补阳还五汤通过PI3K/AKT通路调控自噬抗大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的作用

目的 探究补阳还五汤通过PI3K/AKT通路调控自噬抗大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的作用。方法 大鼠随机分为5组(n=10):假手术组(Sham)、模型组(Model)、补阳还五汤组(BYHWD)、PI3K抑制剂组(LY294002)与溶媒剂组(Vehicle)。除Sham组外,其余各组均缺血2 h,再灌注72 h造模处理。Zea Longa评分评估神经缺损、TTC检测脑梗死体积、HE观察脑部缺血半暗带（ischemic penumbra,IP）损伤、免疫荧光检测LC3B、Western blot检测PI3K/AKT通路与自噬标志蛋白。结果 BYHWD组与Model组相比,大鼠神经功能评分降低、脑梗死体积减小、脑部IP病理损伤减轻,PI3K与p-AKT/AKT表达增加,LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ降低,p62升高（P<0.05）;BYHWD的调控作用被LY294002减弱（P<0.05）。结论 补阳还五汤通过激活PI3K/AKT通路抑制细胞自噬,从而减轻大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤。     

法舒地尔可能通过PI3-K/Akt信号通路抑制大鼠脑缺血/再灌注区神经元的凋亡

目的探讨法舒地尔对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤神经元是否具有抗凋亡作用并探讨其抗凋亡机制。方法大脑中动脉线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型。运用TUNEL法检测大鼠脑缺血/再灌注区神经细胞的凋亡,免疫组化法检测Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白的表达,Western blot法检测Akt以及Rho激酶特异性底物蛋白MYPT的磷酸化表达。结果法舒地尔能明显减少TUNEL染色阳性细胞数,增加Bcl-2的表达,降低Bax、Caspase-3的表达,升高Akt的磷酸化水平以及降低MYPT的磷酸化水平。结论①法舒地尔能减少大鼠脑缺血/再灌注区神经细胞凋亡。②法舒地尔的抗凋亡机制可能与其抑制Rho激酶活性,进而激活PI3-K/Akt传导通路有关。     

补阳还五汤联合依达拉奉对小鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用

目的 研究补阳还五汤联合依达拉奉对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型的保护作用。方法 改良线栓法建立小鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型。小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、补阳还五汤组、依达拉奉组和补阳还五汤+依达拉奉组。术后1,3,7 d观察治疗后各组小鼠神经功能缺损评分。术后7 d,比较各组脑梗死体积大小,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组小鼠神经缺损评分、脑梗死体积、凋亡细胞数均显著增加(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,各用药组神经缺损评分、脑梗死体积、凋亡细胞数均显著减少(P<0.05),且联合用药组以上指标均显著好于单用药组。结论 补阳还五汤与依达拉奉联合用药对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤有协同神经保护作用,比单药使用更有效地抑制细胞凋亡。     

3-溴丙酮酸通过AMPK/mTOR信号通路调控成纤维样滑膜细胞凋亡/自噬失衡的作用北大核心CSCD

目的基于AMPK/mTOR信号通路探讨3-溴丙酮酸(3-bromopyruvate,3-BrPA)对大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast-like synoviocytes,FLS)凋亡、自噬的调控作用和机制。方法使用肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)诱导体外培养的大鼠FLS来构建类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)模型。MTT实验检测TNF-α诱导FLS以及3-BrPA治疗FLS的适宜浓度,划痕实验和Transwell实验检测3-BrPA对FLS迁移和侵袭能力的影响,流式细胞术和JC-1线粒体膜电位实验检测FLS的凋亡情况,mCherry-EGFP-LC3B过表达质粒检测FLS自噬流变化,Western blot检测FLS凋亡/自噬相关蛋白及AMPK/mTOR通路相关蛋白的表达。结果3-BrPA(15μmol·L^(-1))明显抑制了TNF-α(25μg·L^(-1))刺激下FLS的增殖、迁移和侵袭。此外,还促进FLS凋亡、下调FLS线粒体膜电位并阻断FLS的自噬流。Western blot检测结果显示,相比于TNF-α组,3-BrPA上调caspase-3、Bax、P62和p-mTOR/mTOR的表达,下调LC3B、Beclin1、Bcl-2和p-AMPK/AMPK的表达。结论3-BrPA能够在体外调节大鼠FLS凋亡/自噬失衡来抑制其异常活化,其机制可能与抑制AMPK/mTOR信号通路有关。     

补阳还五汤对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠神经干细胞移植后神经功能的保护作用

目的探讨补阳还五汤对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠神经干细胞移植后神经功能的保护作用。方法采用线栓法建立大脑中动脉闭塞模型。用药组于造模麻醉清醒后灌胃补阳还五汤(14.8 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))。神经干细胞于造模24 h后移植到大鼠脑组织。Zea Longa神经功能行为学评分观察神经功能缺损情况;TTC染色检测脑梗死体积;尼氏染色检测尼氏体累积光密度值;免疫组织化学染色检测Bcl-2和Bax的表达。结果与假手术组相比,模型组出现神经功能缺损,脑梗死明显,尼氏体累积光密度值降低,Bcl-2/Bax降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,补阳还五汤组、移植组、补阳还五汤+移植组神经功能缺损减轻,脑梗死体积缩小,尼氏体累积光密度值增高,Bcl-2/Bax增高(P<0. 05);与移植组相比,补阳还五汤+移植组神经功能缺损减轻,脑梗死体积缩小,尼氏体累积光密度值增高,Bcl-2/Bax增高(P<0. 05)。结论补阳还五汤可以增强神经干细胞移植对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠的神经保护作用。     

MK801对大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注ASK1信号通路影响以及神经元的保护

目的探讨MK801(dizocilpine,地佐环平)对全脑缺血/再灌注后神经型一氧化氮合成酶(nNOS)介导的凋亡信号调节激酶1(apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1,ASK1)信号通路及海马CA1区细胞凋亡的影响。方法采用四动脉结扎法构建大鼠全脑缺血模型。SD大鼠腹腔注射MK801(30mg·kg-1)。通过"生物素转化法"(Biotin-Swich method)检测蛋白质的S-亚硝基化。然后运用免疫印迹、免疫共沉淀和免疫组织化学等方法对蛋白质的磷酸化以及蛋白质之间的相互作用进行研究;应用焦油紫染色的方法检测脑缺血/再灌注后海马CA1区的细胞凋亡情况。结果脑缺血/再灌注引起了ASK1的S-亚硝基化;MK801明显地抑制了脑缺血/再灌注诱导的ASK1的S-亚硝基化的增加;MK801明显降低了Thr845的磷酸化水平、增加了Ser83位的磷酸化水平,从而降低了ASK1的活性;MK801引起ASK1下游MKK4/7-JNK信号通路及下游凋亡的核通路也产生了相应的变化。结论 MK801能够抑制SD大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注引起ASK1的S-亚硝基化,进而影响ASK1凋亡信号通路,对神经元损伤起到保护作用。     

补阳还五汤联合依达拉奉对脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的 研究补阳还五汤联合依达拉奉对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响。方法 60 只小鼠随机分假手术组（sham）,模型组（I/R）,补阳还五汤组（BYHWD）,依达拉奉组（ED）,补阳还五汤+依达拉奉组（BYHWD+ED）,每组再分2个亚组：1 d组和7 d 组。采用改良线栓法制作小鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,分别给药。TUNEL法观察神经细胞凋亡率;进一步Western bolt检测大脑皮质缺血区bcl-2 和 bax的蛋白的定量表达。结果 补阳还五汤+依达拉奉组较其他组能更明显地降低神经细胞凋亡指数(P<0.01),且较其他组可更明显地升高凋亡相关蛋白bcl-2的表达和下调bax的表达 (P<0．05)。结论 补阳还五汤与依达拉奉联用能降低脑缺血再灌注损伤后小鼠脑组织细胞中促凋亡蛋白bax的表达,增加具有神经元保护作用的抑凋亡蛋白bcl-2的表达,从而抑制神经细胞凋亡,加速神经功能的恢复,协同发挥脑保护作用。     

Akt通路与丙泊酚后处理大鼠的脑保护作用

目的:观察丙泊酚后处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经元凋亡的影响及其与PI3K-Akt信号转导通路的关系.方法:采用Longa法建立局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.60只雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组,每组15只.假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、缺血再灌注+丙泊酚后处理组(P组)、缺血再灌注+丙泊酚后处理+LY294002(LY组).分别进行神经功能评分、脑梗死体积测定、TUNEL凋亡计数、western-blotting检测Akt与p-Akt的水平.结果:与I/R组比较,P组脑梗死体积减小,细胞凋亡减少,磷酸化Akt的表达增加.而这种保护作用会被PI3K-Akt信号通路阻断剂LY294002所抑制.结论:丙泊酚后处理抑制缺血再灌注所致的神经元细胞凋亡,这种保护作用由生存信号通路PI3K-Akt的活化所介导.     

银杏内酯通过激活Nrf2和CREB核转位促进抗氧化和抗凋亡基因表达发挥抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用

目的研究银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液(DGMI)抗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用及机制。方法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,缺血1.5 h,再灌注24 h后对神经行为学缺损程度评分,TTC测定大鼠脑梗死体积,Western印迹和免疫荧光测定大鼠脑组织中蛋白表达。结果 DGMI能够显著改善脑缺血再灌注损伤导致的大鼠神经行为学缺损症状,提高运动神经功能,减小脑梗死体积及水肿程度,抑制受损脑区的神经元凋亡。一方面,DGMI能够激活PI3K/Akt/Nrf2通路,促进Nrf2的核转位,增加HO-1蛋白的表达,提高受损脑区中Neu N与Nrf2双阳性细胞的百分比。另一方面,DGMI也能够激活PI3K/Akt/CREB通路,提高CREB磷酸化水平和受损脑区中Neu N与p-CREB双阳性细胞的百分比。结论 DGMI通过激活PI3K/Akt/Nrf2和PI3K/Akt/CREB通路共同发挥抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用。     

法舒地尔可能通过P13-K／Akt信号通路抑制大鼠脑缺血／再灌注区神经元的凋亡

目的探讨法舒地尔对大鼠脑缺血／再灌注损伤神经元是否具有抗凋亡作用并探讨其抗凋亡机制。方法大脑中动脉线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注损伤模型。运用TUNEL法检测大鼠脑缺血／再灌注区神经细胞的凋亡，免疫组化法检测Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白的表达，Western blot法检测Akt以及Rho激酶特异性底物蛋白MYPT的磷酸化表达。结果法舒地尔能明显减少TUNEL染色阳性细胞数，增加Bcl-2的表达，降低Bax、Caspase-3的表达，升高Akt的磷酸化水平以及降低MYPT的磷酸化水平。结论①法舒地尔能减少大鼠脑缺血／再灌注区神经细胞凋亡。②法舒地尔的抗凋亡机制可能与其抑制Rho激酶活性，进而激活P13-K／Akt传导通路有关。     

Cerebral metabolism of [3H]-p-chloroamphetamine

The time-dependent metabolism of intraventricularly administered $\text{[}{}^3\text{H}\text{]-p-}\text{chloroamphetamine}$ was followed. The parent compound and its metabolites were recovered by high pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by high pressure liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. By 4 hr after injection, two major toluene-soluble metabolites were present in brain. Their biological half-lives were different from the parent compound. On the basis of their analyses, one of the metabolites is p-chloronorephedrine, the other (P₃) is as yet unidentified. Pretreatment with Lilly 110140 prevented or markedly reduced the synthesis of both p-chloronorephedrine and P₃. Iprindole prevented the synthesis of p-chloronorephedrine. The P₃ appeared first in the brain then in the liver, suggesting that both of these organs can metabolize p-chloroamphetamine to this compound. The metabolites were recovered primarily from the nuclear and microsomal fractions following subcellular fractionation of the brain, with small quantities present in the synaptosomal fraction. The level of metabolites was higher in the brainstem than in the neocortex. Glutathione, administered simultaneously with p-chloroamphetamine either intraventricularly or intraperitoneally failed to alter the toxicity of p-chloroamphetamine.     

Clevudine University of Georgia/Abbott/Bukwang/Triangle/Yale University

The pyrimidine analog, clevudine (L-FMAU: 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyluridine) is a potent antihepatitis B virus (HBV) and anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) agent, discovered by researchers at the University of Georgia, in collaboration with Yale University and Bukwang. Bukwang transferred its technology to Triangle Pharmaceuticals in 1998 together with a license to develop clevudine worldwide except Korea [279649], [281942]. In June 1999, Triangle and Abbott Laboratories entered into a strategic alliance to copromote antiviral products including L-FMAU [326798]. In September 2000, Triangle Pharmaceuticals Inc initiated a 30-day phase I/II evaluation of clevudine in HBV-infected patients [381755]. Clevudine is a much less toxic derivative of the toxic agent P-D-FMAU. The mechanism of action of clevudine is not yet clear, but the agent induces a rapid decrease in HBV nucleic acid as doses increase from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg [319145]. It is believed that the target for clevudine lies in the viral replication mechanism. Clevudine is phosphorylated to the triphosphate form intracellularly. This is removed slowly from the cells, thus exerting a sustained inhibitory antiviral activity [178173], [320720], [320721].     

Spotlight from the American Society for Preventive Cardiology on Key Features of the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guidelines on the Management of Blood Cholesterol

The 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol retains focus on recommendations for statin treatment in the original four statin-eligible groups [those with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 190 mg/dL, and higher risk primary prevention] without the use of treatment initiation or target LDL-C levels from the earlier 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline, but has several new features. First, patients with primary prevention are divided into those who are at low (< 5%), borderline (5% to < 7.5%), intermediate (7.5% to < 20%), and high (≥ 20%) risk based on the ASCVD risk estimator. Moreover, the new guideline goes further to consider a wider range of factors [now called “risk enhancers”—premature family history of ASCVD, persistently high LDL-C, chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic syndrome, conditions specific to women, inflammatory diseases, and high-risk ethnicities] that can be used to better inform the treatment decision. Moreover, more detailed recommendations on how the results of coronary calcium scanning can be used to inform the treatment decision are provided, including how it may be used to “de-risk” certain patients for delaying or avoiding the use of statin therapy. There are also specific sections for cholesterol management in other patient subgroups including women, children, certain ethnic groups, those with CKD, chronic inflammatory disorders and HIV, as well as discussion on the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Importantly, for persons with known ASCVD, a distinction is made for those who are at “very high risk” based on having had two major ASCVD events or one major event and two or more other high risk conditions, such as diabetes or other major risk factors, or bypass surgery or percutaneous intervention. Finally, the concept of a threshold LDL-C for initiating a non-statin therapy (after considering highest tolerated statin dosage) is provided, with ezetimibe recommended as the key non-statin to be added if the LDL-C still remains ≥ 70 mg/dL for all ASCVD patients, and in those who are at “very high risk”, further consideration for using a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. While the new guideline does have greater detail (and arguably, complexity), the refinements provide a strategy for guiding the clinician to target both statin and non-statin therapy to those most likely to derive benefit.     

Pitavastatin Nissan/Kowa Yakuhin/Novartis/Sankyo

Pitavastatin (nisvastatin) is an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor being developed jointly by Nissan, Kowa Kogyo, Novartis and Sankyo for the potential treatment of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.     

N-Nitroso-N-Methyldodecylamine and N-Nitroso-N-Methyltetradecylamine in household dishwashing liquids

Eleven household dishwashing liquids and four household surface cleaners were analysed for N-nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine and N-nitroso-N-methyltetradecylamine by gas chromatography with detection using a Thermal Energy Analyzer. Both nitrosamines were found in three of the dishwashing detergents and one of the surface cleaners. [1-¹⁴C]-N-Nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine was used to determine recoveries, which were between 65 and 88%. Levels of N-nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine ranged from 112 to 661 ppb and those of N-nitroso-N-methyltetradecylamine from 46 to 151 ppb. A simple method was developed to screen the products for N,N-dimethyldodecylamine-N-oxide, a surfactant ingredient suspected of being the source of these nitrosamines. By application of this method it was established that all of the products formulated with this amine oxide contained these two nitrosamines, whereas in products that did not contain this ingredient, these nitrosamines were not detected.     

PROTON AND POTASSIUM TRANSPORT BY H+/K+-ATPases

1. H⁺/K⁺-ATPases are members of the P-type ATPase multigene family. The prototypical H⁺/K⁺-ATPase is the protein that acidifies gastric luminal contents. The physiological and pharmacological significance of this pump has led to a detailed investigation of its biochemistry and molecular and cell biology. 2. Recently, a number of closely related H⁺/K⁺-ATPase isoforms have been discovered. These isoforms are present in organs other than the stomach, including the colon and kidney, where they contribute to acid—base and potassium homeostasis. The structure, expression and physiological roles of the gastric H⁺/K⁺-ATPase and other isoforms are reviewed.     

INTERACTIONS OF Na+, H2O2 AND THE Na+-Ca2+ EXCHANGER STIMULATE Ca2+ RELEASE IN CK1.4 CELLS

1. The present study aimed to demonstrate that interactions of cations, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺exchanger stimulate Ca²⁺ release and oscillations of cytosolic Ca²⁺ [Ca²⁺]i in non-transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) C1 cells and in transfected CHO (CK1.4) cells that contained an expression vector coding the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger sequence. 2. The [⁴⁵Ca²⁺] uptake assay, fura-2 fluorescence imaging and 2² and 2³ factorial orthogonal statistics provide comparative, direct, efficient, quantitative and transient methods to delineate the effects of such interactions on Ca²⁺ influx, Ca²⁺release and [Ca²⁺]i in C1 and CK1.4 cells. 3. In contrast to the control of either Na⁺-, Ca²⁺- or H₂O₂-free or CI cells, an elevated [⁴⁵Ca²⁺] uptake was induced by Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and H₂O₂ individually and in combination, intracellular Ca²⁺ release was activated by H₂O₂ and by combinations of either H₂O₂ and Na⁺, H₂O₂ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger, Na⁺ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger or by H₂O₂, Na⁺ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger and a rise in [Ca²⁺]i was triggered by H₂O₂, Na⁺ and a combination of Na⁺ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺exchanger. 4. These results indicate that interactions between H₂O₂, Na⁺ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger stimulate intracellular Ca²⁺mobilization via Ca²⁺-induced Ca²⁺ release mechanisms, ATP-activated G-protein coupled P_2y-purinoceptor-sensitive pathways, Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger-mediated Ca²⁺ influx and cation-π interaction (a strong non-covalent force between the cation and the π face of an aromatic structure in the transmembrane protein). 5. The present findings provide important clues for understanding Ca²⁺ signal transduction mechanisms from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum.     

EFFECTS OF THE OPIOID PEPTIDES [MET5]ENKEPHALIN-ARG6-PHE7 AND [MET5]ENKEPHALIN-ARG6-GLY7-LEU8 ON CHOLINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN THE RABBIT ISOLATED ATRIA

1. The effect of the opioid peptides [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (MEAP) and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL) were compared with those of [Leu5]enkephalin and [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide (DAME) on cholinergic neurotransmission in the rabbit isolated atria. 2. Rabbit isolated atria had a resting rate of 190 beats/min. In the presence of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (0.3 mumol/l), atria responded to electrical field stimulation with a cholinergically mediated negative chronotropic response. The opioid peptides had no effect on the resting rate, but inhibited the negative chronotropic response to field stimulation. The IC50 values for inhibiting the cholinergic responses were 1.4 mumol/l for [Leu5]enkephalin (LE), 1.4 mumol/l for MEAP, 1.3 mumol/l for MEAGL and 0.2 mumol/l for DAME. Responses of a similar magnitude to exogenous acetylcholine were unaffected. 3. Thus, MEAP, MEAGL and LE had similar potencies but DAME was about seven times more potent in inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission in the rabbit isolated atria. The site of inhibition appears to be prejunctional.     

Amlodipine/Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide

Amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a fixed-dose combination of the well established antihypertensive agents amlodipine (a calcium channel antagonist), valsartan (an angiotensin II receptor antagonist), and HCTZ (a thiazide diuretic). In patients with moderate or severe hypertension, triple combination therapy with amlodipine + valsartan + HCTZ produced significantly greater reductions from baseline in mean sitting systolic and diastolic BP (msSBP and msDBP) than either valsartan + HCTZ, amlodipine + HCTZ, or amlodipine + valsartan in a large, 8-week, randomized, double-blind, multinational, phase III trial. Furthermore, the proportion of patients achieving overall BP control at endpoint was significantly greater with the triple combination regimen than with any of the dual regimens, with significantly more triple combination recipients achieving msSBP and msDBP control at each assessment throughout the trial. Subgroup analyses of this study suggested that amlodipine + valsartan + HCTZ was generally more effective in reducing BP and providing overall BP control than the dual combination therapies, irrespective of age, race, gender, ethnicity, or hypertension severity. Several smaller studies provide data that support the efficacy of amlodipine + valsartan + HCTZ in patients whose BP is inadequately controlled with amlodipine + valsartan, amlodipine + HCTZ, or valsartan + HCTZ dual combination therapy. Treatment with amlodipine + valsartan + HCTZ for up to 8 weeks was generally well tolerated in the large, phase III trial, with most adverse events being transient and of mild to moderate severity.