κ-阿片受体与β1-肾上腺素受体交互作用抑制异丙肾上腺素诱导的心肌肥大

目的:观察选择性kappa阿片受体(kappaopioidreceptor,κOR)与β肾上腺素受体(βadrenergicreceptor,βAR)在心肌细胞肥大方面的交互作用。方法:以体外培养的乳鼠心肌细胞为模型,10μmol·L-1的异丙肾上腺素(β肾上腺素受体激动剂,βAR)诱导心肌肥大,观察1μmol·L-1的U50,488H(κOR激动剂,U50)对其作用。进一步探索在100nmol·L-1ICI118,551(β2AR阻断剂)存在情况下,κOR的激活对心肌肥大的作用。用Lowry’s法测心肌细胞的蛋白质含量;用消化分离法,并利用计算机图象分析系统测心肌细胞的体积;用[3H]leucine掺入法测定心肌细胞蛋白的合成。结果:异丙肾上腺素使心肌细胞总蛋白含量、体积、蛋白合成明显增加;1μmol·L-1的U50,488H使ISO诱导的心肌细胞总蛋白含量、体积、蛋白合成减少,这种作用可被选择性κOR阻断剂norBNI(norbinaltorphimine)抑制。在ICI118,551存在的情况下,U50也能起到减弱ISO诱导心肌细胞肥大的作用。结论:U50,488H通过激活κOR与β1AR交互作用抑制ISO所诱导的心肌细胞肥大。     

坎地沙坦对糖尿病大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及Fas和Fas-L表达的影响

糖尿病心肌病主要表现为心室重塑和心脏功能障碍,与心肌细胞凋亡密切相关[1].研究表明[2],血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)高表达可加速心肌细胞凋亡,且在糖尿病心肌病变中起重要作用.AT1受体拮抗剂能阻断AngⅡ与其受体结合,具有心肌保护作用.其是否通过影响凋亡相关基因Fas和Fas-L的表达而抑制心肌细胞凋亡,目前报道尚少.本研究观察了AT1受体拮抗剂坎地沙坦(candesartan,Cand)对糖尿病心肌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因Fas和Fas-L的影响,探讨其对糖尿病心肌病的防治作用及机制.     

腺苷对肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导乳鼠心肌细胞肥大及核因子-κB的影响

目的探讨腺苷对肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis fac-tor,TNF-α)诱导心肌细胞肥大及核因子-κB(NF-κB)表达的影响。方法以原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞为模型,应用TNF-α100μg.L-1诱导心肌细胞肥大,观察不同浓度腺苷对心肌肥大的影响。用考马斯亮蓝法测定心肌细胞蛋白含量;RT-PCR检测心肌细胞心钠素(atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP)mRNA的表达;Western blot法检测心肌细胞p65和IκBα的蛋白含量;ELISA法检测细胞外液白介素-1β(IL-1β)的含量。结果腺苷能够有效抑制TNF-α诱导的心肌肥大,表现为蛋白含量减少,ANPmRNA表达降低,并且能抑制TNF-α诱导的NF-κB活化,表现为细胞内p65蛋白表达减少,IκBα蛋白表达增加和细胞外液IL-1β表达降低。结论腺苷对TNF-α诱导的心肌肥大有保护作用,可能与腺苷抑制心肌细胞NF-κB活化有关。     

R59022调节心肌细胞自噬促进ET-1诱导的乳鼠心肌细胞肥大

目的研究甘油二酯激酶(DGK)的抑制剂R59022对心肌细胞自噬及内皮素1(ET-1)诱导的心肌肥大的影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞,ET-1诱导乳鼠心肌细胞肥大;Western blot法检测自噬相关蛋白微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)、beclin-1、p62的表达以及Akt的磷酸化及非磷酸化蛋白表达;RT-PCR技术检测心肌肥大基因脑钠肽(BNP)、β-肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC)的mRNA表达水平;细胞免疫荧光检测心肌细胞表面积。结果 ET-1作用乳鼠心肌细胞24 h明显促进心肌细胞肥大,并诱导自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ、beclin-1的表达增强,p62表达减弱。自噬抑制剂氯喹(CQ)、3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MIA)减小心肌细胞表面积,下调肥大基因BNP、β-MHC的mRNA表达,改善ET-1诱导的心肌细胞肥大,而自噬激动剂雷帕霉素(RAPA)则促进ET-1诱导心肌细胞肥大;R59022预处理增加ET-1诱导的LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ、beclin-1的表达,增强ET-1诱导的心肌细胞自噬,同时进一步促进ET-1诱导的心肌细胞表面积的增大,BNP、β-MHC的mRNA表达水平的增加,促进ET-1诱导的心肌细胞肥大;对Akt表达的结果显示,ET-1明显下调Akt的磷酸化水平,R59022对此有促进作用。结论 R59022增强ET-1诱导的心肌细胞自噬,促进心肌细胞肥大,其机制可能与抑制Akt的激活,从而抑制mTOR通路的活化有关。     

糖尿病性乳腺病

糖尿病性乳腺病(diabetic mastopathy,DM)是胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,IDDM)的一种罕见并发症.1984年由Soler等[1]首先报道,它是一种良性瘤样纤维组织增生性乳腺病[2-8],又名胰岛素依赖性糖尿病性乳腺病、糖尿病性淋巴性乳腺病、硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎、淋巴性乳腺病、乳腺纤维性疾病、幼年型乳腺、混合型糖尿病性乳腺病.近年来,国外陆续有DM病例报道[3],目前国内少有报道,本文就其临床特点、发病机制、病理特点、影像学表现及临床治疗综述如下.     

转化生长因子β1在大鼠心肌细胞肥大中的作用

目的探讨转化生长因子β1(transforminggrowth factorβ1，TGF-β1)在诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大中的作用。方法培养新生大鼠的心肌细胞，检测[^3H]-Leu的掺入量和胚胎抗原心房利钠因子(atrial natriuretic factor，ANF)的表达。结果不同浓度的转化生长因子β1均能明显增加心肌细胞[^2H]-Leu的掺入量和ANF的表达。结论转化生长因子β1能诱导大鼠的心肌细胞肥大。     

吡格列酮对培养的心肌细胞肥大的抑制作用

目的利用体外培养的乳鼠心肌细胞,观察吡格列酮对高浓度葡萄糖与去甲肾上腺素共同诱导的肥大心肌细胞的影响,进一步推测吡格列酮对糖尿病性心肌肥大的可能作用及作用机制。方法以培养的乳鼠心肌细胞为模型分组给药后,用显微镜目镜计数心肌细胞搏动的频率;用Lowry’s法测心肌细胞的蛋白质含量;用[3H]leucine标记法测定心肌细胞蛋白的合成;利用计算机图象分析系统测心肌细胞的体积。结果吡格列酮在1～10μmol·L-1浓度对25.5mmol·L-1高糖与1μmol·L-1去甲肾上腺素联合诱导的肥大心肌细胞的蛋白含量、蛋白合成及体积均有显著的抑制作用。其抑制肥大的效果比1μmol·L-1维拉帕米更为显著;同时观察到10μmol·L-1吡格列酮同1μmol·L-1维拉帕米一样有抑制心肌细胞搏动的作用。结论吡格列酮能有效抑制高糖与去甲肾上腺素联合诱导的心肌细胞肥大。这种作用可能是通过作用于PPARγ来实现的。     

姜黄素通过激活ATRAP信号通路抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的心肌肥大

目的探究姜黄素抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导的心肌肥厚相关病理机制。方法 MTT法和乳酸脱氢酶试剂盒检测姜黄素的心肌细胞毒性;200 nmol·L~(-1) AngⅡ孵育心肌细胞24 h诱导心肌肥厚;α-actinin染色观察心肌细胞形态大小;q PCR检测心肌肥大标记物ANF、BNP、β-MHC的m RNA水平;通过Western blot检测AngⅡ受体的抑制蛋白ATRAP的表达情况。结果姜黄素对心肌细胞无明显毒性;200 nmol·L~(-1)的AngⅡ刺激心肌细胞24 h显著诱导心肌细胞肥大;ANP、BNP、β-MHC的m RNA水平显著增高;AngⅡ受体的抑制蛋白ATRAP表达明显降低;姜黄素预作用细胞1 h显著抑制AngⅡ诱导的心肌肥大,逆转AngⅡ降低的ATRAP表达。结论姜黄素抑制AngⅡ诱导的心肌肥大可能与其激活ATRAP信号通路有关。     

腺苷A1受体激活在钙调磷酸酶信号通路上对异丙肾上腺素诱导的心肌细胞肥大的抑制作用

目的观察腺苷A1受体激活在钙调磷酸酶(CaN)通路上对异丙肾上腺素(Iso)诱导的心肌细胞肥大的抑制作用及机制。方法体外培养大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞,以Iso 10μmol.L-1诱导心肌细胞肥大,观察腺苷A1受体激动剂R(-)-N6-(2-phenylIsopropyl)adenosine(R-PIA)1μmol.L-1对其作用,进一步探讨钙调神经磷酸酶特异性抑制剂环孢菌素A(CSA)1μmol.L-1、PKA抑制剂cAMP三乙胺盐(RP-cAMPS)1μmol.L-1、百日咳毒素(PTX)5 mg.L-1存在时,腺苷A1受体的激活对心肌细胞肥大的影响。通过Lowry法测心肌细胞蛋白含量;RT-PCR法检测心肌细胞心钠素(ANP)的mRNA表达;Western blot法测心肌细胞CaN的相对表达水平;以Fluo-3/AM为荧光探针,共聚焦显微镜下测量心肌细胞[Ca2+]i瞬变。结果 10μmol.L-1 Iso可以诱导心肌细胞肥大,腺苷A1受体激动剂R-PIA可以使其蛋白含量降低、ANP的mRNA表达减少、CaN相对表达降低、[Ca2+]i荧光强度减小,CSA、RP-cAMPS有类似抑制作用,PTX预处理的情况下,R-PIA对Iso诱导的心肌肥大的抑制作用消失。结论腺苷A1受体可以通过钙调磷酸酶通路抑制Iso诱导的心肌肥大,其机制与降低细胞内[Ca2+]i浓度及CaN表达有关。     

噻唑烷二酮类药物与胰岛β细胞功能

胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能受损是发生糖尿病的重要病理生理机制.对于1型糖尿病而言,胰岛素缺乏即胰岛β细胞功能受损是其始动因素;而2型糖尿病的发生多与在胰岛素抵抗基础上致胰岛素相对缺乏(β细胞功能受损)有关[1].从这个意义上可以认为,任何原因的高血糖均有胰岛β细胞功能受损的参与.但目前糖尿病的治疗多集中在控制高血糖方面,而未以胰岛β细胞作为干预靶点.如能针对胰岛β细胞功能受损进行干预,则有望改变糖尿病的疾病进程甚至治愈糖尿病.噻唑烷二酮类胰岛素增敏剂是过氧化物酶增殖活化受体γ(PPARγ)的激活剂,近年来的研究显示[2],噻唑烷二酮可能有助于保护胰岛β细胞功能.尽管这类药物在改善胰岛素抵抗方面已得到广泛应用[3],但其对胰岛β细胞功能的作用及其机制尚未受到关注,笔者就此进行综述.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.     

直肠癌下切缘病理组织学分析

目的探讨直肠癌逆向浸润与下切缘的安全距离的关系。方法对36例直肠癌Miles手术和Dixon手术后标本的肿瘤下缘1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查,观察直肠癌逆向浸润或转移的距离。结果36例直肠癌标本距癌肿下缘1.0 cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查均为阴性,结论直肠癌远恻逆向浸润或转移未见超过1.0cm,因此认为保肛手术时切除肿瘤远侧肠管(包括系膜)2.0cm是安全的。