防复吸药物的研究进展

阿片类药物依赖复吸率高达90％以上。世界卫生组织专家认为,阿片类药物依赖是一种反复发作的脑疾病。临床实践证明药物维持治疗是防止阿片类药物依赖复吸的有效方法,药物的干预可以抑制渴求,减少觅药行为的发生。从药理作用角度,防止复吸的药物有二类,一是阿片受体拮抗剂如纳曲酮等,另一种是阿片受体的激动剂或部分激动剂如美沙酮或丁丙诺啡等。本文就已有的相关药物和制剂及其国内目前研发进展介绍如下：     

防复吸药物的研究进展

阿片类药物依赖复吸率高达90%以上.世界卫生组织专家认为,阿片类药物依赖是一种反复发作的脑疾病.临床实践证明药物维持治疗是防止阿片类药物依赖复吸的有效方法,药物的干预可以抑制渴求,减少觅药行为的发生.从药理作用角度,防止复吸的药物有二类,一是阿片受体拮抗剂如纳曲酮等,另一种是阿片受体的激动剂或部分激动剂如美沙酮或丁丙诺啡等.本文就已有的相关药物和制剂及其国内目前研发进展介绍如下:     

药物成瘾治疗新动向

阿片类药物成瘾防复吸一直是作为困扰世界医学界的主题,目前临床上采用阿片类受体激动剂美沙酮、半激动半拮抗剂丁丙喏啡梯度递减替代治疗方案,阿片类药物导致的躯体依赖已经得以解决,临床脱毒基本完成。但吸毒患者复吸率依然很高,导致复吸的因素很多,主要是稽延性症状、心瘾及环境因素,针对复吸原因,许多科研人员正投入大量的工作以研究防复吸的新途径。本文主要介绍药物成瘾治疗的一些新动向。1 阿片类药物受体拮抗剂纳曲酮的应用纳曲酮为纯阿片受体拮抗剂,通过阻断外源性阿片类物质与阿片受体结合,抑制阿片类药物对阿片受体的强化作用,从…     

综合疗法对海洛因依赖患者复吸的影响

目的:观察海洛因依赖患者在住院过程中进行综合性治疗(美沙酮递减脱瘾、生物体适应性平衡调整、心理干预、纳曲酮的应用)对出院后复吸的影口向。方法:将海洛因依赖患者90例,按随机化方法分为综合治疗组、美沙酮纳曲酮组及单纯美沙酮治疗组各30例。观察三种治疗方案临床疗效及出院后半年复吸率。结果:综合治疗方案及美沙酮纳曲酮治疗方案在控制脱毒后稽延性戒断症状,缓解焦虑情绪、改善睡眠及降低心理渴求方面均优于单纯美沙酮脱瘾治疗(P<0.01),且出院后半年操守人数亦有显著差异(P<0.01)。综合治疗组半年复吸率降低66.67%。综合治疗方案的临床疗效及防复吸效果又优于美沙酮纳曲酮组(P<0.05)。结论:综合治疗方案临床操作简单易行,临床疗效显著,对海洛因依赖患者脱毒出院后的复吸起到积极预防作用,值得推广。     

美沙酮维持治疗依从性的研究进展

美沙酮维持治疗(Methadone Maintenance Treatment,MMT)是针对海洛因等阿片类药物依赖者采取的一种替代治疗方法。目前认为美沙酮维持治疗(配合相关支持性服务)是在全球范围内现阶段治疗阿片类药物依赖最广泛、最有效的治疗方法之一。中国美沙酮维持治疗于2004年3月开始在五个省建立了8个试点门诊,开始了试点工作,到2011年12月31日,中国28个省(自治区、直辖市)     

阿片类药物依赖的心理社会干预

阿片类药物依赖不仅是医学问题,而且也是社会问题。大量的研究表明,阿片类药物依赖除了与生物学因素有关外,还与许多心理社会因素有关。因此,在处理阿片类药物依赖时不仅要解决阿片类药物依赖者的躯体戒断症状、合并症等,还应注意其心理社会因素,并尽可能的予以解决,以达到更好的治疗效果。１心理干预［１-３］１．１行为治疗行为治疗是以实验心理学和心理学中行为学派的理论和观点为基础,以减轻或改善患者的症状或不良行为为目标的一种心理治疗。对于阿片类药物依赖者的行为治疗研究主要集中在两个方面：①依赖形成的条件性;②认知行为过程…     

抗阿片成瘾药物研究历史与现状

阿片成瘾是一种慢性复发性脑疾病,临床症状包括躯体依赖、稽延症状、精神依赖和复吸, 治疗的关键是防复吸。防复吸药物的研究包括以阿片受体和非阿片受体为靶标的药物。代表性药物分别为阿片受体激动剂美沙酮和受体阻断剂纳屈酮,新型阿片受体配体噻吩诺啡能够完全阻断吗啡等阿片类药物引起的躯体和精神依赖,防止阿片复吸。研究表明,参与调节阿片精神依赖和复吸的非阿片受体作用系统包括多巴胺受体、兴奋性氨基酸受体、γ-氨基丁酸受体、乙酰胆碱受体、5-HT受体、CB1受体和神经营养因子受体等。多巴胺D3受体阻断剂Y-QA14自身无致成瘾性,同时具有抗可卡因和海洛因成瘾及防复吸的作用。咪唑啉Ⅰ型受体激动剂胍丁胺具有抗阿片躯体和精神依赖、缓解稽延症状和防复吸的作用,机制与激活咪唑啉Ⅰ型受体后减轻阿片受体、多巴胺系统和谷氨酸系统的代偿性适应用关。本文将就阿片、阿片成瘾生物学基础、防阿片复吸药物研发展、作用机制、历史、现状和发展趋势加以综述。     

驱络宁合并小剂量美沙酮对海洛因依赖脱毒治疗

目的:观察中药驱络宁胶囊合并小剂量美沙酮对海洛因依赖脱毒治疗疗效.方法:将24例海洛因依赖者随机分为四组:美沙酮治疗组、驱络宁治疗组、小剂量美沙酮治疗组、驱络宁合并小剂量美沙酮治疗组.采用<阿片类药物依赖戒断症状量表>(OWS)评定疗效.结果:在治疗d 1～5,驱络宁治疗组、小剂量美沙酮组OWS总分分值较美沙酮治疗组高(P＜0.05);驱络宁合并小剂量美沙酮治疗组OWS总分分值与美沙酮治疗组比较差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).治疗d 6～10各治疗组分值平稳下降,各组间OWS总分分值差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论:中药驱络宁胶囊合并小剂量美沙酮对海洛因依赖早期脱毒治疗效果与全量美沙酮治疗效果相似,可减少美沙酮用量.     

美沙酮片治疗癌痛的临床观察

美沙酮为阿片受体激动剂,常用于阿片类药物依赖的戒毒治疗,既往很少用于癌症止痛.经国家药品监督管理局批准,由中国药物依赖性研究所牵头,我们参加了国产美沙酮片的临床验证研究.现将研究结果简报如下:     

海洛因依赖脱毒用药概述和临床评价

脱毒是戒毒过程重要的第一步。本文概述海洛因依赖者脱毒的药物选择、使用方法和临床评价。总体上脱毒药物治疗国内外趋向一致,阿片受体激动剂美沙酮替代递减疗法唱主角,为临床广泛使用。阿片受体部分激动剂丁丙诺啡国外推荐积极,国内用户不多。可乐定仅适用戒断反应不严重者,阿片受体竞争拮抗剂（纳洛酮、纳曲酮）主要用于快速脱毒和预防复吸,用于维持治疗仅为一种选择。我国社区维持治疗均用美沙酮,为减轻危害近年来积极推广。中西医结合脱毒是我国戒毒特色。     

Opioid dependence treatment: options in pharmacotherapy

The development of effective treatments for opioid dependence is of great importance given the devastating consequences of the disease. Pharmacotherapies for opioid addiction include opioid agonists, partial agonists, opioid antagonists, and alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, which are targeted toward either detoxification or long-term agonist maintenance. Agonist maintenance therapy is currently the recommended treatment for opioid dependence due to its superior outcomes relative to detoxification. Detoxification protocols have limited long-term efficacy, and patient discomfort remains a significant therapy challenge. Buprenorphine's effectiveness relative to methadone remains a controversy and may be most appropriate for patients in need of low doses of agonist treatment. Buprenorphine appears superior to alpha-2 agonists, however, and office-based treatment with buprenorphine in the USA is gaining support. Studies of sustained-release formulations of naltrexone suggest improved effectiveness for retention and sustained abstinence; however, randomized clinical trials are needed.     

Buprenorphine for opioid dependence

In England and Wales, estimates suggest around 250,000 people have serious drug problems such as dependency, that cause considerable harm to themselves and others, and give rise to high social and economic costs. The number of people receiving specialist treatment for drug problems has increased greatly in recent years. Many people dependent on opioids will require opioid substitution treatment at some time. This may involve long-term maintenance to reduce use of illicit drugs, and/or short-term detoxification to stop such use completely. Standard management involves methadone maintenance therapy. Buprenorphine (Subutex-Schering-Plough) is also licensed for the management of patients with opioid dependence. Here we review the evidence for the use of buprenorphine compared with methadone for opioid dependence.     

Use of naltrexone in ketamine dependence

Ketamine is used as a cheap alternative to anaesthetic agents in developing countries. It is also misused as a rave drug because of its psychedelic effect. There are no guidelines for effective management of ketamine withdrawal effects or dependence. Herein we report a case of ketamine dependence and its successful treatment with opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone.     

The New Kid on the Block—Incorporating Buprenorphine into a Medical Toxicology Practice

Buprenorphine represents a safe and effective therapy for treating opioid dependence, alleviating craving and withdrawal symptoms in opioid-dependent patients. Buprenorphine has a “blocking” effect against the action of other opioids at the mu-receptor, preventing not only opioid-induced euphoria, but CNS and respiratory depressant effects as well. Buprenorphine was approved for the treatment of opioid dependence in 2002 after the passage of Drug Abuse Treatment Act 2000 (DATA 2000) which allowed clinicians to treat opioid-dependent patients with specifically named opioid agonist therapies in an office setting. Buprenorphine programs reduce the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C and reduce criminal behaviors associated with illicit drug use. Patients stabilized on buprenorphine have increased employment, enhanced engagement with social services, and better overall health and well-being.     

Long term outcomes of pharmacological treatments for opioid dependence: does methadone still lead the pack?

The aim of this review was to update and summarize the scientific knowledge on the long term outcomes of the different pharmacological treatment options for opioid dependence currently available and to provide a critical discussion on the different treatment options based on these results. We performed a literature search using the PubMed databases and the reference lists of the identified articles. Data from research show that the three pharmacological options reviewed are effective treatments for opioid dependence with positive long term outcomes. However, each one has its specific target population and setting. While methadone and buprenorphine are first line options, heroin-assisted treatment is a second line option for those patients refractory to treatment with methadone with concomitant severe physical, mental, social and/or functional problems. Buprenorphine seems to be the best option for use in primary care offices. The field of opioid dependence treatment is poised to undergo a process of reinforcement and transformation. Further efforts from researchers, clinicians and authorities should be made to turn new pharmacological options into clinical reality and to overcome the structural and functional obstacles that maintenance programmes face in combatting opioid dependence.     

Agonist-like, replacement pharmacotherapy for stimulant abuse and dependence

Stimulant abuse and dependence are disproportionately problematic due to the combination of legal and social issues added to the serious behavioural and biological features of the disorders. These problems are compounded by adverse consequences for families and society. Illegality and stigma multiply the consequences of use and difficulties in providing treatment. Specific behavioural interventions have been demonstrated as useful in treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). Medications also have an important role in treatment. Effective agonist and antagonist pharmacotherapies as well as symptomatic treatments exist for opioid and nicotine dependence. Neither agonists nor antagonists have been approved as uniquely effective for treatment of stimulant abuse or dependence. Still, promising results are emerging for an agonist-like or 'replacement' strategy paralleling that for nicotine and opioid dependence. Supporting data have emerged from both preclinical and clinical research environments. There are scientific, clinical, social, and legal impediments to application of an agonist-like approach to stimulant abuse and dependence. Some resemble past and current concerns about opioid replacement. Others are unique to the stimulant agents, effects, and clinical features. Here, the authors consider (1) agonist and antagonist pharmacotherapy strategies; (2) preclinical research, including methodological approaches, opioid and nicotine replacement, and agonists for stimulant dependence; (3) clinical reports with stimulant medications in cocaine dependence, and the amphetamine replacement strategy for amphetamine dependence; (4) application of agonist-like/replacement strategies, including clinical requirements and risks; and (5) directions for research.     

Naltrexone: Not Just for Opioids Anymore

Naltrexone is a semi-synthetic opioid with competitive antagonist activity at mu opioid receptors. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in the treatment of alcohol and opioid dependence, but adherence to daily dosing has been recognized as a factor limiting long-term effectiveness. Recently, a long-acting injectable formulation of naltrexone has received FDA-approval for treating alcohol and opioid dependence. This article reviews the pharmacology of naltrexone, the current evidence supporting the use of extended-release naltrexone, and the clinical challenges in the induction of patients to this medication.     

A systematic review of the effectiveness of naltrexone in the maintenance treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence.

This systematic review summarises evidence of the effectiveness of naltrexone (NTX) and the added value of psychosocial treatment in the maintenance treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence. Studies were selected through a literature search conducted in March 2004. Seven opioid and seventeen alcohol studies were identified. When possible, meta-(regression) analyses were performed. There is lack of evidence about the effectiveness of NTX in the maintenance treatment of opioid dependence. There is evidence for the effectiveness and applicability of NTX in the management of alcohol dependence. The opioid studies combined NTX with a variety of psychosocial interventions, which plagued the evaluation of their value. Concomitant psychosocial interventions used in the alcohol studies were mainly cognitive behavioural, which seems to be more effective than NTX combined with supportive therapy. Available data do not allow firm conclusions regarding the added effect of psychosocial interventions. However, the data suggest that a combination of naltrexone with cognitive behavioural relapse prevention therapy is beneficial in alcohol dependent patients.