黄精多糖通过TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB通路抑制缺氧/复氧H9c2心肌细胞炎性因子释放

目的探讨黄精多糖(Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,PSP)对缺氧/复氧(hypoxia-reoxygenation,H/R)诱导H9c2心肌细胞Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)-髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)-核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)信号通路的调节作用。方法体外培养H9c2心肌细胞并随机分组:正常对照组(C组)、模型组(H/R组)、黄精多糖组(PSP组)、TLR4抑制剂(TAK-242组)和PSP+TAK-242组。C组细胞用正常培养液常规培养27 h;H/R组细胞进行缺氧21 h/复氧6 h处理;TAK-242组、PSP组和PSP+TAK-242组的细胞在缺氧培养21 h前分别加入含TAK-242、PSP和PSP+TAK-242的培养基培养12 h,在常规条件下复氧6 h。PSP和TAK-242的终浓度分别是1.5 g·L~(-1)和1μmol·L~(-1)。处理结束后,采用MTT法检测细胞活力,ELISA法检测细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α和白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β含量,Western blot检测NF-κB和inhibitorκBα(IκBα)的蛋白表达,荧光定量PCR法检测H9c2心肌细胞中TLR4、MyD88的mRNA表达。结果与H/R组比较,PSP组、TAK-242组和PSP+TAK-242组均能明显提高H/R损伤后心肌细胞的存活率,减轻其炎性因子渗出,明显下调NF-κB的表达,抑制H/R诱导的IκBα蛋白的降解,降低TLR4和MyD88基因的表达。结论 PSP保护H9c2心肌细胞H/R损伤的机制可能与抑制TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路有关。     

黄芩苷经TLR2/NF-κB途径减轻类风湿关节炎大鼠滑膜炎

目的评价不同剂量黄芩苷对SD大鼠类风湿关节炎的疗效,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法制备SD大鼠类风湿关节炎模型,测量后足的肿胀度;通过不同剂量黄芩苷溶液灌胃治疗后,观察膝关节滑膜HE染色切片病理变化;实时荧光定量PCR测定膝关节滑膜组织TLR2及MyD88mRNA表达;Westernblot测定滑膜组织TLR2、MyD88及NF-κBp65蛋白表达。结果黄芩苷30、60mg·kg~(-1)均能明显减弱滑膜组织中成纤维细胞的增殖及炎性损伤程度,明显降低滑膜组织TLR2及MyD88mRNA表达(P<0.01),明显减弱TLR2、MyD88及NF-κBp65蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论黄芩苷具有良好的抗类风湿关节滑膜炎作用,其可能是通过抑制TLR2-NF-κB信号通路的活化来实现的。     

五灵胶囊中部分化学成分对脂多糖诱导枯否细胞释放炎症因子的影响

目的观察五灵胶囊（Wuling capsules,WL）中部分化学成分对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharider,LPS）诱导大鼠原代枯否细胞（Kupffer cell,KC）表达ERK（extracellular signal-regulated kinase）和核因子（nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB）调节炎症因子和介质的作用。方法分离大鼠KC,采用60μg L 1 LPS诱导KC分泌炎症因子及NOS,ELISA测定TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8,比色法测定NOS,Western blot检测全蛋白ERK、p-ERK、NF-κBp50、NF-κBp65、p-NF-κBp65、p-IκK、p-IκB及核、浆蛋白NF-κBp65、p-NF-κBp65的变化。结果 WL明显下调LPS活化KC表达p-ERK、p-NF-κBp65、p-IκK、p-IκB蛋白,模拟WL混合成分（Mix）及6单体成分明显下调LPS活化KC表达p-ERK和p-NF-κBp65信号通路蛋白。各受试药物组均能降低核内p-NF-κBp65表达,减少p-NF-κBp65入核抑制炎性基因转录,降低活化KC过量分泌TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8和NOS。结论 WL中五味子醇甲、五味子乙素、隐丹参酮、丹参酮ⅡA、柴胡皂苷D是干预LPS诱导KC表达ERK、NF-κB信号通路蛋白,抑制炎性因子与介质基因转录而减少TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8和NOS分泌的有效成分。     

TLR/MyD 88/NF-κB信号通路参与不同疾病作用机制研究进展

TLR/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路是机体炎症体系中的重要途径,其广泛存在于各种组织细胞中,参与多种疾病的发生与调控,如自身免疫性疾病、炎症性疾病、感染性疾病、过敏性疾病等。Toll样受体(TLR)是一种跨膜蛋白,能够识别多种类型的病原相关分子模式(如脂多糖、尿酸钠晶体、病毒双链RNA等),引起机体炎症免疫应答,而所有的TLR都能激活MyD88依赖性途径,从而活化NF-κB,最终导致炎症介质和细胞因子的释放,起到抗炎免疫调节作用。目前,对TLR/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的研究较为深入,同时也取得了一定的进展。该文将从TLR/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路在机体中的作用机制入手,对其在不同疾病中的调控作用进行综述。     

黄芪多糖抑制NF-κB/MAPK信号通路和改善哮喘大鼠气道炎症的作用

目的观察黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharide,APS)对哮喘大鼠气道炎症及NF-κB/MAPK信号通路的影响。方法采用卵蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)致敏法制备哮喘模型并予以药物治疗。观察支气管灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中炎症细胞分类计数、肺组织病理变化、肺泡Ⅰ型上皮超微结构变化;测定肺组织NF-κB p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)、磷酸化IκBα(p-IκBα)、ERK1/2、磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)、JNK、磷酸化JNK(p-JNK)、p38 MAPK、磷酸化p38 MAPK(p-p38 MAPK)、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6及IL-13含量的变化。结果与正常组比较,OVA致敏明显升高哮喘组炎症细胞数量、增强NF-κB/MAPK信号通路活性。APS可改善哮喘大鼠气道炎症、肺Ⅰ型上皮损伤,并明显抑制NF-κB/MAPK信号通路活性。结论 APS改善哮喘大鼠气道炎症、细胞损伤的机制可能与抑制NF-κB/MAPK信号通路有关。     

迷迭香酸通过TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路对高糖诱发大鼠神经细胞损伤的保护机制

目的 分析迷迭香酸(RA)通过Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路对高糖诱发大鼠神经细胞损伤的保护机制。方法 取大鼠肾上腺髓质嗜铬瘤高分化PC12细胞作为神经元细胞模型，采用不同浓度的D-葡萄糖处理后，通过MTT法观察细胞活性变化筛选最佳葡萄糖浓度。收集对数生长期PC12细胞随机分为对照组、高糖组，在高糖组基础上分别加入不同浓度RA及TLR4激活剂-脂多糖(LPA),记为RA低浓度组(30μmol/L RA)、RA高浓度组(60μmol/L RA)、RA高浓度+LPA组(60μmol/L RA+2μg/ml LPA),MTT检测各组细胞存活率；Hoechst33258观察细胞凋亡变化；流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率；Western blot检测5组细胞中TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路及凋亡蛋白-Bax的表达水平。结果 100 mmol/L D-葡萄糖为本研究的最佳浓度。与对照组比较，高糖组细胞核严重皱缩，细胞形态发生明显变化，细胞活力明显下降，细胞凋亡率、Bax、TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p...     

基于TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路研究三叶香茶菜含药血清对枯否细胞活化的影响

目的 研究三叶香茶菜含药血清(isodon ternifolius-containing serum，ITS)通过Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-κB)/NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)信号通路对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide，LPS)诱导的大鼠原代肝枯否细胞(Kupffer cell，KC)活化的影响。方法 分离培养大鼠原代KC，将LPS诱导的大鼠原代KC分为空白对照组、模型对照组、空白血清组、阳性对照组(秋水仙碱含药血清组)、ITS组、TLR4阻断剂组、TLR4阻断剂+ITS组。MTT法检测不同浓度ITS对KC增殖活性的影响；ELISA法检测KC细胞上清液白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-18(IL-18)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量；荧光定量聚合应(PCR)、Western blotting和免疫荧光检测KC中TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路中TLR4、核因子κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)、半胱肽氨酸蛋白酶-1(Caspase-1)、NLRP3 mRNA和TLR4、IκBα、磷酸化IκBα(p-IκBα)、Caspase-1、NLRP3、NF-κBp65蛋白表达情况。结果 与模型对照组相比，各药物组KC上清液中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α和IL-6含量，以及细胞中TLR4、IκBα、Caspase-1、NLRP3 mRNA和TLR4、IκBα、p-IκBα、Caspase-1、NLRP3、NF-κBp65蛋白的表达均下调或降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)；与TLR4阻断剂组比较，TLR4阻断剂+ITS组上述多数指标的改善更加明显。结论 三叶香茶菜可能通过下调TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路抑制KC活化，减少炎性因子的表达和释放，从而减轻肝脏炎症损伤。     

豆蔻明对TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/iNOS信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨豆蔻明(cardamonin,CDN)对RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路的调节作用。方法利用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理RAW264.7细胞建立炎性细胞模型并分组:正常对照组(Vehicle组)、模型组(LPS组)和药物处理组(LPS+CDN组);CCK-8方法检测细胞活力,Griess法检测细胞培养上清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量,RT-PCR检测诱导型NO合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)、环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-ɑ、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达,Western blot检测i NOS、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)、核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)phosphorylated(p)-p65、inhibitorκBα(IκBα)和p-IκBα的蛋白表达。结果1~50μmol·L~(-1)豆蔻明对RAW264.7细胞没有毒性,但可以剂量依赖性抑制LPS诱导的NO分泌和i NOS、COX-2、MCP-1、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6的mRNA表达,25μmol·L-1豆蔻明可下调LPS诱导的i NOS、TLR4、My D88、p-NF-κB p65和p-IκBα蛋白表达及抑制IκBα降解。结论豆蔻明通过抑制TLR4/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路从而抑制NO的产生。     

丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠联合阿托伐他汀对冠心病患者外周血单个核细胞TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB表达的影响

目的：观察冠心病患者外周血单个核细胞 TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB 的表达,分析丹参酮ⅡA 磺酸钠联合阿托伐他汀对其表达的影响,以 TLR4炎症信号通路为靶点探讨丹参酮ⅡA 磺酸钠治疗冠心病的可能机制。方法选取诊治的冠心病患者160例,同期进行健康体检的正常人100例作为对照。采用 Real time-PCR 和 Western blot 测定外周血单个核细胞 TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB mRNA 和蛋白表达,采用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）测定血清高敏 C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平。160例冠心病患者随机分为观察 A 组和观察 B 组,每组80例。观察 A 组在常规治疗基础上给予阿托伐他汀治疗,观察 B 组在观察 A 组基础上加用丹参酮ⅡA 磺酸钠注射液,疗程均为30 d,比较2组 TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB mRNA 和蛋白表达、hs-CRP、TNF-α水平。结果与对照组比较,冠心病患者组 TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB mRNA 和蛋白表达、hs-CRP、TNF-α水平显著升高（ P ﹤0.05）。TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB 蛋白表达与 hs-CRP、TNF-α呈正相关（ r ＝0.761和0.802,0.699和0.774,0.835和0.749,P 均﹤0.05）。与治疗前比较,治疗后观察 A 组和观察 B 组 TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB mRNA 和蛋白表达、hs-CRP、TNF-α水平均显著降低（ P ﹤0.05）;但观察 B 组降低程度更明显（ P ﹤0.05）。结论丹参酮ⅡA 磺酸钠联合阿托伐他汀通过抑制外周血单个核细胞 TLR4炎症信号通路的激活发挥抗炎作用,可能是丹参酮ⅡA 磺酸钠发挥治疗作用的机制之一。     

羧甲基茯苓多糖对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的研究

目的 研究羧甲基茯苓多糖通过调控Toll样受体4/髓样分化因子88/核转录因子-κB（TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB）信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的改善作用。方法 从40只SPF级大鼠中随机分出8只大鼠作为正常组,其余大鼠用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）联合乙醇造模法建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,造模成功后大鼠随机分为模型组、对照组和低、高剂量实验组。低、高剂量实验组分别给予0.5%羧甲基茯苓多糖混悬液2 mL和1.5%CMP混悬液2 mL,灌胃;对照组给予0.5 g·kg^-1柳氮磺吡啶灌胃;正常组和模型组每日灌胃给予等量的生理盐水,连续给药14 d。末次给药结束后,测定大鼠体质量、脾质量、结肠长度和质量,用自动化血液学分析仪分析血液参数,用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测各组大鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和白细胞介素-12（IL-12）水平;用蛋白质印迹法检测TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB p65的表达水平。结果 正常组、模型组、对照组和低、高剂量实验组的肠质量分别为（1....     

Dioscin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory liver injury via regulating TLR4/MyD88 signal pathway

We previously reported the effects of dioscin against carbon tetrachloride-, acetaminophen- and alcohol-induced acute liver damage. However, its effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory liver injury remains unknown. In the present work, liver injury in mice and rats was induced by LPS, and dioscin was intragastrically administered for 7 days. In vitro, the AML-12 cells and HepG-2 cells were treated with LPS after dioscin treatment. The results showed that dioscin not only markedly reduced serum ALT, AST levels and relative liver weights, but also restored cell injury caused by LPS. In mechanism study, dioscin significantly attenuated inflammation through down-regulating the levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), phosphorylated inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase (p-IKK), phosphorylated inhibitor of nuclear factor κB alpha (p-IκBα), phosphorylated nuclear factor κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65), high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB-1), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). TLR4 overexpression was also decreased by dioscin, leading to the markedly decreased levels of MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, p-IKK, p-IκBα, p-NF-κB p65 and HMGB-1. Suppression of MyD88 by ST2825 eliminated the inhibitory effects of dioscin on the levels of IRAK1, TRAF6, p-IKK, p-IκBα, p-NF-κB p65, HMGB-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Our results suggested that dioscin exhibited protective effect against LPS-induced liver injury via altering TLR4/MyD88 pathway, which should be developed as one potent candidate for the treatment of acute inflammatory liver injury in the future.     

人参皂苷Rbl对阿霉素心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞核因子-κB的影响

目的探讨人参皂苷Rbl(Gs-Rb1)改善阿霉素(Adr)慢性心力衰竭(CHF)效应是否与抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB)有关。方法 Adr诱导CHF大鼠模型被随机分为Adr组(n=15)和Gs-Rbl组(70 mg.kg-1.d-1,n=17),另随机选取同龄健康大鼠作为对照(n=10);同时培养乳鼠心肌细胞并随机分为对照组、Adr组(1μmol.L-1)和Gs-Rbl组(1μmol.L-1Adr+200μmol.L-1 Gs-Rbl)。干预完毕后,检测心脏超声、NF-κB、IκBα、p-IκBα和NF-κB DNA结合活性。结果 (1)Gs-Rb1组LVEF明显改善(P=0.003);(2)在NF-κB p50和NF-κB p65方面,体内或体外的Gs-Rbl组均明显低于Adr组(P<0.001);(3)体内、体外的Gs-Rbl组NF-κBDNA结合活性明显低于Adr组(P<0.01);(4)体内、体外的Adr组IκBα蛋白明显高于对照组,而Gs-Rbl组IκBα最高(P<0.01);Gs-Rbl组p-IκBα和p-IκBα/IκBα比值明显低于Adr组(P<0.01)。结论 Gs-Rb1改善CHF效应与其抑制NF-κB活性有关。     

In vivo and in vitro studies of Danzhi Jiangtang capsules against diabetic cardiomyopathy via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

ObjectivesDanzhi Jiangtang capsule (DJC) is widely used for preventing and treating diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the underlying mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activities are unclear.MethodsIn the in vivo diabetic cardiomyopathy rat model, cardiac function was measured through echocardiography, histological changes in the myocardium were visualized using HE staining, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected using TUNEL. The serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were detected using ELISA. Finally, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB mRNA expressions were analyzed using RT-qPCR. In the in vitro experiments, the apoptosis rate of the H9c2 cells was detected using FCM; moreover, TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB mRNA expressions were measured using RT-qPCR and related protein levels were investigated using Western blotting.ResultsIn vivo, DJC effectively improved cardiac function, alleviated the pathological changes, and reduced the apoptosis rate. Moreover, DJC reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 activities, with significant inhibition of the TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 mRNA expression. Moreover, in vitro, DJC effectively inhibited high-glucose-induced H9c2 apoptosis-an effect similar to that for TAK242. Finally, both the DJC and TAK242 considerably reduced TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, Bax, and caspase-3 protein expression but increased that of BCL-2.ConclusionsDJC prevented the overactivation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and regulate cardiomyocyte apoptosis against DCM.     

Resveratrol preconditioning protects hepatocytes against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury via Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of resveratrol against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) and explore the potential underlying mechanism. Resveratrol-pretreated BRL-3A (rat liver) cells and rats underwent hypoxia/reoxygenation and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion, respectively. BRL-3A cell damage was evaluated, and the mRNA and protein expression of related signal molecules was assessed in cell model. The protein expression of related signal molecules was also assessed in rat model. Inflammatory cytokines levels were determined in the cell supernatant and rat serum while rat liver function and hepatocyte apoptosis were assessed. The results revealed that resveratrol significantly enhanced cell viability, inhibited cell apoptosis, and decreased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-(IL)-1β in the cell supernatant. In addition, resveratrol ameliorated elevated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and the depressed inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)-α caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation stimulation in BRL-3A cells. Moreover, resveratrol inhibited the translocation of NF-κB p65 after the stimulation of hypoxia/reoxygenation in BRL-3A cells. In vivo assays revealed that resveratrol reduced levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and liver pathological changes, while it alleviated hepatocyte apoptosis, negatively mediated the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum, and reversed TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway caused by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion stimulation in liver tissues. The results indicate that resveratrol protected hepatocytes against HIRI, which may be mediated in part via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.     

拮抗Toll样受体4对于溶血磷脂酸诱导的THP-1细胞Toll样受体4／核因子-κB信号通路的影响

目的：通过拮抗Toll样受体4（TLR4）观察其对于溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA）诱导的人单核细胞株THP-1细胞的核因子-κB（nuclear factor-kappaB,NF-κB）p65表达的影响以及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平的变化。方法取THP-1细胞,LPA以不同浓度水平（0～10μmol·L－1）刺激4 h,或1μmol·L－1浓度刺激不同时间（0～8 h）,酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定细胞因子TNF-α,随后在LPA （1μmol·L－1）条件下分别予不同浓度TLR4单克隆抗体（TLR4 mAb）（5,20,30 mg·L－1）干预THP-1细胞,观察其对LPA诱导的核蛋白NF-κB p65表达及TNF-α分泌水平的影响。结果 LPA以剂量依赖方式促进TNF-α分泌,并可诱导THP-1细胞NF-κB p65活化,予TLR4 mAb阻断TLR4后,可显著抑制NF-κB p65表达及TNF-α分泌。结论 LPA可经由Toll4／NF-κB信号途径激活单核细胞,最终引起TNF-α等炎性因子的分泌,参与动脉粥样硬化进程。     

4-hydroxybenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one ameliorates LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in mice

The purpose of this study was to synthesize 4-hydroxybenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one (HBO) and to investigate its protective effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury. HBO (C₇H₅O₃N) was synthesized based on 2-nitro-resorcinol and identified by physicochemical analysis. In the animal experiment, mice were pretreated with HBO (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) for 10 days. At the end of pretreatment, the animals were injected with LPS (10 µg/kg)/D-GalN (700 mg/kg). The results showed that HBO significantly alleviated liver injury induced by LPS/D-GalN in mice. It remarkably decreased inflammatory response by reducing the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Moreover, HBO notably attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the release of Cytochrome C (Cyt C) from mitochondria into the cytoplasm and regulating the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family. Furthermore, the result showed that HBO inhibited the expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B p50 (NF-κBp50), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), as well as the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκB), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase-α/β (IKK-α/β), nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κBp65), suggesting that HBO had a certain influence on the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In addition, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was also affected by HBO, as evidenced by the decrease in the phosphorylation levels of extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38). In conclusion, our study suggested that HBO could protect against LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury, moreover, treatment with HBO appeared to be capable of further regulating the TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of Yam Glycoprotein on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the NLRP3 and NF-κB/TLR4 signaling pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common lung disease accompanied by acute and persistent pulmonary inflammatory response syndrome, which leads to alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cell damage. Yam glycoprotein, separated from traditional Chinese yam, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In this experiment, we mainly studied the therapeutic effect and mechanism of a glycoprotein on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mice. An oral glycoprotein method was used to treat the mouse ALI model induced by LPS injection in the peritoneal cavity. Afterward, we measured the wet/dry (W/D) ratio, the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), the oxidative index superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the production of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to evaluate the effect of yam glycoprotein on lung tissue changes. We examined the protein expression of TLR4, ASC, NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, Caspase-1, IκB, NLRP3, p-IκB, and β-actin by western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analyses of NLRP3 and p-p65 in lung tissue were carried out to assess the mechanism of glycoprotein action. This result suggests that glycoprotein markedly depressed LPS-induced lung W/D ratio, MPO activity, MDA content SOD and GSH-Px depletion, and the contents of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, glycoprotein blocked TLR4/NF-κBp65 signaling activation and NLRP3inflammasome expression in LPS-induced ALI mice. As this particular study shows, glycoprotein has a safeguarding effects on LPS-induced ALI mice, possibly via activating NLRP3inflammasome and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways.     

Inhibiting effect of Radix Hedysari Polysaccharide (HPS) on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats

PurposeThe aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Radix Hedysari Polysaccharide (HPS) on clinical indicators, the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and its downstream transduction molecules during endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats.MethodsEIU was induced through the intraperitoneal injection of male Wistar rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS 200 μg). HPS (400 mg/kg), DXM (1 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before the LPS induction. The clinical manifestation was observed and scored at 2-h intervals using a slit microscope. The degree of inflammatory reaction was determined by routine histological examinations, and the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in the iris-ciliary body complex was detected through a double-labeled immunofluorescence study. Real-time RT-PCR was used to assess the effects of HPS on the expression of the TLR4 complex, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 mRNA. The protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 were examined by western blot.ResultsHPS treatment produced similar therapeutic results with dexamethasone by significantly reducing the clinical severity of EIU as well as fibrin exudations and inflammatory cell infiltration in the eye. Correspondingly, according to the immunofluorescence results, HPS treatment significantly suppressed the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in the iris–ciliary body complex. HPS treatment could also remarkably reduce the mRNA and protein expression of the TLR4 complex, MyD88 and NF-κB p65.ConclusionHPS can suppress the intraocular inflammation observed in EIU by inhibiting TLR4 and its downstream signal transduction pathway.