HPLC—MS／MS法测定人体血清中替加色罗的浓度

目的：建立一种测定人体血浆中替加色罗血药浓度的液相色谱-质谱／质谱的方法。方法：色谱柱：Lichrospher C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相：甲醇-水（含2．5mmol·L^-1醋酸铵，1％甲酸）（75：25），流速：0．5mL·min^-1，柱温：25℃。内标为苯海拉明。质谱条件为电喷雾电离源（ESI），选择正离子检测，替加色罗：[M＋H]^＋离子m／z 302．2，碎片子离子m／z 173．1，碰撞能量28V；内标：苯海拉明[M＋H]^＋离子m／z 256．2，碎片子离子m／z 165．1，碰撞能量36V。结果：本法线性范围：0．0361～7．215ng·mL^-1，r=0．9991（n=5），最低定量浓度为0．0361ng·mL^-1；方法的准确度在90％-115％之间；提取回收率（绝对回收率）〉70％。批内、批间RSD〈10％。结论：本方法专属性强，灵敏度高，线性关系良好，适用于人体血浆中替加色罗的测定及药代动力学研究。     

贝母生物碱的高效液相色谱-质谱联用分析

目的：建立高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析贝母生物碱的方法，并对川贝母与浙贝母中贝母甲素、贝母乙素含量进行测定与比较。方法：贝母用氨水浸润后，以乙醚-氯仿-乙醇（25：8：2．5）超声提取。将提取物直接进样到电喷雾离子阱质谱检测器进行检测。质谱条件：质谱采用电喷雾正离子模式（ESI^＋），扫描范围为m／z 210～800，贝母甲素、贝母乙素的选择性检测离子分别为m／z 432和m／z 430。液相条件：色谱柱：Sphrigel C18柱（200mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：乙腈～10mmol·L^-1甲酸铵（pH=8．0，0．03％三乙胺），梯度洗脱（0～6min：乙腈30％→45％；6～22min：乙腈45％；22～30min：乙腈45％→95％；30～34min：乙腈30％）；流速：1mL·min^-1；柱温：25℃。结果：川贝母与浙贝母总生物碱提取液的一级质谱图显示，其主要分子离子峰基本相同，相对丰度有较大差异。贝母甲素和贝母乙素的线性范围分别为0．176～44．0μg·mL^-1和0．120～30．0μg·mL^-1，相关系数均大于0．999，检测限（LOD）为58.7ng·mL^-1和40．0ng·mL^-1，定量限（LOQ）为17．6ng·mL^-1和12．0ng·mL^-1，方法回收率均大于97％，日内、日间精密度（RSD）分别小于1．3％和2．8％（n=5）。结论：川贝母与浙贝母生物碱提取物的ESI—MS图谱有明显差异，可用于贝母药材的鉴别。本方法灵敏度高，专属性强，简便快捷，线性关系良好，适用于贝母中无紫外吸收的异甾体生物碱的检测与分析。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱分析人血浆中的罂粟碱含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化质谱联用法测定人血浆中的罂粟碱含量。方法：以0．1％甲酸-甲醇（65：35）为流动相，可卡因为内标，用甲醇沉淀血浆样品中的蛋白后，余下上清液经离心干燥，100μL流动相定容后进样。采用MRM方式检测可卡因（304〉182）和罂粟碱（340〉202）。结果：罂粟碱血浆浓度在3．12～100ng·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r^2=0．9999），日内和日间精密度试验的RSD均小于10％，回收率为96．6％～98．9％，血药浓度最低定量限为3．12ng·mL^-1。结论：本法具有专属性强，灵敏度高，重现性好的特点，可用于血浆中微量药物的浓度检测。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定人血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪

目的：建立高效液相色谱-质谱法测定人血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪浓度的方法。方法：血浆样品加入内标，碱化后用乙酸乙酯提取，进行LC—MS测定。色谱柱为Luna C8流动相为0．02mol·L^-1乙酸铵（含0．5％三乙胺）-甲醇（50：50），流速为1mL·min^-1，柱温为30℃；APCI选择性正离子检测。结果：盐酸曲美他嗪浓度在1～160ng·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9991），最低检测浓度为0．5ng·mL^-1,平均提取回收率为64．4％，日内RSD〈15％，日间RSD〈20％。结论：方法简便、快速，灵敏度高，可用于曲美他嗪的药动学研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中盐酸舍曲林浓度

目的：建立测定人血浆中盐酸舍曲林浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法：以替米沙坦为内标,内标法定量。流动相：乙腈-10mmol·L^-1乙酸铵-1%甲酸（70：30：0.1）;质谱采用离子喷雾离子化源,扫描方式为多重反应监测（MRM）,用于定量分析的离子反应分别为m/z306.3→m/z159.1（舍曲林）和m/z515.2→m/z276.1（替米沙坦）。结果：舍曲林和替米沙坦的保留时间分别为2.22min和2.44min;舍曲林的线性范围为0.5～50.0ng·mL^-1,r=0.9992,回归方程：Y=0.0021＋0.0217X,最低检测浓度为0.5ng·mL^-1;提取回收率在82%～90%范围内;日内相对标准差〈4%,日间精密度〈13%。结论：此法适合人体血浆盐酸舍曲林浓度的监测及生物利用度研究,结果准确、可靠。     

LC—MS法测定大鼠血浆中河豚毒素的含量

目的：建立大鼠腹腔注射给药后，血浆中河豚毒素（TTX）的高效液相色谱-质谱联用（LC—MS）定量检测方法。方法：血浆样品经沉淀剂[（乙腈-含0．5％醋酸的甲醇液（3：1）]处理后漩涡离心，取上清液冻干、复溶，进样测定。色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相为10mmol·L^-1七氟丁酸-10mmol·L^-1甲酸（1：1，氨水调至pH4．0）；流速1．0mL·min^-1；柱温为30℃；进样量10μL。以选择离子监测（SIN）方式进行定量分析，用于监测的离子为[M＋H]^＋m／z320．1。结果：TTX的线性范围为1．76～42．2ng·mL^-1，r=0．9996；检测限为1．76ng·mL^-1,即17．6pg；加样回收率（n=5）在99．9％～107．6％之间；大鼠腹腔给药后30min达到血药浓度峰值。结论：本法专属性强，灵敏度高，重现性好，适用于血浆样品中TTX的定量检测研究。     

HPLC荧光检测法测定盐酸文拉法辛血药浓度及人体生物等效性研究

目的：建立测定健康受试者血浆样品中盐酸文拉法辛浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法：以Diamonsil C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm）为色谱柱；流动相为乙腈-pH3．0磷酸盐缓冲液-三乙胺（33．5：66．5：1），流速1．0mL·min^-1，进样量为20μL，内标为马普替林。血浆样品经正己烷-异戊醇提取后荧光检测：λex=276nm，λem=596nm。结果：盐酸文拉法辛浓度在10～800ng·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999），最低检出限为2ng·mL^-1，最低血药检测浓度为16．99ng·mL^-1（S／N〉3）。盐酸文拉法辛浓度30，150，600ng·mL^-1的萃取回收率（n=5）和方法回收率（n=5）分别在81．5％～91．1％和98．7％～112．6％范围内，日内和日间精密度的RSD（n=5）分别小于12％和10％。结论：本法可以用于测定血浆中盐酸文拉法辛浓度，方法准确、灵敏、快速，重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中他林洛尔浓度

目的：建立测定人血浆中他林洛尔浓度的高效液相色谱一紫外检测法。方法：采用依利特Hypersil—BDSC18色谱柱（4．6mm×200mm，5μm），乙腈-10mmol·L^-1甲酸胺（20：80）为流动相，流速为1mL·min^-1，紫外检测波长为248nm。结果：他林洛尔浓度在2．1～535ng·mL^-1范围内，线性良好（r=0．9983），最低检测限1．0ng·mL^-1（S／N〉3），绝对回收率大于62．4％，符合生物样品分析要求。将建立的方法用于12名受试者单剂量口服（100mg）他林洛尔片后不同时间血药浓度的测定。受试者口服他林洛尔片后，达峰时间Tmax为（2．4±1．0）h，峰浓度Cmax为（375±131）ng·mL^-1，半衰期T1/2为（7．6±3．3）h，AUC0-48为（2586±1266）ng·h·mL^-1，AUC0-∞为（2764±1409）ng·h·mL^-1。结论：本方法快速、经济、准确、灵敏，重现性好，可用于他林洛尔血药浓度监测和药代动力学研究。     

LC-MS／MS法测定大鼠脑组织中单胺类神经递质及代谢产物

目的：建立LC—MS／MS法测定大鼠脑组织中5-羟色胺（5-HT）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、多巴胺（DA）、5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）、3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯乙二醇（MHPG）、3，4-双羟苯乙酸（DOPAC）、高香草酸（HVA）的含量。方法：采用Thermo C18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm，5μm），柱温为室温；水（含0．05％的甲酸）-乙腈为流动相，流速为0．8mL·min^-1。ESI^＋多个反应监测（MRM）模式监测反应质荷比（m／z）：177．06→159．92（5-HT），170．00→152．00（NE），154．00→137．00（DA）；ESI^-多个反应监测（MRM）模式监测反应质荷比（m／z）：190．00→145．90（5-HIAA），263．00→165．00和263．00→150．00（MHPG），166．90→122．80（DOPAC），180．70→136．60（HVA）。结果：5-HT、NE和DA分别在4．45～4450ng·mL^-1、4．11～4110ng·mL^-1和4．10～4100ng·mL^-1浓度范围内线性良好（r≥0．999），最低检测浓度分别为4．45，4．11，4．10ng·mL^-1；5-HIAA、MHPG、DOPAC和HVA在12．5—1000ng·mL^-1浓度范围内线性良好（r≥0．998），最低检测浓度为12．5ng·mL^-1。日内和日间RSD均小于8．5％，重复性好。结论：本方法灵敏、快捷、准确、专一性强，可用于神经精神疾病神经递质的研究与分析。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱联用测定人血浆中伊曲康唑浓度

目的：建立高效液相色潜-电喷雾离子阱质谱联用（HPLC—ESI／MS）测定人血浆中伊曲康唑浓度方法。方法：以地西泮为内标，用甲基叔丁基醚提取，色谱柱为Kromasil 100C18（5μm，10mm×0．21mm），流动相为0．1％甲酸-乙腈（30：70），流速为0．3mL·min^-1；质普条件采用电喷雾正离子源（ESI^＋），以二级质谱选择反应监测（SRM）方式进行检测。结果：测定伊曲康唑的线性范围为5．0～400．0ng·mL^-1，最低检测限约为1．0ng·mL^-1。日内、日间精密度RSD〈15％。方法回收率范围为90．0％～110．0％。结论：方法精密、准确，能有效地榆测人血浆中伊曲康唑浓度。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.     

直肠癌下切缘病理组织学分析

目的探讨直肠癌逆向浸润与下切缘的安全距离的关系。方法对36例直肠癌Miles手术和Dixon手术后标本的肿瘤下缘1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查,观察直肠癌逆向浸润或转移的距离。结果36例直肠癌标本距癌肿下缘1.0 cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查均为阴性,结论直肠癌远恻逆向浸润或转移未见超过1.0cm,因此认为保肛手术时切除肿瘤远侧肠管(包括系膜)2.0cm是安全的。