在治疗类风湿关节炎中雷公藤多甙的应用研究现状

雷公藤属卫矛科、雷公藤属植物 ,其化学成分主要有二萜类、三萜类、生物碱类、糖、醇、甙类等多种成分。但其疗效是多种成分综合作用的结果。在治疗类风湿关节炎(ｒｈｅｕｍａｔｏｉｄａｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ,ＲＡ)中雷公藤多甙的应用很普通 ,笔者就其研究现状综述如下。1　雷公藤多甙的药理学研究到目前为止 ,已从雷公藤中分离出 70多种成分 ,包括生物碱、二萜类、三萜类、倍半萜、甙类 ,化学成分进行了研究。目前认为雷公藤红素、雷公藤内酯、雷公藤甲素和雷公藤乙素的主要活性成分 ,雷公藤多甙含有少量的二萜类及生物碱 ,使其在保持疗效的同…     

新疆乌头属植物中双酯型生物碱的含量测定

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定新疆乌头属植物中双酯型生物碱(乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱)的含量。方法:采用X Bridge C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水-三氯甲烷(浓氨水调节pH为10.62)(70∶30∶2)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min-1,进样量10μL,检测波长为235 nm。结果:(1)HPLC法测定乌头碱在0.020 1～2.012 0 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率为100.06%,RSD为0.60%;新乌头碱在0.002 2～0.086 4 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率为99.69%,RSD为1.04%;次乌头碱在0.002 1～0.084 0 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率为99.68%,RSD为1.08%。样品含量测定结果表明新疆乌头属植物含有双酯型生物碱,但不同种之间含量和成分有一定的差异。(2)新疆乌头属植物中含有乌头碱、新乌头碱和次乌头碱,但不同种植物之间,成分和含量有一定差异,准噶尔乌头、白喉乌头中双酯型生物碱含量较高。结论:本实验建立了新疆乌头属植物中双酯型生物碱的HPLC含量测定方法,本法方便、准确,为进一步研究和利用新疆乌头属植物奠定了基础。新疆乌头属植物中准噶尔乌头和白喉乌头双酯型含量较高,具有潜在药用价值,值得进一步深入研究。     

福建省不同产地雷公藤的有效成分和毒性比较

雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)系卫矛科雷公藤屑植物,药用部分是其根的木质部(根心),目前已知的有效和毒性成分主要是二萜(雷公藤内酯醇等)、生物碱类化合物。鉴于雷公藤是毒性较大的药物,临床上使用不同产地的生药在剂量上差别较大,为了探索其内在质量差别,提高药物疗效和安全用药,我们     

HPLC-TOF/MS研究雷公藤甲素及雷公藤内酯酮体内代谢产物

目的 鉴定甘草干预后雷公藤甲素及雷公藤内酯酮在大鼠体内的代谢物,为其结构改造与新药研发提供参考.方法 采用高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱(HPLC-TOF/MS)法研究甘草干预后雷公藤甲素及雷公藤内酯酮在大鼠尿液中的代谢物.结果 发现雷公藤甲素代谢物4个,分子量为376Da代谢物2个,390Da代谢物2个;雷公藤内酯酮代谢物5个,分子量为372Da代谢物1个,374Da代谢物1个,390Da代谢物3个.根据高分辨质谱精确分子量以及药物体内代谢规律鉴定为一羟基化雷公藤甲素(M1,M2,376Da),一羟基一羰基化雷公藤甲素(M3,M4,390Da);一羰基化雷公藤内酯酮(M5,372Da),一羟基化雷公藤内酯酮(M6,374Da),二羟基化雷公藤内酯酮(M7,M8,M9,390Da).结论 一羰基化雷公藤内酯酮(M5)及3个二羟基化雷公藤内酯酮(M7,M8,M9)代谢物为首次报道.     

雷酚内酯的结构修正

雷公藤别名黄藤,系卫矛科植物雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)。其根有舒筋活血,祛风湿,消肿止痛的功效,多用于类风湿关节炎的治疗。根皮中含有生物碱、甙、萜以及其它成分,其中多种二萜内酯成分有抗肿瘤活性和免疫     

不同雷公藤制剂雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲及雷公藤总内酯含量的比较

目的比较雷公藤片、雷公藤多苷片、昆明山海棠片中雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲及雷公藤总内酯日用量的差异,为该类制剂的质量控制及临床应用评价提供参考。方法采用HPLC法测定雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲的含量,采用紫外分光光度法测定雷公藤总内酯的含量,比较不同厂家3种成分日用量的差异。雷公藤甲素以甲醇-水(45:55)为流动相,柱温为30℃,检测波长为218 nm;雷公藤内酯甲以乙腈-水(85:15)为流动相,柱温为30℃,检测波长为210 nm。结果雷公藤片中雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲及雷公藤总内酯3种成分的含量为最高,其次为雷公藤多苷片,昆明山海棠片最低,雷公藤甲素仅为雷公藤片的1/50、雷公藤内酯甲及总内酯为雷公藤片的1/8~1/10。临床上雷公藤甲素最高用量为53μg·d-1、最低用量仅为1.8μg·d-1,雷公藤内酯甲最高用量为1.2 mg·d-1、最低用量为0.1 mg·d-1,雷公藤总内酯最高用量为8.4mg·d-1、最低用量为1.3 mg·d-1。同一厂家不同批号的雷公藤片雷公藤甲素相差近5倍、雷公藤内酯甲相近、总内酯相差近1倍。结论不同雷公藤片、雷公藤多苷片、昆明山海棠片中雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲及雷公藤总内酯的日用量存在明显差异,以雷公藤片最高、其次为雷公藤多苷片、昆明山海棠片为最低。同一厂家不同批号的雷公藤片之间、雷公藤多苷片之间及不同厂家的雷公藤多苷片之间所测成分均有一定的差异,但不同厂家的昆明山海棠片相差不大。     

从植物Jaborosa magellanica中得到新的醉茄内酯类成分

至今从植物中已经发现约130个醉茄内酯类化合物,此类成分有28个碳原子,基本分布在茄科的一些植物中,如:睡茄属、酸浆属、假酸浆属、曼陀罗属、Acnistus, Dunalia, 和Jaborosa等。一些醉茄内酯类化合物具有抗菌、抗炎和抗肿瘤作用。本文报道自智利Jaborosa magellanicaDusen植物中分离出6个新的醉茄内酯类成分,其中4个成分的结构带有六元半缩酮环和γ-内酯环侧链,另外2个成分的结构带有δ-内酯环侧链,经化合物及其乙酰化衍生物的光谱分析,征明这6个成分为(-)-Jaborotetrol〔1〕,(-)-jaborolone〔2〕,chlori-nathed(+)-jaborochlorotriol〔3〕,(-)-jaborochlorodiol〔4〕,(+)-jaboromagellone〔5〕,     

几种常见中药炮制工艺的摸索

目的探究几种常见有毒中药不同炮制方法对有毒成分含量的影响。方法分别采用蒸制、清炒、酒炙和醋炙这四种炮制方法对雷公藤、川乌以及麻黄三种常见的有毒中药进行炮制,并测定其不同炮制品的有毒成分生物碱的含量,比较该三种炮制方法对其有毒成分生物碱含量影响。结果雷公藤的各炮制品的生物碱的含量从高到低:醋炙>酒制>清炒>蒸制;川乌的各炮制品的生物碱的含量从高到低:醋炙>清炒>酒制>蒸制;麻黄的各炮制品的生物碱的含量从高到低:清炒>醋炙>酒制>蒸制。雷公藤及川乌:与生品的生物碱含量比较,醋炙炮制品的生物碱含量无统计学差异(P>0.05),三种炮制品的生物碱含量均有明显差异(P<0.05);麻黄:与生品的生物碱含量比较,三种炮制品的生物碱含量均有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论蒸制炮制在降低药物的毒性效果优于清炒炮制法、酒炙炮制法及醋炙炮制法。     

雷公藤多苷片中雷公藤总内酯及雷公藤内酯醇的测定

建立雷公藤多苷片中雷公滕总内酯及雷公藤内酯醇的含量测定方法。方法:采用比色法,以3,5-二硝基苯甲酸显色,于540 nm 波长处测定吸收度,测得雷公藤总内酯含量;另外采用高效液相色谱法,使用 ODS 柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相 A 为甲醇,流动相 B 为甲醇-0.01mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾水溶液(20∶80),采用梯度洗脱,于218 nm 处检测,测定雷公滕内酯醇的含量。结果:以比色法测定雷公藤总内酯(以雷公藤内酯醇计),浓度在8～40mg·L~(-1)范围内呈现良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率(n=9)为100.6%;以高效液相色谱法测定雷公藤内酯醇,浓度在10～100 mg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=9)为99.6%。测得市售雷公藤多苷片中雷公藤总内酯含量在0.061%～0.363%范围内,雷公滕内酯醇含量在0.002%～0.200%范围内。结论:两方法均准确可靠、耐用性良好,可用于雷公藤多苷片质量分析控制。市售雷公藤多苷片中雷公藤总内酯及雷公藤内酯醇含量差异较大,应该加强其质量控制、保障用药安全与有效。     

RP—HPLC法同时测定不同产地雷公藤根皮中3种生物碱的含量

目的:建立快速的反相高效液相色谱法同时测定和比较不同产地雷公藤根皮中3种生物碱含量。方法:采用 Microsorb-100 C_(18)反相色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈和0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾水溶液作为流动相,分2个梯度进行洗脱:1→8 min 时梯度变化为50:50→70:30,而8→12 min 时70:30→100:0,最后保持乙腈洗脱3 min。进样量10 μL,流速为1mL·min~(-1),检测波长为254 nm,柱温为35℃。结果:在该色谱条件下,雷公藤定碱(wilfordine)、雷公藤吉碱(wilforgine)及雷公藤次碱(wilforine)被成功分离;线性相关性在0.9996～0.9998之间;3种生物碱的加样回收率分别为99.1%,99.9%,98.8%,RSD 分别为0.99%,0.76%,0.64%。结论:用所建立的方法直接测定和比较了浙江、湖北、广西和福建雷公藤根中的3种生物碱含量,分离度高,分析快速、准确。     

近红外光谱双模型法快速判别雷公藤去皮减毒工艺的水平

目的：利用近红外光谱法和化学计量学分析软件,建立快速判别雷公藤真伪的一致性模型和雷公藤去皮减毒工艺水平的相关系数模型。方法：收集雷公藤切片和打粉样本的近红外漫反射光谱,运用OPUS软件分别建立其一致性模型和相关系数模型,并用非雷公藤样本及去皮减毒不完全样本进行验证。结果：基于近红外光谱法建立了快速判别雷公藤样本的近红外光谱双模型：可以快速、准确地判断被测样本是否为雷公藤;可以判断雷公藤样本的去皮减毒工艺水平。结论：该方法建立的近红外光谱双模型法易于操作、快速有效,可作为判断雷公藤去皮减毒工艺水平的快速筛查方法。     

黄连总生物碱胃内漂浮缓释片处方组成的研究

目的：研究黄连总生物碱胃内漂浮缓释片的处方组成及影响因素。方法：以体外释放度为指标,筛选黄连总生物碱胃内漂浮缓释片的处方组成,采用单因素试验法,考察处方中HPMC、海藻酸钠、碳酸氢钠三个因素对其体外释放度的影响。结果：黄连总生物碱胃内漂浮缓释片较优的处方组成为HPMC13.4%,海藻酸钠26.6%,硬脂酸镁5.4%,硬脂酸42%,碳酸氢钠10.6%,HPMC与碳酸氢钠的用量显著影响黄连总生物碱胃内漂浮缓释片的体外释放度。结论：HPMC与海藻酸钠以1：2配伍使用作为片剂亲水凝胶骨架时,其体外释放度良好,且两者具有交互作用。     

雷公藤内酯醇不同季节的含量变化

目的：对福建产的雷公藤不同季节不同部位进行雷公藤内酯醇的含量的测定。方法：雷公藤春夏秋冬生长的全根、根皮、去皮根、茎、叶,经无水乙醇提取,中性氧化锃伴和,石油醚回流和氯仿提取,与雷公藤内酯醇分别点样于薄层板上,氯仿-乙醚（2:1）上行展开,喷显色剂,薄层扫描定量检测。结果：雷公藤内酯醇在雷公藤全根、根皮、叶中的含量为夏季最高,去皮根为春季最高,茎为秋季高;夏季的雷公藤不同部位雷公藤内酯醇的含量高低,依次为全根、根皮、去皮根、茎、叶。结论：为合理利用雷公藤资源提供了依据。     

Investigation of the diterpene alkaloids of Aconitum species native to the Carpathian Basin

Aconitum species accumulate highly toxic diterpene alkaloids, which have attracted considerable interest because of their complex structure, interesting chemistry and noteworthy physiological effects. The authors carried out phytochemical analysis of two Aconitum species native to the Carpathian Basin, aiming the isolation of diterpene alkaloids. The multistep chromatographic purification of the extracts of A. vulparia whole plant and A. toxicum root resulted in the isolation of 16 alkaloids. Structure elucidation by means of spectroscopic investigations revealed the presence of 3 (acovulparine, vulparine, acotoxinine) new and 13 already known compounds (anthranoyllycoctonine, delectinine, delcosine, finetiadine, lycoctonine, N-methyl-N-deethyllycocotine, septentriodine, aconitine, aconosine, dolaconine, neoline, songorine, songo-ramine). Alkaloids isolated from A. vulparia are C19 diterpene alkaloids possessing aconitane skeleton, whilst from A. toxicum two C20 diterpene alkaloids with napelline and five diterpene alkaloids with aconitane skeleton were identified. The pharmacological testing of the majority of the isolated compounds has not been reported in the literature yet. Since some of the diterpene alkaloids are structurally very similar to compounds which were active in different in vitro or in vivo experiments, the pharmacological testing of the alkaloids reported in this article seems to be reasonable. The investigation of the compounds may help to reveal structure-activity relationships as well.     

Detection of sulphur-conjugated pyrrolic metabolites in blood and fresh or fixed liver tissue from rats given a variety of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Rats were given single injections of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and killed after 30 h. Sulphur-bound pyrrolic metabolites from the alkaloids in samples of their blood or liver tissue were converted to extractable ethyl ethers of low molecular weight for detection and identification using TLC, HPLC or GC-MS. Liver samples were also preserved as an acetone-washed powder or in formalin-based fixative before being later subjected to similar analyses. S-Bound pyrrolic metabolites were identified in samples from rats given all the types of alkaloid tested, which included mono-esters (heliotrine, indicine), a diester (lasiocarpine), and macrocyclic diesters (retrorsine, senecionine). The pattern of pyrrolic metabolites from the crotanecine-based alkaloid anacrotine differed and could be distinguished from retronecine- or heliotridine-based alkaloids. Whereas the alkaloids tested ranged widely in toxicity, single doses of 0.25 x acute LD50 or more led to detectable metabolites. Liver pyrroles remained detectable in fixed or powdered samples preserved for long periods. Similar tests on rats given monocrotaline continuously in their drinking water (20 mg/l) led to detectable pyrroles in blood after 12 days (total intake approx. 27 mg/kg) and in liver after 25 days. The metabolites remained detectable in rats killed 17 days after the alkaloid exposure was discontinued. The simple procedures described are applicable to the diagnosis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure in livestock, using fresh or dried blood or fresh or preserved liver samples. They bring to pyrrolizidine toxicology for the first time the capability to demonstrate chemically that livestock (or people) have been exposed to these alkaloids many days or weeks previously.     

基于网络药理学初探雷公藤干预狼疮性肾炎的效-毒作用

目的运用网络药理学方法探讨雷公藤对狼疮性肾炎(lupus nephritis,LN)的效-毒作用。方法通过TCMSP平台检索雷公藤活性成分和作用靶点;在CoolGeN、OMIM和Gene Cards数据库中收集LN的疾病基因;借助Cytoscape软件绘制药物-成分-靶点-疾病作用网络,利用STRING数据库进行蛋白相互作用网络分析;运用DAVID数据库对作用靶点进行GO和KEGG富集分析,结合文献探讨预测雷公藤对LN的效-毒作用及其机制。结果筛选得到雷公藤52个活性成分和与LN相关的38个靶点,大部分成分可通过NOD样受体、p53、TOLL样受体等信号通路调控免疫炎症、细胞增殖和细胞凋亡等过程而对LN起治疗作用,但雷公藤甲素(triptolide)、雷公藤红素(tripterine)、山萘酚(kaempferol)和β-谷甾醇(beta-sitosterol)等可能不利于LN病情好转。结论雷公藤的大部分成分对LN具有治疗作用,但部分有效成分可能同时存在促进足细胞凋亡、加速肾脏纤维化的副作用。     

Morphological, chemical and functional analysis of catuaba preparations

Fourteen commercial samples of the popular Brazilian aphrodisiac Catuaba specified as bark drugs of Anemopaegma, Erythroxylum and Trichilia species were examined for identity and purity. Only a minority of the examined Catuaba samples contained the crude drugs claimed on the labels. More than half of the products were adulterated with different crude drugs. The majority of the samples contained a bark originating from Trichilia catigua. The TLC fingerprints confirmed the heterogeneity, in 50% of the samples tropane alkaloids of various concentrations were detected. TLC and HPLC methods for separation and identification of the tropane alkaloids were developed and their analytical data (RF values, retention times, ESI-MS) given. The structure elucidation of the two main alkaloids, catuabine D and its hydroxymethyl derivative, is presented. The 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments of these alkaloids are discussed with regard to literature data. Neither aqueous nor methanolic extracts of the Trichilia catigua reference material nor alkaloid-enriched fractions of commercial samples showed any effect on the rabbit corpus cavernosum in an in vitro test.     

Ergoline derivatives: receptor affinity and selectivity.

Ergot comprises a group of indole alkaloids which are predominantly found in various species of the ascomycete Claviceps. In pharmacopoeias, the sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tulasne parasitizing on rye, Secale cereale L., are designed as ergot or Secale cornutum. Now, the term ergot is used in a broader sense to describe the sclerotia of various Claviceps species growing on different host plants or their saprophytic mycelia. Due to their many fascinating features, there is a continuing and extensive interest in these secondary metabolites. Thus, the chemistry of ergot alkaloids and derivatives has presented many challenges to organic chemists. The ergot alkaloids and derivatives have attracted great interest for their broad spectrum of pharmacological action that includes central, neurohumoral and peripheral effects. These are mainly responses mediated by noradrenaline, serotonin, or dopamine receptors. No other group of natural products exhibits such a wide spectrum of biological action. For this reason, ergot has been termed a veritable treasure house of pharmacological constituents'. Moreover, ergot alkaloids have been an important stimulus in the development of new drugs by providing structural prototypes of molecules with pronounced pharmacological activities. This concise review, moving from the experience of our group in Pharmacia & Upjohn, will briefly mention the most representative ergoline derivatives featured in the literature. Our work in this field originated compounds with quite different pharmacological activities. In fact, by continuous modification of the same main template structure, the ergoline skeleton, it ultimately led to the development of new dopaminergic agents and to the identification of new series of serotonergic agents.     

Tetrahydroquinoline-Derived Macrocyclic Toolbox: The Discovery of Antiangiogenesis Agents in Zebrafish Assay

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