醋酸地塞米松PEG-PLGA纳米粒的制备及表征

目的 研究醋酸地塞米松PEG-PLGA纳米粒的制备工艺及影响因素,并优化冻干粉针工艺.方法 采用乳化/溶剂蒸发法制备醋酸地塞米松PEG-PLGA纳米粒,并考察其粒径分布、包封率、载药量等;采用单因素试验筛选出合适的冻干保护剂.结果 醋酸地塞米松PEG-PLGA纳米粒的粒径为91.43±1.00 nm,Zeta电位为-22.73 ±0.57 mv,包封率为88.78％ ±2.10％,载药量为4.95％-±0.23％;10％蔗糖作为冻干保护剂的效果最好,冻于复溶后粒径约117.27 nm.结论 所用制备工艺简单易行,可用于制备醋酸地塞米松PEG-PLGA纳米粒.     

替尼泊苷磷脂复合物白蛋白纳米粒的制备与表征

目的 制备替尼泊苷磷脂复合物白蛋白纳米粒,并表征其理化性质.方法 以人血清白蛋白和蛋黄卵磷脂E80为辅料,替尼泊苷为主药,采用超声法制备替尼泊苷磷脂复合物白蛋白纳米粒及其冻干制剂.以粒径和多分散系数(PDI)为主要考察指标来优化纳米粒的处方及制备工艺;用激光粒度分析仪和透射电镜对其形态和结构进行表征;用葡聚糖凝胶柱法测定纳米粒的包封率和载药量.结果 成功制备了替尼泊苷磷脂复合物白蛋白纳米粒,平均粒径为182.3 ±11.7 nm,PDI为0.168 ±0.02,Zeta电位为-10.75±1.42 mV,包封率为82.27％±2.74％,载药量为4.29％±0.11％;冻干制剂的外观良好,复溶后的粒径和PDI均符合要求.结论 所用方法简单新颖,具有较好的应用前景.     

超声法制备齐多夫定碳酸胆固醇酯牛血清白蛋白纳米粒

目的建立一种不使用交联剂制备白蛋白纳米粒的新方法。方法以牛血清白蛋白(bovineserumalbumin,BSA)为材料,以本实验室合成的齐多夫定的前药—齐多夫定碳酸胆固醇酯(cholesteryl carbonate azidothymidine,AZTC)为主药,采用超声法制备齐多夫定碳酸胆固醇酯牛血清白蛋白(AZTC-BSA)纳米粒及其冻干制剂。以粒径为考察指标确定纳米粒的最佳处方及工艺;以冻干制剂外观、水化时间及复溶后粒径为考察指标确定冻干制剂的处方及工艺。结果成功制备了AZTC-BSA纳米粒,最佳超声时间为6 min,纳米粒平均粒径为137.9 nm,zeta电位为-54.6 mV,包封率为98.6%;冻干制剂外观良好,复溶后平均粒径为148.9 nm。结论超声法制备AZTC-BSA纳米粒新颖、简单、可靠。     

聚乙二醇修饰青蒿素脂质纳米粒冻干工艺优化及其表征

目的筛选聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰青蒿素脂质纳米粒(PEG-ART-NLC)最优冻干保护剂处方,研究其冷冻干燥工艺及质量表征。方法制备含不同冻干保护剂的PEG-ART-NLC冻干粉,以外观、再分散性、复溶后外观、粒径、Zeta电位为指标,优化保护剂处方,并对比冻干前后脂质纳米粒质量变化。结果 4%甘露醇和4%蔗糖具良好的保护作用和再分散性,冻干后纳米粒粒径增大14.0 nm,Zeta电位绝对值降低8.8 m V,包封率降低14.5%,电镜下冻干前后纳米粒形态均为圆形或椭圆形,无明显差异。结论 4%甘露醇和4%蔗糖为最优保护剂处方,可用于制备稳定的PEG-ART-NLC冻干粉。     

姜黄素白蛋白纳米粒的制备与评价

目的:优化姜黄素白蛋白纳米粒的处方工艺并对其特性进行表征。方法:以牛血清白蛋白为载体、通过反溶剂沉淀法制备载姜黄素纳米粒,以粒径为评价指标优选制剂处方及工艺,并考察所得纳米粒的放置稳定性、饱和溶解度及体外溶出度。结果:当有机相和水相体积之比为1∶20、药物与白蛋白用量之比为1∶1.5、保护剂为0.5%(V/V)甘露醇时,所得纳米粒冻干粉平均粒径约为320 nm。其在水、p H 6.8、p H 7.4 PBS中的溶解度显著高于原料药及物理共混物,体外溶出更快,且冻干粉的放置稳定性优于纳米混悬液。结论:白蛋白纳米粒处方能够改善姜黄素的水溶性及溶出度,放置稳定性较佳。     

叶酸介导肿瘤靶向紫杉醇纳米粒冷冻干燥工艺及其表征

目的:研究了叶酸介导紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒的冻于工艺及其表征.方法:选用甘露醇、牛血清白蛋白及海藻糖三种冻干保护剂,以叶酸介导紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒冻干前与复溶后聚集状态(平均粒径和多分散系数)、表现形态、稳定性系数fc及Zeta电位为指标,筛选冻干保护的合适浓度,并考察在适当浓度下纳米粒微观形态及复溶后8小时连续稳定性.结果:三种冻干保护剂在浓度不小于1％时起到保护作用.与无保护剂样品相比,冻干后紫杉醇纳米粒粒径更小,分布范围更窄,能够在水相中充分溶解,且在复溶后连续8小时内有良好的稳定性.结论:通过对叶酸介导紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒冻干工艺及表征的研究,证明合适的冻干保护剂浓度条件下可以获得稳定的紫杉醇纳米粒冻干注射剂.     

5-氟尿嘧啶-N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒冻干粉针制备

目的:考察5-氟尿嘧啶-N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒(5-FU-Suc-Chi/NPs)稳定性,制备纳米粒冻干粉针.方法:采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备5-FU-Suc-Chi/NPs;考察纳米粒溶液稳定性;优化纳米粒冻干粉针处方.结果:选定12%的甘露醇为5-FU-Suc-Chi/NPs的支架剂,制备纳米粒冻干粉.结论:5-FU-...     

5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖纳米粒冻干粉的制备

目的 为研究5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖纳米粒冻干粉的制备工艺,提高5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖纳米粒的稳定性。方法 首先制备5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖纳米粒,并以外观和再分散性为指标,进行单因素考察并利用正交实验优化工艺。结果 5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖纳米粒冻干粉的最佳制备工艺为预冻时间24 h、冻干保护剂为甘露醇、用量为80 mg、浓度为10%。冻干前后包封率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,冻干后的粒径和冻干前相比有一定增大。结论 5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖纳米粒冻干粉有望成为新剂型。     

不同冻干保护剂对硼替佐米冻干粉针的影响研究

目的研究Emprove低内毒素蔗糖、Emprove低内毒素甘露醇、Emprove低内毒素甘氨酸3种不同类型冻干保护剂对硼替佐米冻干粉针性能的影响。方法以硼替佐米冻干粉针和空白冻干粉针的外观和复溶效果为指标,考察预冻时间、冻干保护剂用量、冻干时间、叔丁醇体积分数的影响。比较了硼替佐米冻干粉针和空白冻干粉针的含水量、p H值和硼替佐米的质量分数。结果 3种冻干保护剂均能在适宜条件下制备硼替佐米冻干粉针,以Emprove低内毒素蔗糖为冻干保护剂,预冻时间24 h,用量15%,冻干时间15 h,叔丁醇体积分数40%;以Emprove低内毒素甘露醇为冻干保护剂,预冻时间6 h,用量4%,冻干时间6 h,叔丁醇体积分数40%;以Emprove低内毒素甘氨酸为冻干保护剂,预冻时间6 h,用量4%,冻干时间6 h,叔丁醇体积分数20%;所得产品饱满、平整,完全复溶。冻干后含水量5%,p H值和硼替佐米的质量分数变化不显著。结论 Emprove低内毒素蔗糖、Emprove低内毒素甘露醇、Emprove低内毒素甘氨酸均适合用作硼替佐米冻干粉针剂制备的冻干保护剂,实验为难溶性药物冻干制剂的制备提供了参考。     

超临界二氧化碳流体制备拉帕替尼固体分散体的考察

目的 采用超临界二氧化碳(CO2)流体制备拉帕替尼固体分散体,提高拉帕替尼的体外溶出度.方法 考察载体种类、药载比、工艺条件(压力、温度、制备时间)对固体分散体中拉帕替尼溶出情况的影响,筛选制备工艺.结果 工艺条件为45℃、20 MPa、2 h时,药载量为35%的拉帕替尼-Soluplus固体分散体的溶出速率较原料药显著提高,在pH=1.0介质中90 min溶出率约97%.由差示扫描量热法和粉末X射线衍射法分析可知,拉帕替尼以无定形状态和微晶态分散于载体中.结论采用超临界CO2法制备的拉帕替尼-Soluplus固体分散体的体外溶出度较拉帕替尼原料药明显提高,工艺简单,为其工业化生产提供了基础.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Emerging drugs for epilepsy

Epilepsy affects ≤ 1% of the world's population. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstay of treatment, although more than a third of patients are not rendered seizure free with existing medications. Uncontrolled epilepsy is associated with increased mortality and physical injuries, and a range of psychosocial morbidities, posing a substantial economic burden on individuals and society. Limitations of the present AEDs include suboptimal efficacy and their association with a host of adverse reactions. Continued efforts are being made in drug development to overcome these shortcomings employing a range of strategies, including modification of the structure of existing drugs, targeting novel molecular substrates and non-mechanism-based drug screening of compounds in traditional and newer animal models. This article reviews the need for new treatments and discusses some of the emerging compounds that have entered clinical development. The ultimate goal is to develop novel agents that can prevent the occurrence of seizures and the progression of epilepsy in at risk individuals.     

盐酸达泊西汀中甲磺酸甲酯、甲磺酸乙酯及甲磺酸异丙酯的顶空毛细管GC-ECD法测定

建立了衍生化顶空毛细管气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(ECD)法测定盐酸达泊西汀中的甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)、甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)和甲磺酸异丙酯(IMS).应用碘化钠衍生技术,使用PW-5毛细管柱,载气为氮气,ECD检测,程序升温.MMS、EMS和IMS分别在0.03～0.30、0.05～0.50和0.05～0.50 μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为63.5％、100.3％和96.2％,最低检测限分别为0.30、0.50和0.50 ng/ml.     

血管内皮生长因子的异常与子(癎)前期发病的关系

目的:研究血浆可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)浓度和胎盘组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、胎盘生长因子(PLGF)及其血管内皮生长因子受体1(VEGFR1,Flt-1)、可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1(sVEGFR1,sFlt-1)mRNA的表达与子前期的关系.方法:采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测45例子前期患者和45例健康产妇血清sICAM-1的浓度,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测胎盘组织中VEGF、PLGF、Flt-1、sFlt-1 mRNA的表达.结果:(1)子前期组sICAM-1水平为(218.45±29.93) μg/L,显著高于对照组的(168.84±19.39) μg/L(P < 0.01).(2)子前期患者胎盘组织VEGF、PLGF、Flt-1、sFlt-1 mRNA的相对表达量显著高于对照组(均P < 0.01).(3)血清sICAM-1浓度与胎盘组织中sFlt-1mRNA的相对表达量呈正相关(r = 0.90,P < 0.01).结论:子前期患者血清sICAM-1浓度升高,其胎盘组织VEGF、PLGF、Flt-1、sFlt-1 mRNA的相对表达量也升高.胎盘组织sFlt-1mRNA的高表达与子前期内皮损伤等有密切关系.     

Antiparasitic protozoan vaccines

Parasitic infections caused by pathogenic protozoa affect over 1 billion people worldwide and impose a substantial health and economic burden, particularly on inter-tropical less-developed countries where they are more prevalent. Despite encouraging progress in vaccine development, chemotherapy remains the single most effective, efficient and inexpensive means to control most parasitic infections [1]. However, day to day parasites are becoming increasingly resistant to drugs currently in use, such as Plasmodium towards chloroquine, lending to the start of a promising future for vaccines. Patent applications regarding vaccines for the prevention, control and diagnosis of parasitic protozoan infections are reviewed for the period December 1996 - October 2000. However, vaccines for some of the protozoan infections do not appear in the literature in the period reviewed; only, vaccines against malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, cryptosporidiosis, pneumocystosis, eimeriosis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, as well as Babesia microti infections have been found.     

Binding affinity in drug design: experimental and computational techniques

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In pharmaceutical design where future drugs are developed by targeting a specific chosen protein, the evaluation of ligand affinity is crucial. For this very purpose are a multitude of diverse methods which are continuously being improved, which, in turn, makes it difficult to choose which techniques to use in practice.

Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss both experimental and computational approaches for affinity evaluation. Basic principles, general limitations and advantages, as well as main areas of application in drug discovery, are overviewed for some of the most popular ligand binding assays. The authors further provide a guide to affinity predictions, collectively covering several techniques that are used in the first stages of rational drug design.

Expert opinion: All affinity estimation methods have limitations and advantages that partially overlap and complement one another. Some of the suggested best practices include cross-verification of data using at least two different techniques and careful data interpretation.