that biological larvicides and genetic engineering technologies constitute noteworthy alternatives of future mosquito-borne arbovirus disease control efforts.     

DEET: a review and update of safety and risk in the general population

The emergence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in North America has resulted in increased public awareness and utilization of insect repellents containing N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in the prevention of mosquito-borne disease. Regulatory reassessments in North American countries have recently been completed for insect repellents containing DEET as active ingredient, resulting in labeling changes intended to minimize unnecessary exposure to special populations, including children. This article describes those changes, and summarizes more recent data relating to the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and epidemiology of adverse effects associated with DEET in humans.     

EPA‐Registered Repellents for Mosquitoes Transmitting Emerging Viral Disease

In many parts of the United States, mosquitoes were previously nuisance pests. However, they now represent a potential threat in the spread of viral diseases. The Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex species mosquitoes are endemic to the United States and together may transmit a variety of viral diseases of growing concern, including West Nile virus, chikungunya, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommend N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide (DEET) as a first‐line mosquito repellent, but for patients refusing to use DEET or other conventional repellents, guidance is limited to any EPA‐registered product. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify which EPA‐registered personal mosquito repellent provides the best protection from A. aegypti, A. albopictus, and Culex spp. mosquitoes. We abstracted data from 62 published reports of EPA‐registered mosquito repellents. The conventional repellent picaridin has the strongest data to support its use as a second‐line agent, while IR3535 and oil of lemon eucalyptus are reasonably effective natural products. Citronella, catnip, and 2‐undecanone offer limited protection or have limited data. These results can be used by pharmacists and other health care professionals to advise patients on the selection of an EPA‐registered mosquito repellent. Regardless of the repellent chosen, it is vital for patients to follow all instructions/precautions in the product labeling to ensure safe and effective use.     

Topical mosquito repellents VII: alkyl triethylene glycol monoethers.

Normal and branched-chain aliphatic monoethers of triethylene glycol are effective topical mosquito repellents. In terms of duration of protection, they are generally superior to the corresponding diethylene glycol analogs and some are superior to diethyltoluamide. The n-heptyl monoether of triethylene glycol affords double the protection time of diethyltoluamide under controlled laboratory conditions and appears to be a useful new mosquito repellent.     

Molecular mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticide neurotoxicity: recent advances

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were introduced into widespread use for the control of insect pests and disease vectors more than three decades ago. In addition to their value in controlling agricultural pests, pyrethroids are at the forefront of efforts to combat malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases and are also common ingredients of household insecticide and companion animal ectoparasite control products. The abundance and variety of pyrethroid uses contribute to the risk of exposure and adverse effects in the general population. The insecticidal actions of pyrethroids depend on their ability to bind to and disrupt voltage-gated sodium channels of insect nerves. Sodium channels are also important targets for the neurotoxic effects of pyrethroids in mammals but other targets, particularly voltage-gated calcium and chloride channels, have been implicated as alternative or secondary sites of action for a subset of pyrethroids. This review summarizes information published during the past decade on the action of pyrethroids on voltage-gated sodium channels as well as on voltage-gated calcium and chloride channels and provides a critical re-evaluation of the role of these three targets in pyrethroid neurotoxicity based on this information.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and mosquito repellent properties of some oxazolidine derivatives of 5-methyl-4-hexenal

Seven novel oxazolidines from 5-methyl-4-hexenal were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in a cloth test system as mosquito repellents. These heterocycles were a homologous series of 3-alkanoyl-2-(4'-methyl-3'-pentenyl)oxazolidines, with substituents at N-3 ranging from acetyl to n-nonanoyl groups. Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy at 100.6 MHz revealed that these molecules existed in deuterochloroform solution as unequal mixtures of cis (syn)- and trans (anti)-rotational isomers. At 25 degrees C, this isomerism at the amide group resulted in two detectable 13C signals for all assigned carbon atoms, except for the methyl carbons of the isopentenyl side chain. Differences in 13C chemical shifts for the methyl group at N-3 were observed up to the n-butanoyl homologue. The 13C signal assignments were aided by the distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) spectral editing technique. Two-dimensional carbon-hydrogen chemical shift correlation experiments aided in partially interpreting the complex proton spectra of these molecules. Repellent activity of the acetyl, trideuteroacetyl, and propionyl derivatives was observed in bioassays with three mosquito species, but the long-chain homologues were practically ineffective as mosquito repellents.