脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯对地佐环平所致记忆损伤小鼠的作用及机制

目的观察脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯(DHEAS)对地佐环平所致记忆损伤小鼠的作用及机制。方法地佐环平(0.15 mg·kg~(-1),ip)造成小鼠记忆损伤模型,利用被动逃避实验评价小鼠记忆成绩,并测定给药后24 h小鼠皮质和海马一氧化氮(NO)的含量和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性。结果在被动逃避实验中,地佐环平造成小鼠记忆损伤,脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯(10、20 mg·kg~(-1),sc)预处理能减少跳台错误次数(P<0.01),延长跳台潜伏期(P<0.01)和避暗潜伏期(P<0.01)。地佐环平降低皮质和海马NOS活性,减少NO含量,脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯(10、20 mg·kg~(-4),sc)预处理升高皮质和海马NOS的活性(P<0.01),进一步使皮质和海马(P相似文献   

孕酮和孕烯醇酮硫酸盐对东莨菪碱引起的小鼠记忆损伤的保护作用

目的 :观察孕酮和孕烯醇酮硫酸盐对东莨菪碱引起的小鼠记忆损伤的保护作用。方法 :用东莨菪碱造成小鼠记忆损伤的模型 ,应用被动避暗试验测定潜伏期以评价记忆成绩。结果 :小鼠给予东莨菪碱 (1mg·kg-1,ip)后 ,其潜伏期显著减少 ,表明造成了明显的记忆损伤。孕酮 (1,10mg·kg-1,sc)和孕烯醇酮硫酸盐 (1mg·kg-1,sc)均可以在被动避暗试验中减轻东莨菪碱引起的记忆损伤。结论 :孕酮和孕烯醇酮硫酸盐可改善记忆损伤。     

牛磺酸对急性染锰大鼠空间学习记忆能力的改善作用

目的探讨急性染锰对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及牛磺酸的干预作用。方法 (1)牛磺酸预防实验:染锰组大鼠每日ip给予MnCl2.4H2O15 mg·kg-1,连续4周。染锰+牛磺酸预防组大鼠染锰的同时ip牛磺酸200 mg·kg-1,持续4周。(2)牛磺酸治疗实验:每日ip给予MnCl2.4H2O15 mg·kg-1染锰,4周后再ip牛磺酸200 mg·kg-1,持续4周。水迷宫实验检测逃避潜伏时间及平台搜索次数。分离大鼠海马组织并测定乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力及胆碱O-乙酰转移酶(ChAT)活力。结果 (1)牛磺酸预防实验:与正常对照组逃避潜伏时间(29.5±2.5)s相比,染锰对照组明显延长为(39.8±2.3)s,与染锰对照组相比,牛磺酸预防组逃避潜伏时间明显缩短为(29.4±2.3)s(P<0.05)。与正常对照组相比,染锰对照组海马组织AChE活力无显著性差异,但牛磺酸预防组酶活力则显著下降(P<0.05)。三组间ChAT活力无明显差异。(2)牛磺酸治疗实验:与染锰对照组逃避潜伏时间(56.6±3.0)s相比,牛磺酸治疗组显著缩短为(27.8±2.3)s(P<0.05),平台搜索次数无显著性差异。与染锰对照组AChE和ChAT活力显著增加(P<0.05)。结论牛磺酸预防或治疗可明显改善急性染锰诱导大鼠空间学习记忆能力下降,其机制可能与海马内乙酰胆碱含量有关。     

大黄酚对小鼠记忆障碍的作用及其机制分析

目的　研究大黄酚对AlCl3致急性衰老模型小鼠记忆障碍的保护作用及其机制分析。方法　以AlCl3(60mg·kg- 1 sc,7d)造成小鼠记忆障碍模型 ,采用小鼠避暗试验和跳台试验 ,观察大黄酚 (1 0、1、0 1mg·kg- 1 ip ,1 5d)对记忆障碍模型小鼠的保护作用 ,并于d 1 6对各剂量组小鼠进行脑组织超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性及血浆和脑组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH px)活性测定。 结果　大黄酚各个剂量组均能明显改善AlCl3所致被动回避性记忆障碍 ,增加SOD和GSH px活性。 结论　大黄酚对AlCl3致急性衰老小鼠记忆障碍有保护作用 ,其作用机制可能是通过增强抗氧化酶GSH px和SOD活性 ,清除氧自由基对中枢神经系统神经细胞的损伤     

不同剂量东莨菪碱对小鼠学习记忆功能的影响

目的比较不同剂量东莨菪碱对小鼠行为和学习记忆功能的影响,确定东莨菪碱致小鼠记忆障碍模型的合适剂量。方法48只昆明种小鼠,随机分为4组,每组12只。对照组腹腔注射等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液,其他各组分别腹腔注射东莨菪碱2,3,5 mg&#8226;kg－1。回避反应法检测行为和学习记忆能力,分光光度法测定大脑皮质和海马区乙酰胆碱（ACh）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）及乙酰胆碱转移酶（ChAT）含量及活力。结果东莨菪碱3,5 mg&#8226;kg－1组小鼠上、下台逃避潜伏期显著缩短（P＜0.05）,小鼠脑ACh、AChE和ChAT含量和活力受到显著影响。结论东莨菪碱对小鼠行为和记忆障碍损伤的程度随剂量增大而增强,3,5 mg&#8226;kg－1均能显著造成小鼠学习记忆行为损伤,显著影响小鼠大脑皮质和海马区Ach的合成与代谢;东莨菪碱对小鼠的行为及记忆功能损伤的合适剂量为3 mg&#8226;kg－1。     

藏药旺拉提取物对东莨菪碱致动物学习记忆障碍的改善作用及机制研究

观察藏药旺拉提取物（CE）对东莨菪碱致动物学习记忆障碍的改善作用并研究其作用机制。采用腹腔注射东莨菪碱造模,以跳台法测定小鼠的学习记忆能力,以电生理方法测定大鼠海马长时程增强（LTP）的诱导, 分别以生化及放射性同位素分析法测定脑匀浆中乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）及胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）的活性。结果表明,模型动物跳下平台的潜伏期明显缩短,LTP诱导受抑制。灌胃给予CE（5、10及20 mg·kg^-1）可改善模型小鼠在跳台中的表现,腹腔注射CE（5 mg·kg^-1）可逆转东莨菪碱对大鼠LTP诱导的抑制。此外,CE可显著增强ChAT活性,而对AChE活性无显著影响。CE可改善东莨菪碱致小鼠学习记忆障碍,其作用可能与改善海马LTP诱导及增强ChAT活性有关。
      

核桃健脑片对东莨菪碱诱导记忆障碍小鼠的作用及其机制考察

摘 要 目的：考察核桃健脑片对东莨菪碱诱导记忆障碍小鼠的作用及机制。方法: 小鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,磷脂酰丝氨酸组（40 mg·kg-1）,核桃酶解提取物（66.7 mg·kg-1）组,核桃健脑片低（333 mg·kg-1）、中（667 mg·kg-1）、高（1 333 mg·kg-1）剂量组,连续给药30 d后注射东莨菪碱进行跳台测试,观察潜伏期和错误次数。各组小鼠连续给药第26~30天注射东莨菪碱进行水迷宫测试,观察定位航行测试的逃避潜伏期和空间探索测试穿越原平台次数、到达原平台的时间和在原平台象限游泳的时间;然后取脑组织测定乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、乙酰胆碱转移酶（ChAT）、Na+/K+ ATP酶（Na+/K+ ATPase）的活性,试剂盒测定乙酰胆碱（ACh）、谷氨酸（Glu）、γ 氨基丁酸（GABA）的含量。结果: 核桃健脑片中、高剂量可减少跳台测试中小鼠错误次数（P<0.05）;缩短水迷宫定位航行测试的逃避潜伏期和空间探索测试的到达原平台时间（P<0.05）,增加在原平台象限游泳的时间（P<0.05）和穿越原平台次数。核桃健脑片中、高剂量可降低脑组织的AChE活性和GABA含量（P<0.05）,增加脑组织的ChAT和Na+/K+ ATPase的活性,增加ACh、Glu的含量（P<0.05）。结论: 核桃健脑片中、高剂量可改善东莨菪碱诱导记忆障碍小鼠的学习记忆,其作用机制与调节ACh的代谢,调节Glu与GABA的比例,增加Na+/K+ ATPase的活性有关。     

丙泊酚与咪达唑仑合用对小鼠学习记忆的影响

目的:观察咪达唑仑和丙泊酚合用对小鼠学习记忆的影响。方法:小鼠分为5组(n=10):生理盐水(NS,皮下注射)组、10%脂肪乳(LM,腹腔注射)组、咪达唑仑(MZ,皮下注射1mg·kg-1)组、丙泊酚(PP,腹腔注射20mg·kg-1)组及咪达唑仑与丙泊酚合用(MP,0.5mg·kg-1+10mg·kg-1)组。用跳台和避暗实验分别观察各组不同时间相应的潜伏期、错误次数,以其评估对小鼠学习记忆的影响。结果:用药后第1、2天,MP、PP和MZ组与对照组(NS和LM)比较,跳台和避暗实验中错误次数、潜伏期均有显著性差异(P<0.01);用药后第3、4天,各组间比较各指标无显著性差异(P>0.05)。用药后第2天,与MZ组比较,MP和PP组跳台和避暗实验的错误次数减少、潜伏期延长(P<0.01),MP与PP组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:咪达唑仑和丙泊酚减半合用与两药单用同样可致小鼠学习记忆功能减退,二者具有协同作用。     

梓醇改善东莨菪碱诱导的学习记忆障碍及机制研究

目的研究梓醇对由东莨菪碱所致小鼠空间学习记忆障碍的影响和机制。方法小鼠随机分为4组:正常组、模型组(东莨菪碱,2 mg.kg-1)、奥拉西坦组(阳性药物,105mg.kg-1)和梓醇治疗组(9 mg.kg-1),采用水迷宫测试小鼠空间学习记忆功能。于实验前30 min腹腔注射东莨菪碱诱导小鼠学习记忆障碍模型,记录小鼠逃避潜伏期时间。水迷宫测试毕,处死小鼠,分离大脑皮质和海马,匀浆取上清液测大脑皮质和海马中乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)和脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)的含量。结果①各组实验前逃避潜伏期无差异;给药东莨菪碱前后差异有显著性。②组间比较,与正常组比较,东莨菪碱导致记忆障碍;与东莨菪碱组比较,阳性药物奥拉西坦和梓醇治疗组逃避潜伏期明显缩短,ACh和BDNF含量明显增加(P<0.05)。结论小鼠注射东莨菪碱成功诱导学习记忆机能障碍模型。梓醇改善东莨菪碱诱导的学习和记忆障碍,其机制可能与促进BDNF表达,增加脑ACh含量有关。     

尼古丁对Aβ_(25-35)诱导学习记忆障碍小鼠的治疗作用

目的探讨nAChR激动剂尼古丁对β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25-35)诱导的学习记忆障碍小鼠模型的治疗作用以及可能的作用机制。方法小鼠侧脑室注入凝聚态Aβ25-354.5μl。次日,用药组给予尼古丁0.2和2 mg.kg-1(ip,bid×7d),对照组及模型组ip生理盐水。给药结束4 d后(造模成功后11 d),进行各组行为学及皮层、海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性指标的检测。结果定位航行实验发现,训练d 4,模型组小鼠的上台潜伏期和游泳距离明显高于对照组和0.2、2 mg.kg-1尼古丁治疗组(P<0.01);空间搜索实验发现,实验d 5撤除平台,模型组在平台所在象限(第Ⅱ象限)中游泳的时间百分比明显低于对照组(P<0.01)和0.2及2 mg.kg-1尼古丁治疗组(P<0.05);模型组在平台所在象限(第Ⅱ象限)中游泳的距离百分比明显低于对照组(P<0.01),但与0.2及2 mg.kg-1尼古丁治疗组无差别(P>0.05)。酶活性检测发现尼古丁治疗组的AChE及ChAT的活性较对照组明显升高(P<0.01);尼古丁治疗组(2 mg.kg-1)MDA的活性较模型组明显降低(P<0.01),尼古丁治疗组(0.2 mg.kg-1)的活性较模型组无改变(P>0.05);尼古丁治疗组的GSH活性较模型组明显升高(P<0.01)。结论尼古丁能够改善Aβ25-35诱导痴呆小鼠的学习记忆功能障碍,该作用与其增强ChAT的活性以及抗氧化应激有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.     

直肠癌下切缘病理组织学分析

目的探讨直肠癌逆向浸润与下切缘的安全距离的关系。方法对36例直肠癌Miles手术和Dixon手术后标本的肿瘤下缘1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查,观察直肠癌逆向浸润或转移的距离。结果36例直肠癌标本距癌肿下缘1.0 cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查均为阴性,结论直肠癌远恻逆向浸润或转移未见超过1.0cm,因此认为保肛手术时切除肿瘤远侧肠管(包括系膜)2.0cm是安全的。