抗栓胶囊中9种重金属有害元素的含量测定及风险评估

目的：测定抗栓胶囊中重金属有害元素的含量,对有害元素进行潜在的健康风险评估。方法：微波消解对样品进行前处理后,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定钒（V）、铬（Cr）、钴（Co）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）、铅（Pb）9种元素的含量。采用元素指纹图谱和热图对测定结果进行直观分析;使用风险评估模型评估9种有害元素的健康风险。结果：9种元素线性关系良好,r≥0.9990;回收率为78.81%～104.52%,平均回收率为80.87%~102.83%,RSD为0.72%~3.30%（n=6）。测定了9种重金属有害元素的含量,绘制的元素指纹图谱具有一定的特征性,热图表明,样品间Pb、Cr、Hg、As 4种元素的含量差异明显,Pb、As残留量较高,可能存有一定的潜在健康风险。结论：通过探究抗栓胶囊中的重金属有害元素,为该药的质量控制和安全性评价提供参考。     

芩连胶囊中重金属及其胶囊壳中铬元素的含量测定及安全风险评估

目的：测定芩连胶囊中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜等5种重金属及有害元素及胶囊壳中的铬元素,并对含量结果进行风险评估。方法：样品经微波消解后,分别采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）和原子吸收分光光度法（AAS）测定芩连胶囊中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜等5种元素的含量,以及胶囊壳中铬元素的含量。结果：各元素在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好（r均不低于0.999 9）;精密度、重复性、稳定性试验的RSD≤1.9%;平均加样回收率为92.3%～99.3%,RSD≤2.3%（n=6）;样品中重金属各元素含量均在规定限度范围。结论：两种测定方法操作简便、灵敏度高、专属性强、结果准确、可靠,为芩连胶囊的安全性评价及质量控制提供参考。     

ICP-MS法检测益肝散中金属元素

目的考察不同批次益肝散中钒(V)、铬(Cr)、铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)和铅(Pb)金属元素的含量。方法采用湿法消解法消解样品,以115In为内标,用电感耦合等离子质谱法同时测定益肝散中钒、铬、铁、钴、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、汞和铅金属元素的含量。结果检测的12种元素线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.999 2,各元素的检出限为0.038~0.537μg·L-1,回收率为100.0%~104.7%,RSD≤4.4%,重复性和精密度的RSD值均≤5%。结论该方法适用于益肝散的微量元素及重金属限量控制。可考虑应用于其他中药材的检测。     

人参须药材中重金属残留量的测定

目的：对11批人参须药材重金属残留量进行测定。方法：依据2015年版《中华人民共和国药典》通则2321：铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法项下,对铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的残留量进行了测定。结果：通过对铅、镉、砷、汞、铜5种重金属元素检测及方法学考察,结果合理有效,标准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.995,平均加样回收率分别为107%、81%、88%、80%和78%。11批样品的重金属残留量均在限度范围内。结论：本研究中所用的人参须药材重金属及有害元素污染程度较低,安全性相对较好。     

山葡萄藤重金属残留量的测定

目的： 对10批山葡萄藤药材重金属残留量进行测定。方法：依据2015年版《中华人民共和国药典》通则铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法项下,对铅、镉、砷、汞铜的残留量进行了测定。结果：铅、镉、砷、汞、铜5种重金属元素检测方法经方法学考察,结果合理有效,标准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.997,平均加样回收率分别为91.65%、107.48%、91.17%、93.51%、107.64%。10批样品的重金属残留量均在限度范围内。结论：本研究中所用的山葡萄藤药材重金属及有害元素污染程度较低,安全性相对较好。     

元胡止痛胶囊中重金属、有害元素的测定

目的为了解市售元胡止痛胶囊中重金属及有害元素的含量。方法采用原子吸收分光光度法和原子荧光光谱法,建立铅、镉、砷、汞、铜及铬等的含量测定方法。结果建立的方法回收率在91.2%~111.2%之间,精密度实验RSD均小于5%,各元素测定范围内线性关系良好。该测定方法稳定性和重复性良好。元胡止痛胶囊中铅、镉、铜含量有不同程度超标,砷、汞、铬含量符合要求。结论该方法简单易行,方便快捷。现行的元胡止痛胶囊质量标准还需建立铅、镉、砷、汞、铜及铬的含量限度。本方法所建立的重金属及有害元素测定方法为元胡止痛胶囊的质量控制及安全性评价提供参考。     

原子吸收法测定榛子花药材中重金属残留量

目的：建立榛子花药材重金属残留量测定方法。方法：依据2015年版《中华人民共和国药典》通则2321铅、镉、砷、汞、铜项下原子吸收测定法,对铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的残留量进行测定。结果：通过对铅、镉、砷、汞、铜5种重金属元素检测及方法学考察,结果合理有效,标准曲线的线性相关系数均＞0.995,平均加样回收率分别为105%、83%、89%、83%和80%。10批样品的重金属残留量均在限度范围内。结论：通过对榛子花药材铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的测定,该方法简单、快速、准确、重现性好,可为评价和控制榛子花重金属污染测定提供技术依据。     

原子吸收法及原子荧光法测定血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素的含量

目的建立血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素（铅、镉、砷、汞、铜）的测定方法,同时测定了12份血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素（铅、镉、砷、汞、铜）的含量。方法样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉,采用火焰原子吸收法测定铜,采用原子荧光法测定砷、汞。结果 5种重金属及有害元素的回收率为90.8%～101.9%,相对标准偏差为3.4%～6.4%。结论所测12份血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素含量多数超出药典规定的6种中药材的限量要求。     

原子吸收法测定中药材中6种重金属及有害元素的残留量

目的:建立中药中6种重金属及有害元素(铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、锑)的检测方法,测定6种中药材中的残留含量。方法:样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉、锑;采用氢化物-原子吸收法测定砷;采用冷原子吸收法测定汞;采用火焰原子吸收法测定铜,并对测定方法进行了方法学考察。结果:6种重金属及有害元素的回收率为79.0%～125.8%,RSD 为0.8%～14.6%。结论:该方法简便,准确,可较好地用于中药重金属及有害元素残留量的测定。     

原子吸收法及原子荧光法测定参附注射液中5种重金属及有害元素的残留量

建立参附注射液中5种重金属及有害元素(铅、镉、砷、汞、铜)的测定方法。样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉、铜;采用原子荧光法测定砷、汞。5种重金属及有害元素的回收率为94.8%~111.5%。该方法简便、准确、可较好的用于参附注射液中重金属及有害元素的测定。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.     

Benzodiazepines,amnesia and sedation: Theoretical and clinical issues and controversies

The amnestic effect of benzodiazepines, first described in 1965, and the subsequent attempts to identify the precise nature of this effect, are reviewed. The difficulty in deciding to what extent this effect is secondary to the sedative action of these drugs is shown by the lack of agreement between studies. Nevertheless, it is concluded that, given the right experimental design, all benzodiazepines can be shown to cause an anterograde amnesia which is probably primarily a result of reduced attention or rehearsal and secondary to sedation. Its onset, degree and duration are influenced by dose, rate of absorption, route of administration, potency and the receptor occupancy rate of the particular benzodiazepine involved, but plasma elimination t_½ appears to be relatively unimportant. The clinical relevance of this for the long-term use of hypnotics and anxiolytics is not clear. Tolerance appears to be greater than for the anxiolytic but less than the sedative or anticonvulsant effect of benzodiazepines. It seems that transient amnestic effects could occur in chronic users related to post-dose, peak benzodiazepine levels. The great variability in individual response means that transient amnesia is a potential adverse drug reaction in certain individuals taking benzodiazepines.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ramipril and piretanide administered alone and in combination

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of 5 mg ramipril and 6 mg piretanide administered separately and in combination were determined in a single blind, randomised, 3-period cross-over study in 24 healthy male volunteers.The peak plasma concentrations of ramipril and ramiprilat increased slightly (from 11.9 to 14.8 ng/ml, and from 6.39 to 8.96 ng/ml, respectively) as did the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of ramipril (0–4 h) and ramiprilat (0–24 h) (from 15.8 to 19.8 ng·ml^–1·h, and from 63.4 to 74.6 ng·ml^–1·h, respectively). The urinary excretion of ramiprilat also rose (from 6.82 to 7.73 % of dose) following simultaneous treatment with piretanide. These effects were probably due to reduced first-pass metabolism of ramipril/ramiprilat to inactive metabolites. The blood pressure lowering effect, the time course of inhibition of ACE activity in plasma and the concentration-response relationship for the inhibition of plasma ACE activity were not affected by piretanide.The peak plasma concentration of piretanide was somewhat reduced (from 285 to 244 ng/ml) following simultaneous treatment with ramipril. No other pharmacokinetic parameter was affected. Piretanide increased urine flow, and sodium, chloride and potassium excretion, especially during the first 2 hours following administration. These pharmacodynamic parameters were not affected by ramipril.Thus, simultaneous administration of single oral doses of ramipril and piretanide caused modest changes in the peak and average plasma concentrations of both drugs, which did not lead to detectable alterations in the pharmacodynamic parameters measured in healthy volunteers.