2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-4-(口恶)唑)-乙醇的合成

以丙酰乙酸乙酯为起始原料,先溴化得到4-溴丙酰乙酸乙酯,再在甲苯中与苯甲酰胺回流环合得到2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-4-(口恶)唑)-乙酸乙酯,最后经氢化铝锂还原,得到目标杂环中间体2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-4-(口恶)唑)-乙醇.该合成方法反应步骤少,原料便宜,目标物的总收率为67.3%.     

爱维莫潘关键中间体的合成

目的研究爱维莫潘关键中间体2-[(S)-2-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-羟基苯基)-3,4-二甲基哌啶基]甲基}-3-苯基丙酰氨基]乙酸乙酯的合成工艺。方法以(3R,4R)-3-(3,4-二甲基-4-哌啶基)苯酚为起始原料,经加成、缩合、水解、酰化得到目标产物。结果经4步合成了目标产物,总收率为27%,目标化合物结构经1H-NMR确证。结论本合成方法原料易得,反应条件温和,适合大规模制备。     

HBV衣壳蛋白抑制剂GLS4的合成工艺研究

目的优化HBV衣壳蛋白抑制剂GLS4合成方法。方法以D-乳酸乙酯和双乙烯酮为原料制备(R)-1-乙氧基-1-氧代丙-2-基-3-氧代丁酸酯(3),3与2-噻唑-甲脒盐酸盐、2-溴-4-氟苯甲醛制备得到(R)-(R)-1-乙氧基-1-氧代丙-2-基-4-(2-溴-4-氟苯基)-6-甲基-2-(噻唑-2-基)-1,4-二氢嘧啶-5-羧酸酯(6),6与乙醇锂反应得到(R)-4-(2-溴-4-氟苯基)-6-甲基-2-(噻唑-2-基)-1,4-二氢嘧啶-5-羧酸乙酯(7),7经NBS溴化后与吗啉反应得到目标化合物GLS4。结果与结论 GLS4结构经MS、~1H-NMR谱确证,并对其进行了旋光测定。该路线合成总收率为36.7%,较文献收率提高了12.5%,优化后的工艺各步反应条件温和,原料成本降低,可为工业化生产提供参考。     

洛索洛芬钠的合成新方法研究

目的 研究消炎镇痛药洛索洛芬钠的关键中间体2-(4-溴甲基）苯基丙酸的合成新方法。方法 以4-甲基苯乙酮为原料,经还原、氯化、氰化得到2-(4-甲基)苯基丙腈（Ⅲ）,然后经水解、溴化得到关键中间体 2-(4-溴甲基）苯基丙酸（Ⅴ）,该中间体再Ⅴ经过4步反应可制得洛索洛芬钠。结果与结论 关键中间体2-(4-溴甲基）苯基丙酸的结构经¹H-NMR、FT-IR、MS谱确证,目标化合物的总收率为38%。该工艺路线具有原料易得,操作简便,副产物少、收率高的特点,适合于工业化生产。     

1-[8-甲氧基-4-[(2-甲基苯基)氨基]-3-喹啉基]-1-丁酮的合成

从商品原料丁酰乙酸乙酯经缩合和胺化直接得 2 -丁酰基 - 3- [(2 -甲氧基苯 )氨基 ]丙烯酸乙酯 ,再经分子内环化、氯化芳构化和胺化 ,得到 1- [8-甲氧基 - 4 - [(2 -甲基苯基 )氨基 ]- 3-喹啉基 ]- 1-丁酮 (SK& F 96 0 6 7)。总收率2 9.7%。     

依则替米贝的合成工艺改进

目的改进降血脂药依则替米贝的合成工艺。方法以对羟基苯甲醛为起始原料,经羟基保护、缩合、环合3步反应制得中间体trans-1-(4-氟苯基)-3-(2-氯甲基)-4-(4-苄氧基苯基)-2-氮杂环丁酮(4);以对氟扁桃酸为起始原料,经还原、溴代、羟基保护3步反应得到中间体(R)-α-三甲基硅氧基-4-氟苯基溴乙烷(7);中间体4和7经偶联反应得到目标产物依则替米贝。结果与结论中间体和目标物的结构经质谱、核磁共振氢谱确证,总收率为3.4%(以对羟基苯甲醛计)。新合成路线起始原料价格低廉、操作简便、收率高、反应条件温和,适合工业化生产。     

新型胰岛素增敏剂西格列羧的合成

目的:合成新的胰岛素增敏剂西格列羧[(2S)-2-[2-(4-氟苯甲酰)苯胺]-3-{[4-(2-咔唑-9-基)-乙氧基]苯基}丙酸].方法:以4-氟苯甲酰环己酮、L-酪氨酸甲酯、1,2-二溴乙烷以及卡巴唑为原料,经3步反应合成目标化合物.结果:原料易得,反应条件温和,总收率达10.8%.结论:该方法合成路线短,操作简便,反应可控性好,适合于工业生产.     

新型CDK4/6抑制剂abemaciclib的合成工艺改进

目的对CDK4/6抑制剂abemaciclib的合成路线进行优化。方法以5-甲基吡啶-2-胺为原料,经过Boc保护、N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(NBS)溴代、氨基取代以及脱Boc四步反应得到中间体5-((4-乙基哌嗪-1-基)甲基)吡啶-2-胺,该中间体与6-(2-氯-5-氟嘧啶-4-基)-4-氟-1-异丙基-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑反应得到目标物。结果合成中间体5-((4-乙基哌嗪-1-基)甲基)吡啶-2-胺时,以5-甲基吡啶-2-胺替代文献方法的6-溴吡啶-3-甲醛,避免了氧化亚铜和液氨的使用,提高了反应的安全性,使得操作更加简单;采用价廉易得的2-丙胺合成N-异丙基乙酰胺,大大降低了成本;目标物的后处理采用结晶的方法,避免了文献中使用的柱色谱方法,且提高了收率。结论优化后的路线总收率为37.5%(以2-丙胺盐酸盐计),较原研路线提高了11.2%。     

5-溴甲基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑的合成工艺改进

以4-甲基-1,2-苯二胺为原料,经环合、溴化两步反应合成目标化合物.将其中间体亚硫酰苯胺的合成改在甲苯中进行,并采用"一勺烩"法合成5-甲基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑;5-甲基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑的溴化改在低毒性的1,2-二氯乙烷中进行,革除了高毒性的四氯化碳.该法简化了操作过程,缩短了反应时间,提高了目标物的总收率.     

7-溴-2-氧代庚酸的合成

二氯乙酸乙酯和1,3-丙二硫醇在溴化四丁基铵和无水碳酸钾作用下室温反应得到1,3-二噻烷-2-羧酸乙酯,在氢化钠作用下与1,5-二溴戊烷进行烷基化反应得到2-(5-溴戊基)-1,3-二噻烷-2-羧酸乙酯,再经硫酰氯氧化水解、酸水解得到7-溴-2-氧代庚酸,总收率58%.     

PPARγ激动剂的设计、合成及其胰岛素增敏活性

目的寻找新的高效、低毒的PPARγ激动剂。方法以JTT-501和JTT-20993为先导化合物，设计并合成新的丙二酸类和异恶唑类化合物，并测定其胰岛素增敏活性。结果共合成了8个新化合物,用核磁共振、质谱和红外光谱进行结构确证，并用胰岛素筛选模型初步评价了这些化合物的胰岛素增敏活性。化合物1A-4A显示胰岛素增敏活性,其中化合物1A和3A有较强活性。结论化合物1A和3A值得进一步评价。     

JTT-501, a novel oral antidiabetic agent,improves insulin resistance in genetic and non-genetic insulin-resistant models

1. We investigated whether JTT-501 (4-[4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl)ethoxy]benzyl]-3,5-isoxazolidinedione) would improve insulin resistance in genetic (Zucker fatty rats) and non-genetic (high-fat fed rats) rodent models of obesity.
2. JTT-501 (10–100 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) was administered orally to Zucker fatty rats for 7–21 days. In the high-fat fed rat model, JTT-501 (100 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) was administered orally for 7 days. In both models, JTT-501 improved metabolic abnormalities by enhancing insulin action during the glucose tolerance test and the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp study. In ex vivo assays, JTT-501 ameliorated the impaired insulin-sensitive glucose oxidation and lipid synthesis in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, JTT-501 enhanced insulin receptor autophosphorylation in hindlimb muscle.
3. JTT-501 reduced serum leptin concentrations in both models, but did not affect body weight or epididymal fat weight.
4. Our observations indicate that JTT-501 improves the metabolic abnormalities in both genetic and non-genetic insulin-resistant models by enhancing insulin action in peripheral tissues. These effects of JTT-501 are due, at least in part, to enhanced insulin receptor autophosphorylation. In addition, JTT-501 is able to reduce serum leptin concentrations in hyperleptinaemia of the insulin-resistant model. We expect JTT-501 to show promise for treating non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients with insulin resistance.

     

The insulinotropic mechanism of the novel hypoglycaemic agent JTT-608: direct enhancement of Ca(2+) efficacy and increase of Ca(2+) influx by phosphodiesterase inhibition

We examined the effects of the novel hypoglycaemic agent JTT-608 [trans-4-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-4-oxobutyric acid] on insulin secretion using rat pancreatic islets, and analysed the mechanism of its effect. JTT-608 augmented 8.3 mM glucose-induced insulin secretion dose-dependently, and there was a stimulatory effect of 100 microM JTT-608 at both moderate and high concentrations (8.3, 11. 1 and 16.7 mM) of glucose, but not at low concentrations (3.3 and 5. 5 mM). In perifusion experiments, both phases of insulin release were enhanced, and the effect was eliminated 10 min after withdrawal of the agent. In the presence of 200 microM diazoxide and a depolarizing concentration (30 mM) of K(+), there was an augmentation of insulin secretion by 100 microM JTT-608, not only under high levels of glucose but also under low levels, and the effects were abolished by 10 microM nitrendipine. JTT-608 augmented insulin secretion from electrically permeabilized islets in the presence of stimulatory concentrations (0.3 and 1.0 microM) of Ca(2+), and the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) response under 16.7 mM glucose, 200 microM diazoxide, and 30 mM K(+) was also increased. The cyclic AMP content in the islets was increased by 100 microM JTT-608, and an additive effect to 1 microM forskolin was observed, but not to 50 microM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). JTT-608 inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity dose-dependently. We conclude that JTT-608 augments insulin secretion by enhancing Ca(2+) efficacy and by increasing Ca(2+) influx. This appears to be a result of the increased intracellular cyclic AMP concentration due to PDE inhibition.     

JTT-305, an orally active calcium-sensing receptor antagonist, stimulates transient parathyroid hormone release and bone formation in ovariectomized rats

Intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has a potent anabolic effect on bone in humans and animals. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) antagonists stimulate endogenous PTH secretion through CaSR on the surface of parathyroid cells and thereby may be anabolic agents for osteoporosis. JTT-305 is a potent oral short-acting CaSR antagonist and transiently stimulates endogenous PTH secretion. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of JTT-305 on PTH secretion and bone in ovariectomized rats. Female rats, immediately after ovariectomy (OVX), were orally administered vehicle or JTT-305 (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. The serum PTH concentrations were transiently elevated with increasing doses of JTT-305. In the proximal tibia, JTT-305 prevented OVX-induced decreases in both the cancellous and total bone mineral density (BMD) except for the 0.3mg/kg dose. At the 3mg/kg dose, JTT-305 increased the mineralizing surface and bone formation rate in histomorphometry. The efficacy of JTT-305 at the 3mg/kg dose on the BMD corresponded to that of exogenous rat PTH1-84 injection at doses between 3 and 10 μg/kg. In conclusion, JTT-305 stimulated endogenous transient PTH secretion and bone formation, and consequently prevented bone loss in OVX rats. These results suggest that JTT-305 is orally active and has the potential to be an anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.     

Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and -gamma agonist, JTT-501, on diabetic complications in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

This study has investigated the effects of JTT-501, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and PPAR-gamma agonist, on the pathogenesis of diabetic complications in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes. Comparison is made with troglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist. The ZDF rats exhibited hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia, and developed diabetic complications such as cataract, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Treatment with JTT-501 from the prediabetic stage controlled glycaemia and lipidaemia, and prevented the development of diabetic complications. Troglitazone was less effective in controlling serum cholesterol and neuropathy. ZDF rats developed diabetic osteopenia with reduced bone turnover, and this was prevented by JTT-501 and troglitazone, possibly mediated by increased bone turnover and bone formation. Since JTT-501 controlled glycaemia and lipidaemia in ZDF rats and prevented several diabetic complications, it is suggested that treatment with JTT-501, which activates both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma, could provide a valuable therapeutic approach against diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes.     

Pharmacological profiles of a novel oral antidiabetic agent,JTT-501, an isoxazolidinedione derivative

JTT-501, 4-[4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl)ethoxy]benzyl]-3,5-isoxazolidinedione, is an isoxazolidinedione derivative which is structurally distinct from thiazolidinediones such as pioglitazone and troglitazone. We investigated the effects of JTT-501 on insulin-sensitizing activity and in rodent diabetic models. JTT-501 enhanced insulin-stimulated cell differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts with an EC₅₀ value of 110 nM. Furthermore, JTT-501 activated peroxisome proliferator-activated (PPA) _γ and _α receptors with the EC_5-fold values of 0.28 and 5.4 μM, respectively. In the non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model KK-A^y mice, JTT-501 improved hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation in adipose tissues. JTT-501 was also effective in the non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats but not in the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. These observations suggest that JTT-501 enhances insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues and improves hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus models. In particular, the triglyceride-lowering activity of JTT-501 is a unique characteristic compared to the thiazolidinediones. Therefore, JTT-501 may be a promising antidiabetic agent for treating non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with insulin resistance.     

Antidiabetic effect of chronic administration of JTT-608, a new hypoglycemic agent,in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats

We investigated the chronic effect of a new antidiabetic agent, trans-4-(methylcyclohexyl)-4-oxobutyric acid (JTT-608), in Goto-Kakizaki rats, a genetic model of non-obese type II diabetes mellitus. The rats were fed a liquid meal, three times a day, for 12 weeks. The rats were treated orally with JTT-608 (10-100 mg/kg) 10 min before each meal. Fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and hemoglobin A1c levels were reduced by JTT-608 at all dose levels during the experimental period. Blood glucagon-like peptide-1 level with 100 mg/kg JTT-608 increased at the end of the treatment period. JTT-608 (30-100 mg/kg) reduced urinary protein levels after administration for 5-12 weeks. In Goto-Kakizaki rats showing slight diabetic renal lesions, pathological examination revealed that JTT-608 reduced the incidence of vacuolation in renal tubules. JTT-608 (30-100 mg/kg) ameliorated the reduced motor nerve conduction velocities observed in the Goto-Kakizaki rats after administration for 12 weeks. We conclude that chronic administration of JTT-608 produces good blood glucose control and gradually arrests the development of diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy.     

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic effects of JTT-608, a novel antidiabetic compound.

The effects of JTT-608 [trans-4-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-4-oxobutyric acid], a novel antidiabetic compound, on insulin secretion were investigated using mouse insulinoma cell line (MIN6 cells) and isolated, perfused rat pancreas. JTT-608 enhanced insulin secretion in MIN6 cells in a dose dependent (10-300 microM) and glucose concentration-dependent (2.8-16.7 mM) manner. Unlike sulphonylureas, JTT-608 minimally stimulated insulin secretion at low glucose concentrations but potently enhanced insulin secretion at high glucose concentrations. In isolated, perfused pancreas of normal rats, JTT-608 (100-300 microM) dose-dependently enhanced insulin secretion in the first and second phases at high glucose concentrations but minimally stimulated insulin secretion at a basal glucose concentration. In isolated, perfused pancreas of neonatally streptozotocin-induced non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats (nSTZ rats), JTT-608 (200 microM) normalized the first phase and doubled the second phase of insulin secretion. In MIN6 cells, JTT-608 did not inhibit the binding of [3H]glibenclamide to membrane fractions but enhanced K+-ATP channel-independent insulin secretion. These results suggest that JTT-608 enhances insulin secretion in a different manner and via a different mechanism from hypoglycemic sulphonylureas.     

JTT-608 controls blood glucose by enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in normal and diabetes mellitus rats

We investigated the pharmacological effects of a new anti-hyperglycemic agent, JTT-608 [trans-4-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-4-oxobutyric acid], in normal and neonatally streptozotocin-treated rats. In normal rats, JTT-608 improved glucose tolerance at 3-30 mg/kg, doses that did not cause a decrease in fasting blood glucose levels. In contrast, tolbutamide (10-100 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (1-3 mg/kg) caused a persistent decrease in fasting blood glucose levels, and tolbutamide only improved glucose tolerance at 10-100 mg/kg. Furthermore, JTT-608 (3-30 mg/kg) enhanced insulin secretion only with glucose stimulation, but tolbutamide (10-100 mg/kg) enhanced it both with and without glucose stimulation. In neonatally streptozotocin-treated rats, JTT-608 (10-100 mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance with enhanced insulin secretion in the oral glucose tolerance test and meal tolerance test. Additionally, JTT-608 improved glucose tolerance dose dependently, but the effect of tolbutamide reached a plateau. We conclude that JTT-608 is an enhancer of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.     

Effect of JTT-705 on cholesteryl ester transfer protein and plasma lipid levels in normolipidemic animals

This study evaluated JTT-705, S-[2-([[1-(2-ethylbutyl)cyclohexyl]carbonyl]amino)phenyl]2-methylpropanethioate, as a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor in several animal species. In vitro, JTT-705 inhibited plasma CETP activities of humans, rabbits, hamsters, cynomolgus monkeys and marmosets with IC(50) values of 5.5, 1.0, 11.7, 2.4 and 6.3 microM, respectively. The thiol form (JTP-25203) also inhibited those activities with IC(50) values of 2.8, 0.44, 0.52, 1.3 and 1.1 microM, respectively. Following oral administration to normolipidemic animals (rabbits, hamsters and marmosets), JTT-705 reduced plasma CETP activity, increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and decreased the ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (atherogenic index) in all species. In marmosets, JTT-705 increased slow alpha-migrating lipoprotein (apolipoprotein E-rich HDL) in agarose gel electrophoresis, indicating that HDL metabolism in JTT-705-treated marmosets is similar to that in CETP-deficient humans. These results indicate that JTT-705 can be expected to inhibit plasma CETP activity and improve plasma lipoprotein profiles in a wide range of animal species, including humans.