顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定4-雄烯二酮中的残留溶剂

目的建立顶空毛细管气相色谱法同时测定4-雄烯二酮中甲醇和乙酸乙酯2种残留溶剂的分析方法。方法采用Agilent DB-624毛细管色谱柱(30m×0.32mm×1.8μm),FID检测器,以DMAC为溶剂。结果 2种残留溶剂甲醇和乙酸乙酯在各自的质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 5和0.999 4,n=7),2种残留溶剂甲醇和乙酸乙酯的回收率分别为101.7%和96.9%(RSD为2.04%和4.05%,n=9)。结论该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、适用范围广,适用于4-雄烯二酮中残留溶剂的检测。     

HPLC同时测定银菊浸膏中绿原酸、木犀草苷、3, 5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量

目的 建立同时测定银菊浸膏中绿原酸、木犀草苷、3, 5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量的高效液相色谱法,优选最佳提取溶剂。方法 色谱条件：Ultimate PLUS C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸水溶液(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温40 ℃,波长348 nm,比较不同提取溶剂对浸膏中3种成分的影响。结果 绿原酸、木犀草苷、3, 5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸分别在0.077~1.920,0.082~3.288,0.141~5.624 μg内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为100.8%(RSD=2.3%),101.5%(RSD=0.7%),97.6%(RSD=0.6%);银菊浸膏乙醇提取显著优于水提取,且40%乙醇提取最佳。结论 该法简便、准确,可用于银菊浸膏提取工艺优选与质量控制。     

气相色谱测定盐酸头孢吡肟中残留甲醇、乙醇和丙酮的含量

目的建立用气相色谱(GC)测定盐酸头孢吡肟中残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇和丙酮的方法。方法采用GDX-101色谱柱(3mm×2 m),N2为载气,氢焰离子化检测器,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺-水(8∶2)为溶剂,直接进样,外标法计算残留溶剂的含量。结果甲醇、乙醇和丙酮均完全分离;甲醇在15~300μg.ml-1,乙醇和丙酮在25~500μg.ml-1的范围内线性关系良好,r分别为0.99810、.9997、0.9990;平均加样回收率甲醇为98.51%(RSD=1.29%,n=5),乙醇为100.9%(RSD=2.37%,n=5),丙酮为97.09%(RSD=3.31%,n=5);检测限分别为3.0、1.0、20.0μg.ml-1。结论方便简便、重复性好,结果准确。     

柱前衍生HPLC-FLD法测定人血浆中羧甲司坦

目的:建立血浆样品中羧甲司坦的柱前衍生 HPLC—FLD 测定法。方法:色谱柱:Agilent C_(18),(5μm,4.6 mm×150mm);柱温:30℃;流动相:0→25 min,A～B(89:11),A:40 mmol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠水溶液(1 mol·L~(-1)氢氧化钠调 pH 为7.8),B:甲醇-乙睛-水(45:45:10);25→32 min A 为100%;32→40 min,A—B(89:11);流速:0.8 mL·min~(-1);检测波长:激发波长338 nm,发射波长450 nm;进样量:2.0 μL,柱温30℃。结果:最低检测限为0.1018μg·mL~(-1);线性范围为0.1018～13.00μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999);低、中、高3种浓度日内(n=6)、日间(n=8)RSD 分别为4.0%,2.0%,0.7%和4.2%,2.6%,0.7%;3种浓度的绝对回收率分别为92.4%,97.2%,99.4%,RSD 分别为2.4%,1.3%,0.59%;相对回收率分别为96.96%,100.45%,100.35%,RSD 分别为2.91%,2.21%,0.50%。结论:本法准确、灵敏、易于操作,可用于羧甲司坦的体内分析及临床药学研究。     

毛细管顶空气相色谱法测定薁磺酸钠原料中有机溶剂的残留量

目的 建立测定薁磺酸钠原料药中1,2-二氯乙烷和1,4-二氧六环两种有机溶剂残留量的方法.方法 采用二甲基亚砜为顶空溶剂的毛细管顶空气相色谱法.结果 1,2-二氯乙烷和1,4-二氧六环的线性范围分别为0.03～0.50μg·mL~(-1)、2.38～38.0μg·mL~(-1)(r分别为0.9995、0.9999),平均回收率分别为95.6%、97.2%,RSD分别为2.0%、1.5%(n=5).结论 所建方法快速简便、准确可靠,适合薁磺酸钠原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

气相色谱法测定奥希替尼中溶剂残留量

目的建立一种毛细管气相色谱法,同时测定原料药奥希替尼中5种残留溶剂乙醇、乙腈、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、1,4-二氧六环的含量。方法以Thermo TG-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25μm)为色谱柱,以氮气为载气,程序升温:起始柱温为30℃,保持10 min,之后以15℃·min~(-1)的速率升至150℃,保持4 min。采用直接进样法,进样体积为1μL。结果 5种有机溶剂在建立的色谱条件下分离度较高,且在质量浓度10.00～200.00 mg·L~(-1)内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 5),乙醇、乙腈、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷和1,4-二氧六环的检测限质量浓度分别为0.68、1.23、2.81、1.81和2.93μg·mL~(-1),定量限质量浓度分别为1.68、3.76、9.48、3.38和9.54 mg·L~(-1),平均回收率分别为100.4%、101.2%、102.7%、103.0%、101.2%,RSD分别为2.31%、3.53%、3.61%、4.71%、2.47%。利用该方法对3批奥希替尼样品中的残留溶剂进行检查,结果显示,乙醇的残留量分别为0.059%、0.064%和0.060%,乙酸乙酯的残留量分别为0.263%、0.260%、0.267%,乙腈、二氯甲烷和1,4-二氧六环未被检测出。结论该色谱方法可用于测定原料药奥希替尼中5种有机溶剂的含量。     

反相高效液相色谱外标法测定卡马西平和茶碱的血药浓度

目的建立测定卡马西平与茶碱血药浓度的反相高效液相色谱外标法。方法以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂,采用外标法进行含量测定。色谱柱为XDB C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5.0μm),流动相为甲醇-水(60∶40),流速为0.7 mL/min,检测波长为235 nm。结果卡马西平与茶碱的质量浓度线性范围分别为1.25～20μg/mL和2.5～40μg/mL,平均回收率分别为102.0%和101.4%,日内、日间精密度的RSD均小于5%。结论该法测定卡马西平与茶碱的血药浓度准确、简便、经济,适合于临床应用。     

HPLC同时测定白花蛇舌草中熊果酸、异熊果酸和对香豆酸的含量

目的 建立HPLC测定白花蛇舌草中熊果酸、异熊果酸和对香豆酸的含量。方法 采用 Diamonsil C₁₈ ODS (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-15 mmol·L^-1 NH₄Ac(12∶88,pH 3.5),流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为308 nm,柱温为35 ℃。结果 熊果酸、异熊果酸和对香豆酸线性范围分别为0.075 7~2.271 μg(R²=0.999 6),0.010 3~0.309 μg (R²=0.999 2)和0.020 2~0.606 μg(R²=0.999 6);3种成分测定的平均回收率分别为99.9% (RSD=0.7%),99.0% (RSD=1.7%)和101.1% (RSD=0.7%)。结论 本法简便、准确度高、稳定性和重复性好,可用于白花蛇舌草中指标性成分定量分析和质量控制。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定无极膏中薄荷脑、樟脑、水杨酸甲酯、冰片及麝香草酚的含量

目的:建立 GC 法测定无极膏中薄荷脑、樟脑、水杨酸甲酯、冰片及麝香草酚含量的方法。方法:采用 HP-5弹性石英毛细管柱程序升温的方法测定。结果:5组分 GC 法测定的分离度和线性关系良好,薄荷脑、樟脑、水杨酸甲酯、冰片、麝香草酚线性范围分别为132.4～1324.0μg·mL~(-1),243.9-2439.0μg·mL~(-1),132.0～1320.0μg·mL~(-1),20.0～200.0μg·mL~(-1),10.1～101.3μg·mL~(-1);平均回收率分别为99.8%(RSD=0.9%),99.5%(RSD=1.2%),98.7%(RSD=0.9%),99.5%(RSD=1.2%),100.8%(RSD=1.6%)。结论:本法准确、灵敏,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC同时测定四季三黄片中芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮和西红花苷-I的含量

目的 采用HPLC同时测定四季三黄片中芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮和西红花苷-I的含量。方法 采用welch Topsil-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,4 μm);流动相：甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液;梯度洗脱;检测波长分别为254 nm(芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮)和440 nm(西红花苷-I);流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温：30 ℃。结果 芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮和西红花苷-I线性范围分别为0.079 10~1.582 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 5),0.167 5~3.350 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8),0.097 92~1.958 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7)和0.033 57~0.671 5 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 4),平均加样回收率分别为95.9%(RSD=0.7%),97.5%(RSD=0.8),96.4%(RSD=1.0%),95.5%(RSD=1.3%)。结论 该方法简便、准确、专属性强、重复性好,可用于四季三黄片中芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮和西红花苷-I的定量分析。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.     

直肠癌下切缘病理组织学分析

目的探讨直肠癌逆向浸润与下切缘的安全距离的关系。方法对36例直肠癌Miles手术和Dixon手术后标本的肿瘤下缘1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查,观察直肠癌逆向浸润或转移的距离。结果36例直肠癌标本距癌肿下缘1.0 cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查均为阴性,结论直肠癌远恻逆向浸润或转移未见超过1.0cm,因此认为保肛手术时切除肿瘤远侧肠管(包括系膜)2.0cm是安全的。