2种氯诺昔康制剂的人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种氯诺昔康制剂在人体内的药动学及生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服氯诺昔康颗粒(受试制剂)与氯诺昔康片(参比制剂)8mg后,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定其血药浓度,并用DAS软件计算药动学参数及评价二者生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂药动学参数分别为:Cma(x1331±192.1)、(1366±220.5)ng·mL-1,tma(x2.20±0.30)、(2.28±0.60)h,AUC0～2(46264±1581)、(6460±1535)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(6379±1671)、(6571±1599)ng·h·mL-1,受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(97.5±11.9)%。结论:2种氯诺昔康制剂具有生物等效性。     

2种盐酸非索非那定制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片与普通片在正常人体内的生物等效性。方法:采用随机双周期交叉试验设计,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片(受试制剂)与普通片(参比制剂)60mg,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定非索非那定血药浓度,用DASver2.1软件计算二者药动学参数以考察生物等效性。结果:受试者单剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(240.01±77.66)、(237.76±89.97)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.85±1.02)、(2.18±0.81)h,AUC0～72分别为(1309.9±467.7)、(1236.3±433.1)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(1319.2±468.8)、(1245.9±436.2)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(112±36)%。结论:盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片与普通片具有生物等效性。     

单剂量盐酸左西替利嗪片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸左西替利嗪片(受试制剂)与已上市的盐酸左西替利嗪片(参比制剂)的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:健康男性志愿者18例,采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,分别口服受试制剂或参比制剂10 mg,用HPLC法测定血药浓度,DAS软件处理计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的t_(1／2)Ke分别为(5．4±1．2)和(4．9±1．5)h;C_(max)分别为(424．4±89．2)和(415．3±65．0)ng·mL~(-1)。T_(max)分别为(1．2±0．8)和(1．1±0．5)h。AUC_(0-24h)分别为(3 223．3±612．3)和(3 216．5±654．8)ng·h·mL~(-1)。相对生物利用度为(103．5±26．8)%。AUC_(0-24h)90%置信区间为0．9326～1．0821,C_(max)190%置信区间为0．9482～1．0821,T_(max)经非参数法检验,差异无统计意义。结论:2种制剂生物等效。     

LC-MS法测定人血浆中米氮平浓度以及药代动力学研究

目的:建立人血浆中米氮平浓度的HPLC—MS分析方法,用以测定健康受试者口服米氮平制剂后的血药浓度,估算受试制剂和参比制剂的药代动力学参数,评价两种制剂的生物等效性和相对生物利用度。方法:血浆中加入内标地西泮后,环己烷提取,HPLC—MS分离、分析。色谱系统:Shimadzu ODS柱(150 mm×4.6 mm),甲醇-醋酸铵溶液(0.01 mol·L~(-1))(75:25)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃。质谱检测方式:SIM。结果:米氮平的线性范围为0.2—120 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.9992),最低检测浓度达0.1 ng·mL~(-1),提取回收率≥85%。测定20名健康志愿者单剂量交叉口服试验制剂与参比制剂后的血药浓度经时过程,受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:C_(max)(71.53±10.5)ng·mL~(-1)和(73.48±17.8)ng·mL~(-1);T_(max)(2.0±0.8)h和(1.9±0.7)h;t_(1/2)(22.33±2.05)h和(22.97±3.56)h,无显著性差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.3±16.2)%。结论:本法专属、准确、灵敏。统计学结果表明受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

2种硫酸氢氯吡格雷片在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产与进口硫酸氢氯吡格雷片在健康人体内的药动学特征及生物等效性。方法:采用标准两周期交叉设计自身对照试验方法,20名健康志愿者单剂量口服硫酸氢氯吡格雷片受试制剂(国产)或参比制剂(进口)75mg后,用液-质联用(LC-MS)法测定人血浆中氯吡格雷的浓度,计算其药动学参数并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的各主要药动学参数分别为:tmax(0.64±0.21)、(0.68±0.27)h,cmax(1.724±1.38)、(1.752±1.856)ng·mL-1,t1/2(6.6±4.9)、(6.3±7.0)h,AUC0～36h(1.996±1.223)、(2.112±1.493)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(2.114±1.209)、(2.117±1.500)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(108.9±52.2)%。结论:2种硫酸氢氯吡格雷片具有生物等效性。     

辛伐他汀口腔崩解片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种辛伐他汀制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服辛伐他汀口腔崩解片(受试制剂)与辛伐他汀片(参比制剂)40mg,用液-质联用法测定人血浆中药物浓度,并用3p97软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:2种辛伐他汀制剂在人体内药-时曲线符合一室模型,受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(6.73±5.22)、(7.08±5.41)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.11±0.74)、(1.89±0.85)h,AUC0～12分别为(19.83±19.09)、(19.98±18.20)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(22.18±20.09)、(22.41±21.07)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(99.25±13.11)%。结论:2种辛伐他汀制剂具有生物等效性。     

左炔诺孕酮片人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种左炔诺孕酮片的人体生物等效性。方法:24名健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服左炔诺孕酮片受试制剂与参比制剂1.5mg后,以液-质联用(LC-MS)法测定左炔诺孕酮血药浓度,利用BAPP3.0软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为Cma(x18.00±4.33)、(18.59±4.77)ng·mL-1,tma(x1.71±0.57)、(1.85±0.62)h,AUC0～7(2229.66±66.15)、(247.33±108.19)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(257.79±65.23)、(267.77±119.87)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(108.6±36.9)%。结论:2种左炔诺孕酮片具有生物等效性。     

2种恩替卡韦制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种恩替卡韦制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量空腹口服恩替卡韦胶囊(受试制剂)与恩替卡韦片(参比制剂)0.5mg后,采用液-质联用法测定人血浆中药物浓度,并用DAS2.1.1软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:恩替卡韦受试制剂与参比制剂在人体内的主要药动学参数分别为:c_(max)(4.21±1.26)、(4.06±0.80)ng·mL~(-1),t_(max)(0.6±0.4)、(0.6±0.2)h,t_(1/2β)(29.97±4.24)、(36.36±9.14)h,AUC_(0～96h)(10.84±1.80)、(10.50±1.25)ng.h.mL~(-1),AUC_(0～∞)(11.69±1.88)、(11.82±1.54)ng.h.mL~(-1)。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(103.7±16.6)%。AUC_(0～96h)的90%置信区间在等效范围内。结论:2种恩替卡韦制剂为生物等效制剂。     

盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片在健康人体内的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:18名健康志愿者分别单剂量交叉口服盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片(受试制剂)和盐酸氟西汀胶囊(参比制剂)40mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,以3p97程序计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂在体内血药浓度药-时曲线呈一室模型,tmax分别为(5·17±1·10)、(5·11±1·02)h,Cmax分别为(76·24±38·42)、(77·92±34·97)ng·mL-1,AUC0～150分别为(3216·21±899·69)、(3220·62±1275·57)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(3570·60±1299·29)、(3662·49±1444·69)ng·h·mL-1。经组间t检验,受试制剂与参比制剂药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0·05),受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(96·47±10·43)%。结论:盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片与盐酸氟西汀胶囊具有生物等效性。     

2种多潘立酮片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种多潘立酮片在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法:健康志愿者22名,采用随机交叉试验设计,单剂量口服多潘立酮片受试制剂或参比制剂10mg,应用高效液相色谱串联质谱电喷雾(LC-MS/MS)法测定各受试者给药后不同时间点的血药浓度,计算药动学参数,应用BAPP2.0软件进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的药动学参数分别为:tma(x0.55±0.15)、(0.57±0.11)h,t1/(210.22±1.29)、(10.90±1.44)h,cma(x12.721±5.567)、(13.265±5.787)μg·L-1,AUC0～36(h42.550±11.724)、(44.259±8.813)mg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞(45.539±12.327)、(47.900±9.446)mg·h·L-1。多潘立酮片受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(96.5±19.2)%,主要药动学参数经统计学分析无显著性差异。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.