补骨脂酚及其与补骨脂素合用对HK-2细胞的毒性及其机制

目的研究补骨脂酚(bakuchiol)及补骨脂酚与补骨脂素(psoralen)合用的肾细胞毒性,并初步探讨其毒性机制。方法采用人肾近曲小管上皮细胞(HK-2),研究补骨脂酚、补骨脂酚与补骨脂素合用以及在大鼠肝匀浆S9作用下,对HK-2细胞的毒性作用。实验分为空白对照、溶剂对照、阳性对照马兜铃酸Ⅰ(AAⅠ)、补骨脂素5μmol.L-1、补骨脂酚5,10,20,30和40μmol.L-1,补骨脂酚与补骨脂素合用(20+5),(30+5),(40+5)μmo.lL-1组。MTT法检测细胞存活率;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放实验检测细胞膜损伤;倒置显微镜观察细胞形态改变;AnnexinⅤ/PI染色法检测细胞凋亡;PI染色法检测细胞周期。结果补骨脂素5μmol.L-1作用于HK-2细胞,未观测到毒性作用;补骨脂酚、补骨脂酚与补骨脂素合用分别与HK-2细胞作用4,24,48和72h,在较高浓度下(20,30和40μmol.L-1)细胞存活被明显抑制(P<0.01),补骨脂酚24,48和72h的IC50值分别为(26.4±4.8),(21.8±0.6)和(24.1±0.8)μmol.L-1;在大鼠肝匀浆S9作用下,补骨脂酚的细胞毒性明显降低(P<0.01)。较高浓度(30和40μmol.L-1)的补骨脂酚、补骨脂酚与补骨脂素合用分别与HK-2细胞作用24h,LDH的释放率明显增高(P<0.01),呈浓度依赖性;倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态变化,HK-2细胞随着浓度的增高,作用时间的延长,细胞收缩、变小变圆和破裂脱落现象越明显。补骨脂酚40μmol.L-1、补骨脂酚与补骨脂素合用(20+5),(30+5)和(40+5)μmol.L-1可诱导HK-2细胞发生不同程度的凋亡,并且引起明显的细胞死亡。补骨脂酚10,20,30和40μmol.L-1、补骨脂酚与补骨脂素合用均影响细胞周期,主要表现为G2期减少,G1和S期增加或减少。结论补骨脂酚对HK-2细胞有明显的毒性,与补骨脂素合用不能降低其毒性,经大鼠肝匀浆S9作用后,补骨脂酚的细胞毒性明显降低。补骨脂酚对HK-2细胞毒性作用机制可能为:①直接对细胞膜造成损伤;②引发细胞凋亡;③抑制细胞内DNA合成,阻滞细胞有丝分裂,抑制细胞增殖。     

罗通定在人、比格犬和大鼠肝微粒体代谢转化的体外比较研究

目的体外研究罗通定(rotundine,RTD)在大鼠、比格犬和人肝微粒体中酶代谢动力学及代谢产物差异。方法优化3个种属肝微粒体与RTD反应体系,应用LC-MS测定RTD在3种肝微粒体中的体外代谢消除,应用LC-MS/MS分析比较RTD在3种肝微粒体中代谢产物种类和生成量的差异,计算并比较相应的活性值。结果RTD在人肝微粒体中代谢转化最慢,其相应的动力学参数为Km=2.67μmol·L-1、Vmax=0.095μmol·L-1·min-1、T21=298±18.0min、CLint=14.6±0.91ml·min-1·kg-1;大鼠中相应的动力学参数为Km=3.24μmol·L-1、Vmax=0.122μmol·L-1·min-1、T12=71.0±2.30min、CLint=87.5±2.79ml·min-1·kg-1;比格犬中相应的动力学参数为Km=5.31μmol·L-1、Vmax=0.228μmol·L-1·min-1、T21=62.3±0.647min、CLint=139±1.43ml·min-1·kg-1。RTD在3个种属肝微粒体中均代谢产生4个O-去甲基后的羟基化同分异构体产物,但4个产物的相对生成百分比在不同种属肝微粒体中有一定差异。结论罗通定在体外人、大鼠和比格犬肝微粒体中主要的I相代谢途径相同,但是酶代谢动力学性质及代谢产物的生成量存在着一定的差异。     

济泰片对人肝及Beagle犬肝中美沙酮代谢活性的影响

目的评价济泰片对人肝中美沙酮代谢活性潜在的抑制作用及对Beagle犬肝中美沙酮代谢活性潜在的诱导作用。方法在人肝微粒体中加入济泰片1.5～150 mg·L-1,CYP3A4抑制剂酮康唑及CYP2D6抑制剂奎尼丁,再加入美沙酮进行共孵育30 min。用美沙酮的代谢产物2-亚乙基-1,5-二甲基-3,3-二苯基吡咯烷(EDDP)的生成速率反映美沙酮的代谢活性,评价济泰片对美沙酮的抑制作用。Beagle犬ig给予济泰片0.1875,0.625和1.875 g·kg-1,每天1次,共36周后制备犬肝微粒体,在制备的犬肝微粒体中加入美沙酮进行共孵育30 min,检测济泰片组美沙酮的代谢产物EDDP的生成速率。结果阳性抑制剂酮康唑、奎尼丁能显著抑制人肝微粒体中的美沙酮代谢,而济泰片未见明显抑制作用。济泰片1.875 g·kg-1组Beagle犬肝微粒体中美沙酮去甲基化反应的反应速率、代谢能力及单位体质量代谢能力均显著高于正常对照组,分别为0.86±0.17 vs(0.49±0.10)cps.min-1.mg-1蛋白,228±62 vs(115±13)cps.min-1.mg-1蛋白,10.6±0.8 vs(24.4±5.6)cps.min-1.mg-1蛋白.g-1(P<0.05)。结论济泰片对人肝中美沙酮的代谢不会产生抑制作用。济泰片对Beagle犬肝中美沙酮代谢具有一定的诱导作用。     

银杏黄酮山奈酚的体外葡醛酸结合反应

目的　旨在了解银杏黄酮山奈酚代谢的有关酶系及酶动力学参数。方法　采用苯巴比妥 (PB)、地塞米松 (DEX)、β 萘黄酮 (BNF)和地非三唑 (DIPH)诱导SD大鼠 ,与未诱导大鼠分别作为体外代谢的 5种不同酶源。取山奈酚和鼠肝微粒体 2 5℃下共孵育 ,HPLC法测定孵育液中剩余底物浓度。比较不同诱导剂处理的鼠肝微粒体对山奈酚代谢的催化活性 ,以未作任何处理的鼠肝微粒体为空白对照。结果　山奈酚在BNF和DIPH诱导的鼠肝微粒体中有较强的代谢作用 ,而在PB ,DEX诱导的鼠肝微粒体和空白组微粒体中的代谢较弱。在 0 .2g·L- 1的微粒体蛋白质浓度的孵育液中 ,山奈酚 (40mg·L- 1)经4 5min孵育后 ,分别有 6 2 .9% (DIPH ) ,4 0 .1%(BNF) ,2 1.1% (PB) ,2 3.7% (DEX)和 18.0 % (空白组 )的量被代谢。测得山奈酚在空白对照组、BNF和DIPH诱导的微粒体中的Km 值分别为 (1.85±1.0 5 ) ,(9.4 1± 2 .4 5 )和 (72 .4± 3.0 8) μmol·L- 1;Vmax值分别为 (2 .4 5± 0 .6 3) ,(7.5 5± 1.4 0 )和 (2 5 .2±1.0 8) μmol·g- 1·min- 1。结论　山奈酚在各种微粒体中被广泛代谢 ;BNF和DIPH葡醛酸转移酶的强诱导剂可使山奈酚Ⅱ相葡萄糖醛酸苷结合反应增强。     

补骨脂酚在大鼠和人肝微粒体中细胞色素P450酶和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶代谢稳定性及性别差异

目的探究补骨脂酚在大鼠和人肝微粒体中细胞色素P450酶(CYP酶)和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGT酶)的代谢稳定性及性别差异。方法补骨脂酚分别与雄、雌性SD大鼠和男、女性人肝微粒体在37℃与不同辅酶因子孵育,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定补骨脂酚的剩余浓度,采用底物消除法观察补骨脂酚的代谢稳定性。结果补骨脂酚在雄、雌性SD大鼠肝微粒体中,CYP酶介导的Ⅰ相代谢固有清除率(Clint)分别是326.6±15.4和(77.2±4.8)mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1),雄性代谢显著快于雌性(P<0.01);UGT酶介导的Ⅱ相代谢Clint分别是164.5±8.4和(419.1±24.1)mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1),雌性代谢显著快于雄性(P<0.01);CYP酶和UGT酶共同代谢的Clint分别是1063.1±27.2和(781.2±16.5)mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1),雄性代谢显著快于雌性(P<0.01)。在男、女性人肝微粒体中,CYP酶介导的Ⅰ相代谢Clint分别是24.8±2.1和(17.6±1.0)mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1),男性代谢显著快于女性(P<0.01);UGT酶介导的Ⅱ相代谢Clint分别是176.4±26.5和(165.9±8.6)mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1),代谢无显著性别差异;CYP酶和UGT酶共同代谢的Clint分别是262.5±20.9和(236.2±10.5)mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1),代谢无显著性别差异。结论补骨脂酚在SD大鼠和人肝微粒体中,均发生CYP酶介导的Ⅰ相代谢和UGT酶介导的Ⅱ相代谢反应,且代谢稳定性具有一定的种属和性别差异。     

染料木黄酮在雌雄大鼠肝微粒体中的代谢差异

目的研究染料木黄酮在♀、♂大鼠肝微粒体中的代谢差异。方法制备♀、♂大鼠肝微粒体,确定染料木黄酮代谢的酶动力学条件,分别用CYP1A2抗体和选择性CYP1A2抑制剂呋喃茶碱与大鼠肝微粒体和染料木黄酮共同温孵,测定染料木黄酮在♀、♂大鼠肝微粒体中的代谢速率,评价♀、♂大鼠CYP1A2的相对百分比活性。结果在CYP1A2抗体浓度为1∶400,孵育时间为30 m in条件下,♂大鼠肝微粒体代谢染料木黄酮的相对代谢率为(20.95±2.13)%,♀动物为(13.73±1.26)%。在选择性CYP1A2抑制剂呋喃茶碱浓度为3.125μmol.L-1,孵育时间为30 m in条件下,♂动物为(58.02±3.35)%,而♀大鼠肝微粒体代谢染料木黄酮的相对代谢率为(43.82±2.65)%,两者之间差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论染料木黄酮在♂大鼠肝微粒体中代谢较♀大鼠快,提示♂大鼠肝微粒体CYP1A2酶活性高于♀大鼠。     

基于高效液相色谱-串级质谱法研究肝微粒体中T-2毒素代谢的种属差异性

目的比较T-2毒素在不同种属动物肝微粒体中代谢的差异性。方法将T-2毒素与小鼠、大鼠、比格犬、猴和人肝微粒体37℃孵育不同时间,孵育液经蛋白沉淀后采用高效液相色谱-质谱法检测,比较T-2毒素在不同种属动物中代谢动力学参数及代谢产物生成量的差异。结果 T-2毒素在人肝微粒体中半衰期(t_(1/2))<1 mim,在小鼠和猴肝微粒体中为2~4 min,在比格犬肝微粒体中为13 min,在大鼠肝微粒体中为39 min。5种动物对T-2毒素的肝清除能力可分为3组,即人、比格犬和大鼠为1组;猴和小鼠各为1组其中小鼠组对T-2毒素的肝清除率是人、比格犬和大鼠组的3~4倍不同种属的肝微粒体对T-2毒素的亲和力存在显著差异,其中T-2毒素在小鼠肝微粒体中的亲和力最高,其余依次为人、比格犬、大鼠和猴。酶的转化速率以在猴肝微粒体中最大,大鼠和比格犬中略小,而人和小鼠肝微粒体中酶转化速率仅为猴肝微粒体中转化速率的1/10~6。T-2毒素在猴肝微粒体中主要代谢产物为3'-OH-T-2和新茄病镰刀菌烯醇,在人和大鼠肝微粒体中为T-2三醇和HT-2毒素,在比格犬肝微粒体中以HT-2毒素和3'-OH-T-2毒素为主,在小鼠中则以T-2三醇和3'-OH-T-2毒素为主。T-2毒素在小鼠、大鼠、比格犬和人肝微粒体中主要以水解代谢转化为主,而在猴肝微粒体中则以羟基化代谢为主。结论 T-2毒素的代谢参数、代谢产物及其生成量、代谢途径均存在种属差异性。     

力达霉素的体外代谢

旨在研究力达霉素在血浆和肝微粒体中的体外代谢性质,指导临床合理用药。选择HPLC-MS/MS测定方法,通过测定力达霉素的活性成分,考察力达霉素在大鼠、比格犬、猕猴和人血浆及肝微粒体中的代谢稳定性以及在人肝微粒体中对细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP450)各亚型酶的抑制作用。结果表明,力达霉素在4个种属血浆中均有代谢,其代谢速率为大鼠>比格犬>人>猕猴;在4个种属肝微粒体中,只有在猕猴肝微粒体中代谢;在浓度为0.000 5～10 ng·mL-1时,对人肝微粒体中细胞色素P450各亚型酶几乎无抑制作用。可见力达霉素在人体内的代谢性质与比格犬体内较相似,而且临床上当力达霉素与通过CYP450酶代谢的药物合用时,不会导致这些药物的代谢减慢。     

氟他胺在大鼠肝微粒体经细胞色素P450 1A2代谢的性别差异

目的体外研究大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450 1A2(CYP1A2)对氟他胺(flutamide Flu)代谢的性别差异影响。方法制备正常♀♂大鼠肝微粒体,用CYP1A2抗体与氟他胺(2 mg·L^-1)共同温孵,测定氟他胺主要代谢产物2-羟基氟他胺(2-hydroxyflutamide, HF)和原药的浓度比(HF/Flu),评价氟他胺在大鼠肝微粒体代谢的性别差异。结果在CYP1A2抗体浓度为1∶400,孵育时间为30 min条件下,氟他胺在♂大鼠肝微粒体中的HF/Flu为(1.5±0.6),而♀动物为(0.9±0.4)。不同性别大鼠肝微粒体对氟他胺的代谢存在性别差异(P<0.01)。结论Flu在♂大鼠肝微粒体中代谢快,而在♀大鼠肝微粒体中代谢较慢。♂大鼠体内的CYP1A2酶活性高于♀大鼠。     

诃子酸在不同种属肝微粒体中的代谢稳定性和代谢酶表型研究

目的 建立测定肝微粒体孵育体系中诃子酸浓度的方法,并比较其在人、犬、猴、小鼠、大鼠肝微粒体中的Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相代谢稳定性及种属差异,确定其在人肝微粒中的代谢表型。方法 将诃子酸与不同种属肝微粒体共同孵育,应用UPLCMS/MS检测孵育液中诃子酸的含量,考察其代谢稳定性及体外动力学参数。采用化学抑制剂法确定其在人肝微粒中的代谢表型。将诃子酸与各CYP450同工酶CYP1A2、CYP2A6、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1和CYP3A4的特异性抑制剂（α-萘黄酮、香豆素、磺胺苯吡唑、噻氯匹定、奎尼丁、二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠、酮康唑）共同孵育,确定其代谢酶表型。结果 诃子酸在Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相孵育体系中均可代谢,在Ⅰ相代谢中,犬肝微粒体孵育与人最为相似,半衰期（t_1/2）分别为115.50 min和121.58 min;Ⅱ相代谢中5个种属代谢稳定性均中等,其中猴与人肝微粒体代谢趋势最为相近。诃子酸在人肝微粒中的代谢是由多种CYP酶共同介导的,其中CYP2C9、CYP2E1和CYP3A4是主要的同工酶。结论 建立的UPLCMS/MS方法简便、快速、专属性强、灵敏性高,可用于肝微粒体孵育体系中诃子酸浓度的测定及体外代谢的研究。诃子酸在人、犬、猴、小鼠、大鼠肝微粒体中代谢存在一定种属差异,且其代谢过程与多种CYP酶相关。     

Identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A1, 1A3 and 2B15 as the main contributors to glucuronidation of bakuchiol,a natural biologically active compound

1.?Bakuchiol, one of the main active compounds of Psoralea corylifolia, possesses a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor and anti-aging effects. Here, we aimed to characterize the glucuronidation of bakuchiol using human liver microsomes (HLM) and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes.

2.?The glucuronide of bakuchiol was confirmed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and β-glucuronidase hydrolysis assay. Glucuronidation rates and kinetic parameters were derived by enzymatic incubation and model fitting. Activity correlation analyses were performed to identify the main UGT isoforms contributing to hepatic metabolism of bakuchiol.

3.?Among the three UGT enzymes (i.e., UGT1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT2B15) capable of catalyzing bakuchiol glucuronidation, UGT2B15 showed the highest activity with a CL_int value of 100?μl/min/nmol. Bakuchiol glucuronidation was strongly correlated with glucuronidation of 5-hydroxyrofecoxib (r?=?0.933; p?r?=?0.719; p?r?=?0.594; p?4.?In conclusion, UGT1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT2B15 were identified as the main contributors to glucuronidation of bakuchiol.     

Effect of Bakuchiol on Leukocyte Functions and Some Inflammatory Responses in Mice

The effects of bakuchiol, a meroterpenoid isolated from the leaves of Psoralea glandulosa L., on phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) activity from different sources, human neutrophil responses, zymosan air pouch and topical inflammation in mice, were investigated. This natural product was a weak inhibitor of secretory and intracellular PLA₂ but dose-dependently reduced the formation of LTB₄ and TXB₂ by human neutrophils and platelet microsomes, respectively. In addition, bakuchiol inhibited degranulation in human neutrophils, whereas superoxide generation was not affected. In mice, bakuchiol decreased cell migration, myeloperoxidase activity and eicosanoid levels in the air pouch inflammation induced by zymosan. After topical administration, this compound was effective as an inhibitor of oedema and myeloperoxidase activity in the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear oedema and significantly reduced the PGE₂ content and ear oedema in the arachidonic acid-induced response. Bakuchiol is a natural anti-inflammatory agent able to control leukocytic functions such as eicosanoid production, migration and degranulation in the inflammatory site.     

Involvement of human liver cytochrome P4502B6 in the metabolism of propofol

AIMS: To determine the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms involved in the oxidation of propofol by human liver microsomes. METHODS: The rate constant calculated from the disappearance of propofol in an incubation mixture with human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP isoforms was used as a measure of the rate of metabolism of propofol. The correlation of these rate constants with rates of metabolism of CYP isoform-selective substrates by liver microsomes, the effect of CYP isoform-selective chemical inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies on propofol metabolism by liver microsomes, and its metabolism by recombinant human CYP isoforms were examined. RESULTS: The mean rate constant of propofol metabolism by liver microsomes obtained from six individuals was 4.2 (95% confidence intervals 2.7, 5.7) nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein. The rate constants of propofol by microsomes were significantly correlated with S-mephenytoin N-demethylation, a marker of CYP2B6 (r = 0.93, P < 0.0001), but not with the metabolic activities of other CYP isoform-selective substrates. Of the chemical inhibitors of CYP isoforms tested, orphenadrine, a CYP2B6 inhibitor, reduced the rate constant of propofol by liver microsomes by 38% (P < 0.05), while other CYP isoform-selective inhibitors had no effects. Of the recombinant CYP isoforms screened, CYP2B6 produced the highest rate constant for propofol metabolism (197 nmol min-1 nmol P450-1). An antibody against CYP2B6 inhibited the disappearance of propofol in liver microsomes by 74%. Antibodies raised against other CYP isoforms had no effect on the metabolism of propofol. CONCLUSIONS: CYP2B6 is predominantly involved in the oxidation of propofol by human liver microsomes.     

Stereoselective glucuronidation of propranolol in human and cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes: role of human hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms, UGT1A9, UGT2B4 and UGT2B7

The stereoselective glucuronidation of propranolol (PL) in human and cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes, and the roles of human hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms involved in the enantiomeric glucuronidation of PL using recombinant UGT enzymes were investigated. In Michaelis-Menten plots, R- and S-PL glucuronidation by human liver microsomes showed sigmoidal kinetics whereas the kinetics of enantiomeric PL glucuronidation by cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes was monophasic. The Km, Vmax and CLint values of cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes were generally higher than the S50, Vmax and CLmax values of human liver microsomes in R- and S-PL glucuronidation. The glucuronidation of R- and S-PL was catalyzed by at least 3 UGT isoforms: UGT1A9, UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Michaelis-Menten plots for R- and S-PL glucuronidation by UGT1A9 were monophasic, whereas the kinetics of UGT2B7 showed sigmoidal curves. Enantiomeric R-PL glucuronidation by UGT2B4 showed sigmoidal kinetics, whereas S-PL glucuronidation displayed monophasic kinetics. UGT1A9 showed remarkable stereoselectivity in Vmax and CLint values of R-PL < S-PL. These findings demonstrate that the profiles of enantiomeric PL glucuronidation in human and cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes are largely different and suggest that the human hepatic UGT isoforms UGT1A9, UGT2B4 and UGT2B7 play distinctive roles in enantiomeric PL glucuronidation.     

Involvement of CYP2B6 in the biotransformation of propofol by human liver microsomes

Objective To determine whether the cytochrome P4502B6(CYP2B6)is involved in the oxidation of propofol by human liver microsomes.Methods The change of propofol concentration in an incubation mixture with human liver microsomes was monitored by the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),in order to calculate the rate constants of metabolism of propofol.The correlation between the rate constants and the rate of metabolism of CYP2B6 selective substrate bupropion,and the effect of two different CYP2B6 specific inhibitors on the propofol metabolism were examined.Results The mean rate constant of propofol metabolism by liver microsomes obtained from twelve individuals was 3.9(95% confidence intervals 3.3,4.5)nmol·min-1·mg-1 protein.The rate constants of propofol metabolism by liver microsomes were significantly correlated with bupropion hydroxylation(r=0.888,P<0.001).Both selective chemical inhibitors of CYP2B6,orphenadrine and N,N',N″-triethylenethiophosphoramide(thioTEPA),reduced the rate constants of propofol metabolism by 37.5%(P<0.001)and 42.7%(P<0.001)in liver microsomes,respectively.Conclusions CYP2B6 is predominantly involved in the oxidation of propofol by human liver microsomes.     

Kinetic characteristics of norcocaine N-hydroxylation in mouse and human liver microsomes: involvement of CYP enzymes

The first step in the oxidative metabolism of cocaine is N-demethylation to norcocaine, which is further N-hydroxylated to more toxic N-hydroxynorcocaine. In this study we examined the kinetics of norcocaine N-hydroxylation mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) in mouse and human liver microsomes. N-hydroxynorcocaine was identified by analytical HPLC-MS after incubation of norcocaine with mouse liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. In mouse liver microsomes, there was no apparent difference in Km values for norcocaine N-hydroxylation between male and female microsomes, while the Vmax rate was approximately two times higher in female than in male microsomes (34+/-10 v. 16+/-4 pmol/min per mg protein). The Km value for norcocaine N-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes was approximately three times higher than that observed in comparable incubations using mouse liver microsomes, whereas the Vmax rate was ten times lower. Both cocaine and norcocaine induced type I difference spectra upon interaction with CYP in mouse liver microsomes. In contrast, in human microsomes both type I and type II spectra were recorded. In the 0.01 to 1 mM concentration range, cocaine and norcocaine inhibited mouse microsomal testosterone 6alpha-, 7alpha- and 16alpha-hydroxylation reactions by 20% to 30%. Testosterone 6beta- and 15alpha-hydroxylations were blocked by 60% and 50%, respectively, by 1 mM norcocaine, while only 40% inhibition was obtained with 1 mM cocaine. Coumarin 7-hydroxylation and pentoxyresorufin O-deethylation were inhibited by 50% by 1 and 0.4 mM norcocaine, respectively. In contrast, 10 and 2 mM cocaine, respectively, were needed to obtain the same degrees of inhibition. In human liver microsomes, 1 mM norcocaine and cocaine blocked testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase by 60% and 40%, respectively. Coumarin 7-hydroxylation was inhibited by only 30% by norcocaine (5.4 mM) and cocaine (10 mM). Norcocaine N-hydroxylation in mouse and human liver microsomes was blocked by 30% and 60%, respectively, by alpha-naphthoflavone (0.1 mM). The reaction was inhibited by 30-40% by metyrapone, cimetidine and gestodene at a concentration of 1 mM in mouse microsomes, while in human microsomes, 70% inhibition was obtained with 1 mM metyrapone and cimetidine. Taken together, these results indicate that (1) norcocaine N-hydroxylation is at least partly a CYP-mediated reaction, (2) the rate of reaction is considerably lower in human liver microsomes than in mouse liver microsomes and (3) several CYP subfamilies including 1A, 2A, 3A and possibly 2B may contribute to the formation of N-hydroxynorcocaine.     

An in vitro study of the microsomal metabolism and cellular toxicity of phenytoin, sorbinil and mianserin.

1. The cytotoxicity of metabolites generated from phenytoin, sorbinil and mianserin by human and mouse liver microsomes was assessed by co-incubation with human mononuclear leucocytes as target cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion. 2. Phenytoin and sorbinil were metabolised by NADPH-dependent murine microsomal enzymes to cytotoxic metabolites. Cytotoxicity produced by both drugs was significantly enhanced by the epoxide hydrolase inhibitor trichloropropane oxide (TCPO). No significant cytotoxicity was observed in the presence of human liver microsomes. 3. Mianserin was metabolised by both human and mouse liver microsomes to a cytotoxin. Cytotoxicity was greater in the presence of human liver microsomes (13.7 +/- 2.2%; mean +/- s.d. for four livers, compared with 6.0 +/- 2.4%, mean +/- s.d., n = 4, with mouse liver microsomes), and was unaffected by pretreatment with TCPO. 4. Stable metabolites were quantified by radiometric high performance liquid chromatography. Phenytoin and sorbinil were metabolised to 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-hydantoin (0.3-0.5% of incubated radioactivity) and 2-hydroxysorbinil (0.4-2.7% of incubated radioactivity), respectively, by both human and mouse liver microsomes. 5. Mianserin was metabolised to 8-hydroxymianserin and desmethylmianserin by both human and mouse liver microsomes. Desmethylmianserin was the major product in incubations with human liver microsomes (32.3 +/- 12%, mean +/- s.d. for four livers), whereas 8-hydroxymianserin was the predominant metabolite generated by mouse liver microsomes (25.9 +/- 1.5%, mean +/- s.d., n = 4). 6. Generation of electrophilic metabolites was assessed by determination of the amount of radiolabelled material which became irreversibly bound to protein. Only mouse liver microsomes activated phenytoin to a chemically reactive metabolite, whereas both mouse and human liver microsomes generated reactive metabolites from sorbinil and mianserin. 7. These studies show that drug cytotoxicity can be mediated by low concentrations (circa microM) of metabolites generated by NADPH-dependent hepatic microsomal enzymes; however demonstration of cytotoxicity in vitro has not been established as a means of predicting in vivo toxicity.     

Oxidation of 1,8-cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether originated from eucalyptus polybractea, by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes.

1,8-Cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether known as eucalyptol, is one of the components in essential oils from Eucalyptus polybractea. We investigated the metabolism of 1,8-cineole by liver microsomes of rats and humans and by recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes in insect cells in which human P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase cDNAs had been introduced. 1,8-Cineole was found to be oxidized at high rates to 2-exo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole by rat and human liver microsomal P450 enzymes. In rats, pregenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) and phenobarbital induced the 1,8-cineole 2-hydroxylation activities by liver microsomes. Several lines of evidence suggested that CYP3A4 is a major enzyme involved in the oxidation of 1,8-cineole by human liver microsomes: (1), 1,8-cineole 2-hydroxylation activities by liver microsomes were inhibited very significantly by ketoconazole, a CYP3A inhibitor, and anti-CYP3A4 immunoglobulin G; (2), there was a good correlation between CYP3A4 contents and 1,8-cineole 2-hydroxylation activities in liver microsomes of eighteen human samples; and (3), of various recombinant human P450 enzymes examined, CYP3A4 had the highest activities for 1,8-cineole 2-hydroxylation; the rate catalyzed by CYP3A5 was about one-fourth of that catalyzed by CYP3A4. Kinetic analysis showed that K(m) and V(max) values for the oxidation of 1,8-cineole by liver microsomes of human sample HL-104 and rats treated with PCN were 50 microM and 91 nmol/min/nmol P450 and 20 microM and 12 nmol/min/nmol P450, respectively. The rates observed using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP3A4 were very high among other CYP3A4 substrates reported so far. These results suggest that 1,8-cineole, a monoterpenoid present in nature, is one of the effective substrates for CYP3A enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes.     

Characterisation of the human liver in vitro metabolic pattern of artemisinin and auto-induction in the rat by use of nonlinear mixed effects modelling

Aims: The aims of the study were to characterise the metabolic pattern of artemisinin in human and rat liver microsomes and to assess the magnitude of auto‐induction in the rat. Methods: ¹⁴C‐artemisinin was incubated with human liver microsomes and with liver microsomes from rats pretreated with oral artemisinin or placebo. The metabolic fate of ¹⁴C‐artemisinin in microsomes from human B‐lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed with CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 was also investigated. The human liver microsome data and the rat liver microsomes data were analysed by nonlinear mixed effects modelling and naïve pooling using NONMEM, respectively. Results: Four metabolites were radiometrically detected in experiments with rat liver microsomes. The model that best described the data involved three primary metabolites of which one metabolite was further metabolised to a secondary metabolite. The formation of the four metabolites was induced 2.8, 7.2, 4.8 and 2.5‐fold, respectively, in liver microsomes from rats pre‐treated with artemisinin. Three metabolites were formed in human liver microsomes; having the same retention times as three of the metabolites formed in the rat. The final model consisted of two primary metabolites and a secondary metabolite with CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 influencing the formation rates of the major and minor primary metabolites, respectively. Conclusions: CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 activities described variability in the formation of the major and minor primary metabolites, respectively, in human liver microsomes. All artemisinin metabolic pathways in rat liver microsomes were induced in artemisinin pretreated animals. We suggest modelling as a method for the discrimination and detection of more complex metabolic patterns from in vitro metabolism rate data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.