牡荆素在大鼠体内的代谢研究

目的 研究黄酮碳苷牡荆素在大鼠体内的代谢产物,并推测其代谢途径。方法 SD大鼠灌胃给予5 mg·kg^-1牡荆素,收集0~3 h,3~6 h,6~12 h的尿液,采用UPLC-Q-TOF检测尿样中代谢产物。结果 采用Metabolynx XS代谢物分析软件,根据质谱碎片信息对代谢物进行结构鉴定,最终得到3个代谢产物。结论 牡荆素在大鼠尿液中检测得到1个一相代谢产物,2个二相代谢产物,推测牡荆素在大鼠体内主要发生氧化、甲基化和葡萄糖醛酸结合反应,其中葡萄糖醛酸化反应是较强的代谢种类。     

丹酚酸B在大鼠体内的代谢产物及代谢途径研究

目的 建立大鼠血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中丹酚酸B代谢产物的测定方法,并考察其代谢途径。方法 取SD大鼠18只,平分为灌胃和静注2组,每组再分成3个小组,分别采集血浆、胆汁、尿液及粪便,每小组2只大鼠分别单剂量灌胃（500 mg·kg^-1）和尾静脉注射（16.5 mg·kg^-1）给予丹酚酸B,另一只分别灌胃水和尾静脉注射生理盐水作为空白对照。采用高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱（HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）联用法测定血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中的丹酚酸B代谢产物,同时推断代谢途径。结果 根据一级质谱分子离子信息和二级质谱碎裂离子信息,在大鼠体内共发现8个丹酚酸B的代谢产物,其中胆汁、粪便中均含有这8个代谢产物,尿液中发现3个代谢产物,血浆中发现2个代谢产物。由丹酚酸B及其代谢产物结构推断丹酚酸B体内主要通过甲基化反应、酯键水解反应代谢。结论 建立的分析方法准确、灵敏、快速,符合生物样品分析要求,适用于大鼠血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中丹酚酸B代谢产物的分析,并分析鉴定了8个代谢产物。代谢实验结果表明,胆汁排泄是丹酚酸B最主要的排泄方式。     

利用1H-NMR技术研究大黄素染毒后大鼠内源性代谢物的改变

目的 采用¹H NMR的代谢组学技术揭示大黄素的肾毒性机制,寻找肾脏损害的早期生物标志物.方法 雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分为溶剂对照,大黄素170、500、1 500 mg/(kg·d)3个剂量组,连续给药16 d,给药结束后收集24 h尿液,血浆及肾组织,测定¹H NMR谱,并进行血浆生化指标测定和肝脏组织病理学检查.结果 1 500 mg/(kg·d)大黄素服用16 d可引起大鼠血肌酐下降,大黄素可导致肾细胞胞浆中出现明显的空泡化改变.代谢成分的改变主要表现为血液中乳酸、糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸成分下降;尿液中乳酸、糖和氨基酸成分增加;肾脏组织中醋酸盐和肌酐/肌酸明显升高,乳酸和胆碱/磷酸卵磷脂水平下降,饱和与不饱和脂肪酸及磷脂的成分比例明显改变.结论 代谢组学分析在识别药物诱导代谢成分改变方面较传统技术更灵敏;脂肪和能量代谢紊乱参与了大黄素的肾毒性,尿液中氨基酸、葡萄糖氧化三甲胺(TMAO)及肌酐可作为大黄素诱导肾组织损害的潜在生物标志物.     

基于血浆代谢组学的新生化颗粒对急性血瘀大鼠作用机制研究

目的 研究新生化颗粒对急性血瘀大鼠血浆中内源性代谢物的影响,探讨新生化颗粒治疗急性血瘀证的可能机制。方法 将50只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、复方丹参滴丸（阳性药,0.10 g·kg^-1）组和新生化颗粒低、高剂量（4.86、9.72 g·kg^-1）组,给药体积10 mL·kg^-1,对照组和模型组大鼠ig给予等体积0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）,每天早晚各ig给药1次,共7次。第5次给药后,除对照组外,采用sc盐酸肾上腺素和冰水浴制备大鼠急性血瘀模型。通过测定全血黏度（WBV）、血浆黏度（PV）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）和凝血酶时间（TT）,观察不同剂量的新生化颗粒对急性血瘀大鼠血液流变学和凝血功能的影响;采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用（UHPLCQTOF-MS）法检测各组大鼠血浆中的内源性代谢物,通过多变量统计分析筛选潜在生物标志物,结合质谱信息、数据库检索和标准品比对鉴定潜在生物标志物,并将鉴定到的生物标志物导入MetaboAnalyst 5.0数据库推测其可能的代谢通路。结果 与模型组比较,新生化颗粒显著降低急性血瘀大鼠WBV、PV和FIB,显著延长APTT、PT和TT（P＜0.05、0.01）。代谢组学结果显示,从急性血瘀大鼠血浆中共鉴定出21个差异代谢物（准确鉴定7个）,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠血浆中乳酸、肉碱和肌酐等10个内源性代谢物显著上调,苹果酸、琥珀酸和色胺等11个内源性代谢物显著下调（P＜0.05、0.01）;除了硫酸吲哚酚和脱氧胞苷外,新生化颗粒对其他19个生物标志物均有显著回调作用（P＜0.05、0.01）。这些标志物主要涉及苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成、苯丙氨酸代谢、亚油酸代谢、三羧酸循环和色氨酸代谢。结论 新生化颗粒对急性血瘀大鼠体内紊乱代谢物有较好的回调作用,其作用机制主要与调节苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成,苯丙氨酸代谢,亚油酸代谢,三羧酸循环和色氨酸代谢通路有关。     

基于 UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS技术鉴定当归-川芎药对化学成分及大鼠体内入血成分

目的 鉴定当归-川芎药对化学成分及大鼠ig后的入血原型成分和代谢产物。方法 基于超高效液相色谱-静电场轨道阱-高分辨率质谱技术（UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS）,结合对照品图谱、自建数据库、相关文献信息及Compound Discoverer3.3、Xcalibur qual browser 4.3等软件对当归-川芎药对的化学成分进行分析鉴定;大鼠经ig给药后制得含药血清,通过比对含药血清与对照组血清,鉴定入血原型成分和代谢产物。结果 共在当归-川芎药对中鉴定出69个化学成分,主要包括苯酞类24个、有机酸类24个、氨基酸类8个、含氮类7个、香豆素类4个、木脂素类1个、黄酮类1个;在含药血清中共鉴定出30个入血原型成分,包括苯酞类15个、有机酚酸类13个、香豆素类2个;鉴定出45个代谢产物,包括32个苯酞类代谢产物,13个有机酚酸类代谢产物。结论 明确了当归-川芎药对的化学成分及入血原型成分和代谢产物。     

基于UHPLC-HRMS血清代谢组学研究黄芪发酵菌质干预高尿酸血症的作用机制

目的 基于UHPLC-HRMS血清代谢组学研究黄芪发酵菌质对高尿酸血症模型大鼠血清内源性代谢产物的影响及机制。方法 将SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、苯溴马隆组(20 mg·kg^-1)和黄芪发酵菌质高剂量组(3.0 g·kg^-1)、低剂量组(1.5 g·kg^-1)。模型组和各给药组均先采用大鼠灌胃300 mg·kg^-1氧嗪酸钾建立高尿酸血症模型,造模后1 h给药组给予相应药物进行干预,14 d后采集大鼠血清。利用UHPLC-HRMS对不同组别大鼠血清中的内源性代谢产物进行分析,并结合多元数据统计分析方法筛选差异代谢物和代谢通路。结果 造模14 d后高尿酸血症大鼠模型建立成功,黄芪发酵菌质显示出良好的降尿酸作用。与空白组相比,模型组发现了17个与高尿酸血症发病相关的潜在生物标志物;黄芪发酵菌质可显著回调其中10个潜在生物标志物,并主要涉及鞘脂代谢、嘧啶代谢、色氨酸代谢、泛酸和辅酶A生物合成、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢等通路发挥降尿酸作用。结论 本研究可为揭示黄芪发酵菌质降尿酸作用机制研究提供依据,并为黄芪的深度开发利用奠定基础。     

北青龙衣对大鼠尿液中5种毒性标志物含量的影响

目的 考察北青龙衣鲜品对大鼠尿液中5种毒性代谢物[L-左旋多巴（laevodopa,L-Dopa）、L-酪氨酸（L-tyrosine,L-Tyr）、L-苯丙氨酸（L-phenylalanine,L-Phe）、吲哚乙酸（indoleacetic acid,Int）及尿黑酸（homogentisic acid,HGA）]含量的影响。方法 Wistar大鼠灌胃给予北青龙衣鲜品,周期为1个月,采用MRM方法,建立同时检测5种代谢物的最优方法,并应用Masslynx软件外标法,对各代谢物精准定量。结果 L-Dopa、L-Tyr、L-Phe、Int及HGA的线性范围分别为30~32 000,25~30 000,7.5~8 000,50~10 000,100~10 000 ng·mL^-1,线性良好;与空白组健康大鼠相比,北青龙衣鲜品组尿液中的5种代谢物含量均有所升高。结论 北青龙衣鲜品可影响大鼠体内5种代谢物的正常代谢。     

止得咳颗粒在大鼠体内的代谢产物研究

目的 分析止得咳颗粒在大鼠体内的代谢产物并推测其代谢途径。方法 将雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、给药组（止得咳颗粒,9.45 g/kg）,每组灌胃超纯水或相应药液,每天2次,每次灌胃间隔6～8 h,连续3 d。收集各组大鼠血清、粪便、尿液样品,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱（UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS）技术鉴定大鼠灌胃止得咳颗粒后上述生物样品中的代谢产物,并推测其代谢途径。结果 大鼠灌胃止得咳颗粒后,在其血清、尿液、粪便样品中共鉴定出16个原型成分（如野鸢尾黄素、黄芩素、绿原酸等）和11个代谢产物（如山柰酚或木犀草素水合产物、绿原酸甲基化产物、黄芩苷羟基化产物）。其中,血清样品中鉴定出8个原型成分和4个代谢产物;尿液样品中鉴定出10个原型成分和7个代谢产物;粪便样品中鉴定出8个原型成分和5个代谢产物。结论 止得咳颗粒在大鼠体内的代谢成分主要包括黄芩苷、野鸢尾黄素、绿原酸,主要涉及甲基化、羟基化、葡萄糖醛酸化等代谢途径。     

兔体内乌头碱代谢产物研究

目的鉴定乌头碱在家兔尿中主要代谢产物。方法ig给药(5 mg·kg^-1)后,收集给药后♂家兔尿液,固相萃取柱富集、液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱法分离鉴定乌头碱代谢物。结果在给药后尿样中发现乌头碱原形和4种代谢物M1～M4,分别测得准分子离子峰［M+H］+及其各级碎片离子。结论M1～M4为乌头碱的4个代谢物,推测分别为16-O-去甲基乌头碱、乌头次碱、16-O-去甲基乌头次碱、乌头原碱。     

基于药动学及代谢物组学研究多柔比星在大鼠体内的心脏毒性

目的 测定多柔比星大剂量给药后原型药物及代谢产物的药动学特征及组织分布,以明确代谢产物在多柔比星急性心脏毒性中的作用。方法 测定多柔比星血清及心脏组织源性代谢物的变化特点,寻找与心脏毒性发生相关的代谢生物标志物及心脏毒性的潜在机制。利用LC-MS/MS测定多柔比星及多柔比星醇的浓度,利用GC-MS进行血清及心脏组织的代谢物组学分析。结果 多柔比星大鼠体内单剂量给药后,在心脏组织呈现高分布,且高剂量（10 mg·kg^-1）时分布显著增加。多柔比星醇的代谢转换率很低,且在心脏组织中的分布较低。代谢物组学研究结果表明,小分子能量物质酮体及脂肪酸为血清样本中的主要差异性物质。心脏组织中主要差异性物质为脂肪酸和甘油单酯。结论 多柔比星单剂量给药后,其在心脏中分布较高,且高剂量时特异性分布增加。多柔比星醇在血清及心脏组织中的浓度较低,推测其在急性毒性中的作用有限。多柔比星单剂量给药会引起心脏组织内的以脂质代谢为主的能量代谢异常,能量代谢对多柔比星相关的急性心肌毒性具有重要作用。     

基于UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS技术鉴定青钱柳叶在大鼠体内的入血成分及代谢产物

目的 研究青钱柳叶在大鼠体内的入血成分及代谢产物。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS)鉴定大鼠血清中的化学成分,通过比对青钱柳叶、空白血清和含药血清的图谱差异,解析青钱柳水提液经大鼠灌胃后血清中的原型成分和代谢产物。结果 共鉴定得到15个入血成分,6个为原型成分,9个为原型成分的代谢产物。入血的原型成分主要为咖啡酰奎宁酸类、黄酮类和皂苷类,代谢途径主要有甲基化和羟基化。结论 该研究表明入血的原型成分可能是青钱柳叶的有效成分,为阐明其药效物质基础提供了一定的依据。     

光泽汀体内遗传毒性风险评价

目的 评价光泽汀小鼠体内的遗传毒性。方法 C57BL/6J小鼠分为溶剂对照（0.5% CMC-Na）组、茜草素（200 mg·kg^-1，结构对照）组、乙酰基亚硝基脲（ENU，40 mg·kg^-1，阳性对照）组、甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS，200 mg·kg^-1，阳性对照）组和光泽汀低、中、高剂量（100、200、300 mg·kg^-1）组，溶剂、光泽汀和茜草素连续7 d ig给予，给药第1天记为D1，阳性对照ENU和EMS分别连续3 d给予，均每天给药1次。于D7、D56采集约0.5 mL外周血用于血清生化检测；于D14、D28、D42、D56采集外周血开展Pig-a基因突变试验；末次给药后采集肝、肾细胞开展彗星试验，分析每只动物至少100个细胞的尾DNA百分含量；末次给药后制备骨髓细胞样本，计算嗜多染红细胞的微核发生率。解剖后取心、肝、脾、肺以及肾脏进行组织病理学检查。结果 试验期间所有动物一般症状未见明显异常，各组动物体质量未见明显差异，未见与给予受试物有关的组织病理学改变。光泽汀低、中、高剂量组及EMS组肾脏尾DNA百分率均显著高于溶剂对照组（P<0.05、0.001），光泽汀高剂量组及EMS组肝脏尾DNA百分率与溶剂对照组比较显著增加（P<0.05、0.001）。光泽汀与茜草素的小鼠骨髓微核试验、Pig-a基因突变试验均为阴性。结论 100～300 mg·kg^-1光泽汀未见对小鼠整体产生明显毒性。光泽汀可导致小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA损伤，肾细胞DNA损伤程度更为严重。     

Absorption,distribution, metabolism and excretion of gemigliptin,a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor,in rats

Abstract

1.?The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, gemigliptin, were examined following single oral administration of ¹⁴C-labeled gemigliptin to rats.

2.?The ¹⁴C-labeled gemigliptin was rapidly absorbed after oral administration, and its bioavailability was 95.2% (by total radioactivity). Distribution to specific tissues other than the digestive organs was not observed. Within 7 days after oral administration, 43.6% of the administered dose was excreted via urine and 41.2% was excreted via feces. Biliary excretion of the radioactivity was about 17.7% for the first 24?h. After oral administration of gemigliptin to rats, the in vivo metabolism of gemigliptin was investigated with bile, urine, feces, plasma and liver samples.

3.?The major metabolic pathway was hydroxylation, and the major circulating metabolites were a dehydrated metabolite (LC15-0516) and hydroxylated metabolites (LC15-0635 and LC15-0636).     

Pharmacokinetics,tissue distribution,metabolism, and excretion of ginsenoside Rg<Subscript>1</Subscript> in rats

The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of ginsenosides Rg₁ were studied in Wistar rats, by measuring the concentrations of Rg₁ and its metabolites in the blood, tissues, bile, urine, and feces after dosing. After intravenous (i.v.) administration, the elimination half-lives of Rg₁ and its metabolites were 1.82, 5.87, and 6.87 h, and the area under the curves were 1595.7, 597.5, and 805.6 ng· h/mL, respectively. After oral administration, the elimination half-lives of Rg₁ and its metabolites were 2.25, 6.73, 5.44, and 5.06 h, and the area under the curves were 2363.5, 4185.5, 3774.3, and 396.2 ng· h/mL, respectively. After i.v. administration, Rg₁ and its metabolites were well distributed to the tissues analyzed except for the brain. The maximum concentration of Rg₁ was reached in all tissues at 5 min post dose, and it was eliminated from most of the tissues except for the kidney faster than it was eliminated from the blood. The maximum concentration of the metabolites was reached in all tissues between 4 and 6 h post dose. After i.v. administration, the recovery of the Rg₁ prototype in the urine and bile was 27.96% and 60.77%, respectively. The metabolism of Rg₁ in the intestine was via a hydrolization pathway, with the 6- and 20-glucoside bond hydrolyzed gradually under the catalysis of β-glucosaccharase, and then the metabolites were reabsorbed into the blood. Finally, the total recovery of the Rg₁ prototype and its metabolites in the urine and feces were 51.31% and 47.46%, respectively.     

Disposition of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine in the rat

The disposition of the carcinogen 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine (DCB) was studied in the male rat following oral administration. [¹⁴C]DCB was well absorbed by the rat with the maximum plasma radioactivity levels being found within 8 hr after dosing. The radioactivity was well distributed in the tissues 24 hr after administration with the highest levels found in the liver, followed by kidney, lung, and spleen. Repeated administration (six doses) of [¹⁴C]DCB to animals did not result in a substantial accumulation of ¹⁴C in the tissues. The elimination of radioactivity from the plasma, liver, kidney, and lung was biphasic showing an initial rapid decline (half-lives 1.68, 5.78, 7.14, and 3.85 hr, respectively) followed by a slower disappearance phase (half-lives 33.0, 77.0, 138.6, and 43.3 hr, respectively). Approximately half of the total ¹⁴C in the liver and kidney was covalently bound to cellular macromolecules 72 hr after dosing. [¹⁴C]DCB-derived radioactivity was extensively excreted by rats, mainly via the feces. Approximately 23–33% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine and 58–72% in the feces of rats within 96 hr. More than 65% of the administered ¹⁴C was eliminated in the bile of bile duct-cannulated rats within 24 hr after dosing. The radioactivity excreted in the urine and bile was primarily in the form of free (urine 71.2%, bile 25.5%) and conjugated (urine 19.6%, bile 57.9%) metabolites of DCB. Thus DCB is readily absorbed following oral administration, and then metabolized and excreted mainly via the feces.     

炮制对天山假狼毒毒性及化学成分的影响

目的 研究天山假狼毒炮制前后的急性毒性变化及其体内外组分的改变。方法 将小鼠分为生药组1（60.6 g·kg^-1）、生药组2（75.75 g·kg^-1）、生药组3（90.9 g·kg^-1）、生药组4（106.05 g·kg^-1）、生药组5（121.1 g·kg^-1）、炮制组1（58.6 g·kg^-1）、炮制组2（73.25 g·kg^-1）、炮制组3（87.9 g·kg^-1）、炮制组4（102.55 g·kg^-1）、炮制组5（117.2 g·kg^-1）（均按生药计），分别灌服不同浓度的天山假狼毒生药及炮制品提取物1次，连续观察14 d，记录小鼠急性毒性反应及动物死亡情况，计算LD₅₀。利用UPLC-Q/TOF-MS测定天山假狼毒生药、炮制品及其含药血清总离子流图，分析各部组分的化学成分变化。结果 天山假狼毒生药提取物LD₅₀=91.465 g·kg^-1，95%置信区间为83.929~98.680 g·kg^-1。天山假狼毒炮制品提取物LD₅₀=104.900 g·kg^-1，95%置信区间为95.584~122.774 g·kg^-1（均按生药计）。死亡动物解剖仅见肝脏颜色变深，其他脏器肉眼未见明显改变。生药经炮制后7个成分峰面积减小，3个成分未出现。相较于炮制品，生药含药血清中的代谢成分或移行成分明显更多，且炮制品入血成分色谱峰明显小于生药。结论 炮制可明显降低天山假狼毒急性毒性，这种减毒作用与天山假狼毒部分成分含量的降低或消除有关。     

Metabolism and excretion of benzo[a]pyrene in the rabbit

1. Following i.v. administration of [¹⁴C]benzo[a]pyrene (3 μmol/kg) to rabbits, 30% of the ¹⁴C dose appeared in bile and 12% in urine, within six hours.

2. Biliary and urinary metabolites were mainly conjugated; <12% of the ¹⁴C was extractable with ethyl acetate, but after treatment with β-glucuronidase or aryl sulphatase 30–40% became extractable.

3. H.p.l.c. analysis of the extracts indicated that the major non-polar metabolite was benzo[a]pyrene, 9,10-diol (18% of ¹⁴C in bile and 24% of ¹⁴C in urine, mainly conjugated with glucuronic acid). Smaller amounts of the 4,5-diol, the 3,6-quinone, and the 9-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene were also found in bile (total <10%), together with 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and two unknown metabolites (X and Y) in urine (total <4%).

4. The proximate carcinogen, the 7,8-diol, was not detected in any extract.

5. After intraduodenal administration of biliary metabolites of [¹⁴C]benzo[a]pyrene (approx. 0·3 μmol), ¹⁴C was excreted in the bile (21% dose) and urine (14%) within 23?h, indicating that metabolites can undergo enterohepatic circulation in the rabbit.     

基于物质与能量代谢探讨玄参水提物治疗肾阴虚水肿大鼠的“滋阴、利水”功效内涵

目的 探索玄参水提物（SNAE）对肾阴虚水肿大鼠的治疗作用及对体内物质与能量代谢的影响。方法 将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、阴虚组、阴虚恢复组、阴虚水肿模型组、SNAE（2.7 g·kg^-1）组和呋塞米（阳性药，3.6 mg·kg^-1）组，每组8只。除对照组ig 0.9%氯化钠溶液外，其余各组均ig给予甲状腺素和利血平注射液混合物，连续10 d，制备大鼠肾阴虚模型；于第11天ip给予阴虚水肿模型组、SNAE组和呋塞米组氨基核苷嘌呤霉素（PAN）溶液，制备肾源性水肿模型，阴虚恢复组和对照组ip给予0.9%氯化钠溶液；于12 d起ig给药，每天1次。于取材的前1天禁食、不禁水12 h，阴虚组于第11天、其他组于第18天取材。取肾组织进行苏木素-伊红（HE）染色后光镜下观察、透射电镜下肾脏超微病理学观察；全自动生化仪检测血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、总蛋白（TP）、血浆白蛋白（ALB）以及尿液中尿蛋白（UP）水平，试剂盒法检测血清睾酮（T）、雌二醇（E₂）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T₃）、甲状腺素（T₄）水平以及环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）/环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP）；应用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术对各组大鼠尿液进行分析，通过多变量统计分析筛选潜在生物标志物，结合人类代谢组学数据库（HMDB）和Metlin在线数据库鉴定重要生物标志物，并将鉴定到的生物标志物导入京都基因与基因组百科全书数据库（KEGG）推测其可能的代谢通路。结果 病理学结果显示，与对照组、阴虚组、阴虚恢复组相比，阴虚水肿模型组肾脏病理损伤较明显；与阴虚水肿组比较，SNAE、呋塞米对模型大鼠病理损伤程度有明显改善作用；在药效学指标上，与阴虚水肿模型组比较，SNAE能显著下调Scr、BUN、T₄水平（P<0.05），显著上调T、E₂、cAMP/cGMP、TP、ALB水平（P<0.05、0.01）；代谢组学结果显示，SNAE可改善各阴虚组大鼠代谢轨迹的偏离。通过对大鼠尿液代谢产物变化的预测，得到符合要求的生物标志物共14个，包括柠檬酸、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸、6-磷酸葡萄糖酸、尿酸、庚二酸、2-异丙基苹果酸等；涉及15条相关代谢通路，关键代谢途径主要富集于三羧酸（TCA）循环。结论 SNAE通过调节能量代谢相关通路发挥“滋阴、利水”等功效，从而对肾阴虚水肿发挥治疗作用。     

In Vivo Bioavailability and Metabolism of Topical Diclofenac Lotion in Human Volunteers

Purpose. The primary objective of this study was to determine the rate and extent of transdermal absorption for systemic delivery of diclofenac from Pennsaid (Dimethaid Research, Inc.) topical lotion into the systemic circulation after the lotion was applied to human volunteers, in an open treatment, non-blinded, non-vehicle controlled study. In addition, the in vivo metabolism of this topical diclofenac lotion has also been studied. Methods. Human volunteers were dosed with topical [¹⁴C]-diclofenac sodium 1.5% lotion on the knee for 24 h. Sequential time blood and urine samples were taken to determine pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism. Results. Topical absorption was 6.6% of applied dose. Peak plasma ¹⁴C occurred at 30 h after dosing, and peak urinary ¹⁴C excretion was at 24–48 h. The urinary ¹⁴C excretion pattern exhibits more elimination towards 24 h and beyond, as opposed to early urinary ¹⁴C excretion. This suggests a continuous delivery of [¹⁴C]-diclofenac sodium from the lotion into and through skin which only ceased when the dosing site was washed. Skin surface residue at 24 h was 26 ± 9.5% dose (remainder assumed lost to clothing and bedding). Extraction of metabolites from urine amounted to 7.4–22.7% in untreated urine, suggesting substantial diclofenac metabolism to more water soluble metabolites, probably conjugates, which could not be extracted by the method employed. Two Dimensional TLC analysis of untreated urine showed minimal or no diclofenac, again emphasizing the extensive in vivo metabolism of this drug. Treatment of the same urine samples with the enzymes sulfatase and (-glucuronidase showed a substantial increase in the extractable material. Three spots were consistently present in each sample run, namely diclofenac, 3hydroxy diclofenac and an intermediate polar metabolite (probably a hydroxylated metabolite). Therefore, there was significant sulfation and glucuronidation of both diclofenac and numerous hydroxy metabolites of diclofenac, but many of the metabolites/conjugates remain unidentified. Conclusions. There was a continuous delivery of diclofenac sodium from the lotion into and through the skin, which ceased after the dosing site was washed. The majority of the material excreted in the urine were conjugates of hydroxylated metabolites, and not the parent chemical, although further identification is required.