糖尿病患者的健康教育和护理体会

护士在做好临床护理的同时，有责任和义务对患者及家属进行心理疏导和健康教育，使更多的患者和家属了解疾病的发生发展和演变过程，进一步理解和同情患者。了解他们的心理变化和生理需求，使患者得到更多的关爱和更为有效的心理和生理支持。现就我们收治的糖尿病患者，谈谈健康教育方法和护理体会。     

吹灌封技术的法规要求概述

综述了我国、欧盟和美国等国内外药政机构和相关组织对吹灌封技术在医药和无菌医疗器械行业的相关法规要求和技术指导原则,通过总结、比较和阐述,为国内该项技术的应用和发展提供指导和借鉴,旨在推动相关法规的完善和促进该无菌保证技术在国内的良好应用和发展。     

乌司他汀对体外循环下冠脉旁路移植术患者围手术期肺脏的保护作用

目的介绍去唾液酸糖蛋白受体（asialoglycoprotein receptor,ASGPR）介导的药物和基因肝靶向作用和机制,及其在治疗肝癌和乙型肝炎实验研究方面的最新进展。方法查阅和选取针对性强、相关度高的文献,总结和归纳ASGPR介导的药物和基因肝靶向用于治疗肝癌和乙型肝炎的最新研究进展。结果ASGPR是肝细胞的一种重要且高效的内吞受体,可用于介导药物和基因的肝靶向递送。结论ASGPR介导的药物和基因肝靶向有望成为肝癌和乙型肝炎治疗的有效手段。     

大规模提取罗汉果叶和藤及其多种生物活性的研究

目的 大规模制备罗汉果叶和藤提取物并研究其抗菌、抗氧化和促进胰岛素分泌的多种活性。方法 制备罗汉果叶和藤提取物,并通过离子交换树脂进一步分离。通过活性测试对提取物和各馏分进行抗菌、抗氧化和促进胰岛素分泌的试验。结果 罗汉果叶和藤提取物以及分离得到的馏分表现出抗菌、抗氧化和促进胰岛素分泌的活性。结论 罗汉果叶和藤提取物具有抗菌、抗氧化和促进胰岛素分泌的活性。罗汉果叶和藤具有开发为药物和功能性食品的潜力。     

和法析要

和法是中医主要治法之一，其治法精神源于《黄帝内经》，其治法内涵当首推《伤寒论》。但由于“和”在中医学中的含义甚多，因此导致和法的概念模糊，和法的含义纷杂。这对正确使用和法、探讨和法的作用机制等均无裨益。有鉴于此，本文试对和法的形成和内涵，和法的立法原则、适应证     

E-cad、β-cat和Ki-67在膀胱癌的表达及意义

目的探讨E-cad、β-cat和Ki-67与膀胱癌病理分级和临床分期之间的关系。方法应用免疫组化技术检测73例膀胱癌标本E-cad、β-cat和Ki-67的表达水平,进行分析上述指标与膀胱癌病理分级和临床分期的关系以及E-cad和Ki-67联合检测与膀胱癌病理分级和临床分期的关系。结果①E-cad、β-cat的表达强度与膀胱癌的病理分级和临床分期负相关,Ki-67的表达强度与膀胱癌的病理分级和临床分期正相关;②膀胱癌E-cad和Ki-67的异常表达存在相关性,E-cad和Ki-67双异常表达与膀胱癌的病理分级和临床分期均相关。结论膀胱癌存在着E-cad、β-cat表达的下调和Ki-67表达的上调,三者表达异常均与膀胱癌的病理分级和临床分期有关。E-cad和Ki-67双异常表达的膀胱癌病理分级和临床分期均较高,E-cad表达与Ki-67表达呈负相关,同时检测E-cad和Ki-67有助于对膀胱癌病理分级和临床分期的判断。     

支原体感染的诊断及治疗

目的探讨支原体感染症的临床意义,探索和寻求支原体感染症的诊断和治疗方法。方法西医现代检测方法诊断,深入剖析西医和中医治疗的优点和不足。结果目前中医和西医治疗支原体感染的方法有待改进。结论对于支原体感染,要做到早期积极准确的诊断和治疗,避免并发症的发生,减轻患者的痛苦和经济负担,诊断和治疗的方法具有很高的临床价值。     

大规模提取罗汉果叶和藤及其多种生物活性的研究

目的大规模制备罗汉果叶和藤提取物并研究其抗菌、抗氧化和促进胰岛素分泌的多种活性。方法制备罗汉果叶和藤提取物,并通过离子交换树脂进一步分离。通过活性测试对提取物和各馏分进行抗菌、抗氧化和促进胰岛素分泌的试验。结果罗汉果叶和藤提取物以及分离得到的馏分表现出抗菌、抗氧化和促进胰岛素分泌的活性。结论罗汉果叶和藤提取物具有抗菌、抗氧化和促进胰岛素分泌的活性。罗汉果叶和藤具有开发为药物和功能性食品的潜力。     

中国淡水鱼油的研究——Ⅰ 淡水生物中n-3不饱和脂肪酸含量的研究

采用气相色谱法分析了湖北地区部分常见淡生物中EPA和DHA的含量,发现一批含有EPA和DHA的水产品及几种富含EPA和DHA的淡水鱼。每1kg新鲜鲢鱼内、鳙鱼肉和鲇鱼肉中EPA和DHA含量分别为2.3g和1.9g、2.5g和3.3g、1.0g和4.5g。由内脏提取的鲢鱼油、鳙鱼油和鲇鱼油中EPA和DHA含量分别为73g/L和55g/L、40g/L和59/L、17g/L和70g/L。鲢鱼油中胆固醇含量低于1g/L。     

添加剂对次氯酸钠和过氧乙酸稳定性的影响

目的：研究AEO和AES对次氯酸钠和过氧乙酸的稳定性,方法：以AEO和AES为添通过常温和加温实验研究了添加剂对次氯酸钠和过氧乙酸稳定性的影响。结果：加温后次氯酸钠和过氧乙酸分解快,两种添加剂对次氯酸钠和过氧乙酸均有一定的稳定作用,结论：添加AEO和AES可以增加过氧乙酸和次氯酸钠溶液的性,AEO和AES的浓度为9％时效果最好。     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Emerging drugs for epilepsy

Epilepsy affects ≤ 1% of the world's population. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstay of treatment, although more than a third of patients are not rendered seizure free with existing medications. Uncontrolled epilepsy is associated with increased mortality and physical injuries, and a range of psychosocial morbidities, posing a substantial economic burden on individuals and society. Limitations of the present AEDs include suboptimal efficacy and their association with a host of adverse reactions. Continued efforts are being made in drug development to overcome these shortcomings employing a range of strategies, including modification of the structure of existing drugs, targeting novel molecular substrates and non-mechanism-based drug screening of compounds in traditional and newer animal models. This article reviews the need for new treatments and discusses some of the emerging compounds that have entered clinical development. The ultimate goal is to develop novel agents that can prevent the occurrence of seizures and the progression of epilepsy in at risk individuals.     

盐酸达泊西汀中甲磺酸甲酯、甲磺酸乙酯及甲磺酸异丙酯的顶空毛细管GC-ECD法测定

建立了衍生化顶空毛细管气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(ECD)法测定盐酸达泊西汀中的甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)、甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)和甲磺酸异丙酯(IMS).应用碘化钠衍生技术,使用PW-5毛细管柱,载气为氮气,ECD检测,程序升温.MMS、EMS和IMS分别在0.03～0.30、0.05～0.50和0.05～0.50 μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为63.5％、100.3％和96.2％,最低检测限分别为0.30、0.50和0.50 ng/ml.     

血管内皮生长因子的异常与子(癎)前期发病的关系

目的:研究血浆可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)浓度和胎盘组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、胎盘生长因子(PLGF)及其血管内皮生长因子受体1(VEGFR1,Flt-1)、可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1(sVEGFR1,sFlt-1)mRNA的表达与子前期的关系.方法:采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测45例子前期患者和45例健康产妇血清sICAM-1的浓度,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测胎盘组织中VEGF、PLGF、Flt-1、sFlt-1 mRNA的表达.结果:(1)子前期组sICAM-1水平为(218.45±29.93) μg/L,显著高于对照组的(168.84±19.39) μg/L(P < 0.01).(2)子前期患者胎盘组织VEGF、PLGF、Flt-1、sFlt-1 mRNA的相对表达量显著高于对照组(均P < 0.01).(3)血清sICAM-1浓度与胎盘组织中sFlt-1mRNA的相对表达量呈正相关(r = 0.90,P < 0.01).结论:子前期患者血清sICAM-1浓度升高,其胎盘组织VEGF、PLGF、Flt-1、sFlt-1 mRNA的相对表达量也升高.胎盘组织sFlt-1mRNA的高表达与子前期内皮损伤等有密切关系.     

Antiparasitic protozoan vaccines

Parasitic infections caused by pathogenic protozoa affect over 1 billion people worldwide and impose a substantial health and economic burden, particularly on inter-tropical less-developed countries where they are more prevalent. Despite encouraging progress in vaccine development, chemotherapy remains the single most effective, efficient and inexpensive means to control most parasitic infections [1]. However, day to day parasites are becoming increasingly resistant to drugs currently in use, such as Plasmodium towards chloroquine, lending to the start of a promising future for vaccines. Patent applications regarding vaccines for the prevention, control and diagnosis of parasitic protozoan infections are reviewed for the period December 1996 - October 2000. However, vaccines for some of the protozoan infections do not appear in the literature in the period reviewed; only, vaccines against malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, cryptosporidiosis, pneumocystosis, eimeriosis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, as well as Babesia microti infections have been found.     

Binding affinity in drug design: experimental and computational techniques

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In pharmaceutical design where future drugs are developed by targeting a specific chosen protein, the evaluation of ligand affinity is crucial. For this very purpose are a multitude of diverse methods which are continuously being improved, which, in turn, makes it difficult to choose which techniques to use in practice.

Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss both experimental and computational approaches for affinity evaluation. Basic principles, general limitations and advantages, as well as main areas of application in drug discovery, are overviewed for some of the most popular ligand binding assays. The authors further provide a guide to affinity predictions, collectively covering several techniques that are used in the first stages of rational drug design.

Expert opinion: All affinity estimation methods have limitations and advantages that partially overlap and complement one another. Some of the suggested best practices include cross-verification of data using at least two different techniques and careful data interpretation.