水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物的制备与大鼠生物利用度的研究

目的制备水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物并对其理化性质进行考察，比较水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物与水飞蓟宾原料在大鼠体内的生物利用度。方法以丙酮为溶剂，加入水飞蓟宾和大豆磷脂，充分搅拌至澄清，真空干燥即得黄白色固体；用DSC，UV，IR等方法测定水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物的理化性质；两组大鼠分别灌胃给予水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物和水飞蓟宾原料后，用RP-HPLC法测定不同时间血浆中总的和游离的水飞蓟宾的浓度，通过3P97程序计算药代动力学参数。结果研究表明水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物是以非共价键结合，而不是新的化合物；水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物明显改善了水飞蓟宾在水中及正辛醇中的溶解性能；大鼠灌胃给予水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物，体内吸收符合一级吸收一室模型，血浆中游离药物和总的药物浓度的T_max分别为10 min和2 h；C_max分别为0.11和1.08 μg·mL^-1；T_1/2分别为2.18和3.84 h；AUC_0～∞分别为1.71和12.94 μg·mL^-1·h，而给予水飞蓟宾原料，大鼠体内吸收的浓度在检测限以下，不能测定。结论水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物与水飞蓟宾原料相比亲脂性显著增加，从而增强了水飞蓟宾在胃肠道中的吸收，提高了水飞蓟宾的口服生物利用度。     

依托考昔片在中国健康受试者的药动学及安全性研究

目的 研究中国健康受试者空腹、餐后单次口服依托考昔片的药动学及安全性。方法 将68例健康受试者随机分为空腹组和餐后组，采用双周期交叉试验设计进行给药，LC-MS/MS测定人血浆中依托考昔浓度，用WinNonLin软件计算药动学参数，比较国产依托考昔片和原研参比制剂药动学差异以及不同性别和进食对托考昔片药动学的影响。以受试者生命体征及体格检查、实验室检查值以及心电图变化为指标进行依托考昔片安全性评价。结果 空腹组受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数T_max为1.25，1.25 h，C_max为（2 767.50±421.89），（2 707.81±674.90） ng·mL^-1，AUC_0-∞为（52 967.87±13 843.25），（53 479.56±16 066.32） h·ng·mL^-1；餐后组受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数T_max为2.50，1.75 h，C_max为（2 000.61±314.89），（2 209.06±429.05） ng·mL^-1，AUC_0-∞为（51 450.80±17 241.02），（49 287.23±16 192.87） h·ng·mL^-1；餐后组受试制剂和参比制剂T_max差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05），但不具有临床意义。受试者空腹、餐后口服依托考昔片后，T_max、C_max差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01），但AUC_0-∞差异无统计学意义；不同性别受试者空腹口服依托考昔片后，主要药动学参数T_max、C_max、AUC_0-∞均无统计学意义，但女性受试者餐后口服依托考昔片后t_1/2、AUC_0-∞较男性受试者高（P<0.05）。空腹和餐后给药后不良事件涉及多系统，均为轻度，无严重不良反应。结论 国产依托考昔片和原研参比制剂具有生物等效性；进食影响依托考昔片的吸收速度，但不影响其吸收程度；空腹给药后依托考昔片的药动学参数无性别差异，但餐后给药后t_1/2、AUC_0-∞存在性别差异。依托考昔片在中国健康受试者中具有良好的安全性和耐受性。     

香叶木苷对格列苯脲在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的 考察香叶木苷在大鼠体内对格列苯脲药动学的影响。方法 12只SD大鼠随机分为香叶木苷组和对照组，分别给予香叶木苷（325 mg·kg^-1，ig，qd）和同体积CMC-Na溶液7 d后，灌胃给予格列苯脲，于不同时间点采集血浆样品，测定血药浓度，DAS 2.0计算主要药动学参数，并进行统计学分析。结果 与对照组比，香叶木苷组C_max显著降低（P<0.05），t_max显著缩短（P<0.05），AUC_（0→t）和AUC_{（0→∞）}显著减少（P<0.05），CL显著增大（P<0.05），t_1/2差异不显著。结论 香叶木苷影响格列苯脲在大鼠体内的药动学过程，临床联合用药中应对格列苯脲的血药浓度进行监测，以避免潜在的药物相互作用风险。     

桂枝、当归挥发油微囊处方优化及体内药动学研究

目的 优化桂枝、当归挥发油微囊的处方，对处方优化后制备的微囊进行相关表征和大鼠体内药动学研究。方法 采用喷雾干燥法制备桂枝、当归挥发油微囊。以载药量和包封率为指标，通过Box-Behnken设计-效应面法优化处方。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电镜方法对处方优化后制备的微囊进行表征。按照100 mg·kg^-1的剂量灌胃给药后采血，HPLC测定血药浓度，比较体内药动学行为。结果 最佳处方为芯材-囊材比1∶1.7，囊材浓度为10.25%，复合囊材辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠/麦芽糊精比为3.8∶1，高压均质压力为20 MPa，喷雾干燥进口温度为185 ℃。在该条件下，测得微囊的载药量为(18.94±1.09)%，包封率(96.03±2.91)%。傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电镜结果表明，挥发油已成功被包覆在囊壁材料中，微囊基本形状为球形，表面凹陷但无明显裂缝。体内药动学结果显示，微囊组的达峰时间(t_max)、半衰期(t_1/2)、清除率(CL)、时间-曲线下面积(AUC_0-t)、药物从中央室消除的一级速率常数(k₁₀)、药物从中央室向周边室转运的一级速率常数(k₁₂)、药物从周边室向中央室转运的一级速率常数(k₂₁)等药动学参数与挥发油组的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。药动学结果表明微囊有效延长了桂枝、当归挥发油在体内滞留时间，促进药物在体内的吸收，口服相对生物利用度提高至2.62倍。结论 Box-Behnken设计-效应面法所建立的模型能较好地优化桂枝、当归挥发油微囊的处方工艺，具有良好预测性。处方优化后制备的微囊具有良好载药性能，提高了挥发油的生物利用度。     

水飞蓟素磷脂复合物微孔渗透泵控释片比格犬体内药动学及体内外相关性研究

目的 评价水飞蓟素磷脂复合物微孔渗透泵（SM-PC MPOP）控释片的体外释药特性、比格犬体内药动学及其体内外相关性。方法 释放介质为pH7.5的磷酸盐缓冲液（添加0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠），以高效液相色谱法（HPLC）检测SM-PC MPOP的体外释放特征。用6只比格犬进行双周期交叉对照实验，按照30 mg/kg的剂量给药。HPLC法测定比格犬血浆内水飞蓟素的主要成分水飞蓟宾的质量浓度，应用药动学软件进行数据分析。结果 SM-PC MPOP在12 h累积释放度超过85%。药动学研究情况表明，受试制剂（SM-PC MPOP）和参比制剂（市售水飞蓟素胶囊）在比格犬体内的主要药动学参数：T_max分别为（3.2±0.4）、（0.9±0.1）h，C_max分别为（0.298 6±0.068 9）、（0.629 9±0.076 5） μg/ml，AUC_0→24分别为（2.996 8±0.583 3）、（2.268 9±0.432 8） h·μg /ml，SM-PC-MPOP对市售水飞蓟素胶囊的相对生物利用度为（162.21±30.82）%。结论 自制的SM-PC MPOP实现了缓慢释药且增加生物利用度的目标，其体内吸收与体外释药具备相对较好的关联性（r＝0.839 0）。     

基于生物等效性分析呋塞米片体内外试验的相关性

目的 开展体内外相关性试验以探讨国内生产的呋塞米片的药物溶出度试验是否可以替代生物等效性试验。方法 选择呋塞米片受试与对照制剂,按照中国药典要求和光纤药物溶出度实时测定仪测试方法,监测呋塞米累积溶出百分率并计算f₂相似因子,测定2种制剂的体内血药浓度并计算药动学参数,测算其体内吸收分数、生物利用度和生物等效性,分析呋塞米片体内外试验的相关性。结果 经f₂相似因子方法评估,受试与对照制剂的呋塞米溶出曲线相似,2种制剂的主要药动学参数t_max、C_max、AUC_0-24和AUC_0-∞、生物利用度和生物等效性均差异明显,其体内百分吸收系数和体内外试验的相关性较差。结论 国内生产的呋塞米片的药物溶出度试验尚不能替代生物等效性试验。     

黄芩苷对大鼠体内硝苯地平的药动学的影响

目的 研究黄芩苷对大鼠体内硝苯地平药动学以及大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A活性的影响。方法 雄性Wistar大鼠分别ig 0.2、0.6 g/kg黄芩苷和硝苯地平10 mg/kg,采用LC-MS法测定血浆中硝苯地平的质量浓度,比较药动学参数。黄芩苷和硝苯地平经大鼠肝微粒体共孵育后,LC-MS法测定孵育液中氧化硝苯地平的质量浓度,比较CYP3A活性。结果 ig 0.6、0.2 g/kg黄芩苷后,硝苯地平质量浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC_0-t)均显著增大,表现为硝苯地平的生物利用度升高。黄芩苷0.6 g/kg组硝苯地平的达峰浓度(C_max)显著升高、药物清除率(CLz)和表观分布容积(Vz)显著降低。黄芩苷0.2 g/kg组硝苯地平的上述药动学参数无显著变化。30、90μg/mL黄芩苷可降低大鼠肝微粒体孵育体系中氧化硝苯地平的生成量,抑制大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A活性。结论 黄芩苷可改变大鼠体内硝苯地平药动学特征,提高生物利用度,这与黄芩苷对CYP3A活性的抑制作用有关。     

伸筋草提取物中玉柏碱在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的 通过给予大鼠伸筋草提取物,探讨其中主要活性成分玉柏碱的药动学特征。方法 利用RP-HPLC法,以Centurysil C₁₈ EPS为色谱柱,甲醇-水（61∶39）为流动相;紫外检测器测定大鼠ig伸筋草提取物后血浆中玉柏碱的血药浓度,计算药动学参数。结果 玉柏碱在大鼠体内呈二室模型分布,线性范围为0.354～14.16 μg/mL,r＝0.999 8。日内和日间精密度均小于5%。玉柏碱口服给药后在大鼠体内的主要药动学参数为：t_1/2为2.681 h,t_max为0.75 h,C_max为6.309 mg/L,AUC_(0→t) 为16.626 mg/L,AUC_(0→∞) 为18.798 mg/L。结论 本方法适用于大鼠血浆中玉柏碱的检测及其体内药动学研究。     

高脂饮食对双嘧达莫在中国健康人体内药动学的影响

目的 观察中国健康受试者空腹和高脂高热量饮食情况下口服双嘧达莫片的药动学特征。方法 75名健康受试者分别在空腹或高脂饮食条件下单剂量口服双嘧达莫片25 mg,分别在不同时间点采集静脉血样。采用LC-MS/MS测定人血浆中双嘧达莫的浓度,用PhoenixWinNonlin 8.0软件按非房室模型计算药动学参数。结果 空腹和高脂饮食后双嘧达莫片的主要药动学参数如下：C_max分别为(594.69±172.14),(333.64±167.18) ng·mL^-1,餐后较空腹C_max降低了43.9%(P<0.01);t_1/2分别为(9.87±4.21),(10.57±3.75) h;AUC_0-t分别为(1 733.22±715.49),(1 268.61±571.07) ng·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(1 801.69±707.61),(1 353.64±602.29) ng·mL^-1·h,餐后较空腹AUC_0-t及AUC_0-∞分别降低26.8%,24.9%(P<0.01);T_max中位数(范围)分别为0.75[0.50,5.00] h和1.50[0.49,4.52] h,餐后服药的T_max明显延迟(P<0.01)。结论 高脂饮食后服药较空腹条件下服药,C_max、AUC_0-t及AUC_0-∞均明显降低,T_max明显延迟,说明食物对双嘧达莫片的吸收速度、吸收程度均有显著影响。     

阿糖胞苷在大鼠体内转化为阿糖尿苷的药动学研究

目的 建立测定大鼠血浆中阿糖尿苷的LC-MS/MS方法,用于大鼠尾iv注射用盐酸阿糖胞苷后阿糖尿苷在体内的药动学研究。方法 采用LC-MS/MS法。ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱（50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）;流动相：水–乙腈,梯度洗脱;体积流量：0.2 mL/min;柱温：40 ℃;进样量：5 μL。离子源：ESI源;扫描方式：多反应监测（MRM）方式,扫描时间为0.1 s;毛细管电压：2.5 kV;锥孔电压：26 V;离子源温度：110 ℃;去溶剂气温度：350 ℃;去溶剂气流量：500 L/h;锥孔气流量：50 L/h。采用回归方程计算血浆中阿糖尿苷。SD大鼠尾iv注射用盐酸阿糖胞苷,制备血药质量浓度–时间曲线,计算药动学参数。结果 阿糖尿苷在1.0～1 000 ng/mL线性关系良好,日内、日间RSD值均小于15%,准确度在±15%,平均提取回收率在90%以上,基质效应在97.3%,稳定性良好。药动学参数：t_max是1.0 h,C_max是134.2 ng/mL,AUC_0-t是2 316.0 ng•h/mL,t_1/2是4.3 h。结论 该方法适合大鼠尾iv阿糖胞苷后阿糖尿苷在体内的药动学研究。     

Physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation of flurbiprofen-loaded solid dispersion without crystalline change

To develop a novel flurbiprofen-loaded solid dispersion without crystalline change, various flurbiprofen-loaded solid dispersions were prepared with water, sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose (Na-CMC), and Tween 80. The effect of Na-CMC and Tween 80 on aqueous solubility of flurbiprofen was investigated. The physicochemical properties of solid dispersions were investigated using SEM, DSC, and X-ray diffraction. The dissolution and bioavailability in rats were evaluated compared to commercial product. Unlike conventional solid dispersion systems, the flurbiprofen-loaded solid dispersion gave a relatively rough surface and changed no crystalline form of drug. These solid dispersions were formed by attaching hydrophilic carriers to the surface of drug without crystal change, resulting in changing the hydrophobic drug to hydrophilic form. Furthermore, the flurbiprofen-loaded solid dispersion at the weight ratio of flurbiprofen/Na-CMC/Tween 80 of 6/2.5/0.5 improved ～ 60-fold drug solubility. It gave higher AUC, T_max, and C_max compared to commercial product. The solid dispersion improved almost 1.5-fold bioavailability of drug compared to commercial product in rats. Thus, the flurbiprofen-loaded solid dispersion would be useful to deliver poorly water-soluble flurbiprofen with enhanced bioavailability without crystalline change.     

Improving the dissolution and oral bioavailability of the poorly water‐soluble drug aloe‐emodin by solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol 6000

Solid dispersions (SDs) of aloe‐emodin (AE) and polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) with different drug loadings were prepared, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and evaluated for solubility and in vitro release. The oral bioavailability of AE from SD in rats was compared with the crystalline drug. Plasma concentrations of AE were determined by HPLC. After administration of crystalline AE (35 mg·kg^?1) in rats, the AUC_0‐600 and C_max were 393.6±77.1 mg·min·l^?1 and 1.87±0.30 mg·l^?1, respectively. For the PEG6000 SD of AE, AUC_0‐600 and C_max were boosted to 1310.5±111.9 mg·min·l^?1 and 5.86±0.47 mg·l^?1, respectively. The results indicated that the oral bioavailability of AE was increased significantly. Simultaneously, the T_max value of AE for AE crystalline was decreased from 75.6±17.3 min to 44.8±14.8 min for SD. The earlier T_max for AE from SD indicated the higher extent of absorption for SD due to their improved dissolution rate in rat intestine. This SD approach can therefore be used to enhanced dissolution and bioavailability for poorly water‐soluble drugs. Drug Dev Res, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Revaprazan-loaded surface-modified solid dispersion: physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation

The purpose of this research was to develop a novel revaprazan-loaded surface-modified solid dispersion (SMSD) with improved drug solubility and oral bioavailability. The impact of carriers on aqueous solubility of revaprazan was investigated. HPMC and Cremophor A25 were selected as an appropriate polymer and surfactant, respectively, due to their high drug solubility. Numerous SMSDs were prepared with various concentrations of carriers, using distilled water, and the drug solubility of each was assessed. Moreover, the physicochemical properties, dissolution and pharmacokinetics of selected SMSD in rats were assessed in comparison to revaprazan powder. Of the SMSDs assessed, the SMSD composed of revaprazan/HPMC/Cremophor A25 at the weight ratio of 1:0.28:1.12 had the most enhanced drug solubility (～6000-fold). It was characterized by particles with a relatively rough surface, suggesting that the carriers were attached onto the surface of the unchanged crystalline revaprazan powder. It had a significantly higher dissolution rate, AUC and C_max, and a faster T_max value in comparison to revaprazan powder, with a 5.3-fold improvement in oral bioavailability of revaprazan. Therefore, from an environmental perspective, this SMSD system prepared with water, and without organic solvents, should be recommended as a revaprazan-loaded oral pharmaceutical alternative.     

Enhanced oral bioavailability of piperine by self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: in vitro,in vivo and in situ intestinal permeability studies

Abstract

The main purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of piperine to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. The formulation was optimized by solubility test and ternary phase diagrams. Then physiochemical properties and in vitro release of SEDDS were characterized. In vivo pharmacokinetics study and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion were performed to investigate the effects of SEDDS on the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of piperine. The optimized formulation was composed of ethyl oleate, Tween 80 and Transcutol P (3:5.5:1.5, w/w), with the level of the piperine reached 2.5% (w/w). The in vitro dissolution rates of piperine SEDDS were significantly higher than the self-prepared capsules. In vivo pharmacokinetic study showed C_max1, C_max2 and area under the curve of piperine after oral administration of SEDDS in rats were 3.8-, 7.2- and 5.2-fold higher than the self-prepared capsules, respectively, and the relative bioavailability of SEDDS was 625.74%. The in situ intestinal absorption study revealed that the effective permeability and the effective absorption rate values of piperine for SEDDS were significantly improved comparing to solutions (p?<?0.01). So SEDDS formulation could improve the oral bioavailability and intestinal absorption of piperine effectively.     

Preparation and pharmacokinetics evaluation of oral self-emulsifying system for poorly water-soluble drug Lornoxicam

Abstract

The present work was performed aiming to develop a new solid self-emulsifying system (SMEDDS) for poorly water-soluble drug Lornoxicam and evaluate the bioavailability in Wister rats by oral gavage. Liquid SMEDDS of Lornoxicam was formulated with Labrafil M 1944 CS as oil phase, Kolliphor HS 15 as a surfactant and Transcutol HP as a cosurfactant after screening various vehicles. The microemulsion system selected from the phase diagram and optimized by central composite design (CCD) response surface method was transformed into solid-SMEDDS (S-SMEDDS) by lyophilization using sucrose as cryoprotectant. The formulations were further characterized by the particle size, poly dispersity index (PDI), self-emulsifying time, zeta potential, transmission electron microscope (TEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Results of DSC studies confirmed that the drug was incorporated in the S-SMEDDS. The in vitro drug release from Lornoxicam SMEDDS was found to be greatly higher in comparison with that from the commercial tablets. It was indicated that SMEDDS might be effective in reducing the effect of pH variability of Lornoxicam and improving the release performance of Lornoxicam. HPLC system was applied to study the concentration of Lornoxicam in the plasma of the Wister rats after oral administration of Lornoxicam SMEDDS and Lornoxicam commercial tablets. The pharmacokinetics parameters of the rats were C_max 1065.91?±?224.90 and 1855.22?±?748.25?ngmL^?1, T_max were 2.5?±?0.4?h and 1.8?±?0.5?h, and AUC_0～t were 5316.35?±?323.62 and 7758.07?±?241.57?ngmL^?1?h, respectively. Calculated by AUC_0～∞, the relative bioavailability of Lornoxicam S-SMEDDS was 151.69?±?15.32%. It suggested that this S-SMEDDS could be used as a successful oral solid dosage form to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug Lornoxicam as well.     

Improved pH-independent dissolution and oral absorption of valsartan via the preparation of solid dispersion

This study aimed to improve the pH-independent solubility and dissolution characteristics of valsartan via the preparation of solid dispersions (SD) with poloxamer 407. SDs was prepared by using the solvent method at various drug-polymer ratios and their dissolution characteristics were examined at different pHs. Oral pharmacokinetics of SDs was also evaluated in rats. Compared to the untreated powder, SDs significantly improved the dissolution rate as well as the extent of drug release at low pH. Particularly, SD having the drug-polymer ratio of 1:5 exhibited pH-independent dissolution of valsartan, resulting in the rapid and complete drug release over the pH range of 1.2 to 6.8. The improved dissolution of valsartan via SD formulation appeared to be well correlated with the enhanced oral exposure of valsartan in rats. SDs increased C_max and AUC_0–24 of valsartan by 2–7 folds in rats, implying that SDs should be effective to improve the bioavailability of valsartan. In conclusion, SDs containing poloxamer 407 appeared to be effective to improve the pH-independent dissolution and oral absorption of valsartan.     

索拉非尼固体分散体的制备及性质研究

目的制备索拉非尼(sorafenib,SFN)/介孔硅的固体分散体,并进行体内外性质研究。方法利用溶剂挥发法制备固体分散体,以溶出度为指标筛选药物和介孔硅比例;采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和粉末X射线衍射(XRD)技术,考察药物存在状态及物理稳定性;通过电镜观察样品形貌;以大鼠为实验动物,以自制SFN粉末为对照,对固体分散体进行体内药动学研究。结果原料药为结晶态,溶出度<10%;随着介孔硅的比例增大,固体分散体的溶出度增加,当SFN与介孔硅的比例为1∶5时,SFN以非晶态存在,溶出度>90%,在6个月的加速实验中,药物存在状态和溶出度未见明显改变。固体分散体组的cmax是SFN粉末组的1.8倍,相对生物利用度为175%。结论 SFN/介孔硅固体分散体物理稳定性良好,能提高SFN的溶出度,改善其口服吸收效果。     

[6]-Shogaol/β-CDs inclusion complex: preparation,characterisation, in vivo pharmacokinetics,and in situ intestinal perfusion study

Abstract

Aims: The aim was to improve the absorption and bioavailability of [6]-shogaol with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) prior to in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

Methods: [6]-Shogaol/β-CDs inclusion complexes (6-S-β-CDs) were developed using saturated aqueous solution method and characterised with appropriate techniques. The absorption and bioavailability potential of [6]-shogaol was evaluated via in vivo pharmacokinetics and in situ intestinal perfusion.

Results: The results of characterisation showed that 6-S-β-CDs (drug loading, 7.15%) were successfully formulated. In vitro release study indicated significantly improved [6]-shogaol release. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as C_max, AUC_0–36?h, and oral relative bioavailability (about 685.36%) were substantially enhanced. The in situ intestinal perfusion study revealed that [6]-shogaol was markedly absorbed via passive diffusion in the intestinal segments, and duodenum followed by ileum and jejunum.

Conclusions: Cyclodextrin inclusion technology could enhance the intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs like [6]-shogaol.     

脑心通胶囊对缬沙坦在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的 研究脑心通胶囊对缬沙坦在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法 建立液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法检测缬沙坦血药浓度,并进行专属性考察、回收率试验、基质效应、稳定性试验等方法学验证;24只SD雄性大鼠,随机均分为3组,每组8只,分别为缬沙坦组（A组）,缬沙坦和脑心通胶囊单次给药组（B组）,脑心通胶囊给药7 d后,第8天ig给予缬沙坦和脑心通胶囊组（C组）,于给药前及给药后不同时间点由大鼠眼眶静脉丛采血,采用液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法测定血浆中缬沙坦的质量浓度,DAS2.0软件统计分析,得到缬沙坦的药动学参数。结果 成功建立LC-MS/MS法检测缬沙坦血药浓度方法,方法学验证符合药动学相关规范要求。口服缬沙坦在大鼠体内的药动学属于一室模型。B组C_max明显低于A组,但差异无统计学差异;B组t_1/2显著高于A组（P<0.05）;C组t_max、t_1/2、AUC_0-tn、AUC_0-∞均显著高于A组（P<0.05、0.01）,K_e显著低于A组（P<0.05）;C组AUC_0-tn、AUC_0-∞显著高于B组（P<0.05）。结论 大鼠经连续ig给药脑心通胶囊后,可显著延缓缬沙坦在大鼠体内的达峰时间,并使缬沙坦在大鼠体内的生物利用度升高。     

Polyamidomine dendrimers: an excellent drug carrier for improving the solubility and bioavailability of puerarin

The potential of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as solubility enhancers and oral drug delivery system was well known. Herein, we investigated the possibility of PAMAM dendrimers for promoting the solubility and oral bioavailability of puerarin. In the present study, the effect of PAMAM dendrimers with different generations (G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3) on the solubility of puerarin was evaluated at different concentrations and pH conditions. Further more, the puerarin–G2 dendrimer complex was conducted for the in vitro hemolytic toxicity studies and pharmacokinetics studies in rats. The solubility of puerarin was significantly higher in the presence of the full generation dendrimers (e.g. G2 and G3). No significant hemolysis was observed on erythrocytes (G2, 0–2.5?mg/mL) in the hemolytic toxicity studies. The pharmacokinetics parameters T_max, C_max, and AUC_{0–8 h} of puerarin suspension solution and puerarin–G2 dendrimer complex solution were 0.76?h, 1.50 µg/mL, 7.33 µg·h/mL and 0.33?h, 6.49 µg/mL, 14.02 µg·h/mL, respectively. These studies demonstrate that PAMAM dendrimers may be a promising strategy for peroral delivery of puerarin.