不同厂家辛伐他汀片药动学和生物利用度的研究

目的:选择10名男性健康志愿者,开展国产仿制辛伐他汀片的药动学和相对生物利用度的研究,旨在为药剂部门招标选择药品和临床更合理、经济选择药品提供临床实验依据.方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),以紫外239 nm为检测波长,测定单剂量口服国产仿制和原研制辛伐他汀片在健康人体内的血药浓度.结果:国产和原研制的辛伐他汀片的Cmax分别为(12.0±3.0) mg·L-1和12.58 mg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.0±0.4) h和(1.89±0.34) h;t1/2分别为(2.18±0.31) h和(2.22±0.26) h;Ka分别为(1.3±1.0) h-1和(1.0±1.3) h-1;AUC分别为(75.0±18.2)和(79.1±16.8).结论:国产仿制辛伐他汀片的相对生物利用度为(97.2±8.3)%,经配对t检验,两种制剂各药动学参数差别无显著性,表明国产仿制辛伐他汀片和原研制辛伐他汀片具有生物等效性.     

奥硝唑血药浓度的高效液相色谱法测定及其国产和进口片剂的药动学和生物等效性研究

目的建立血浆中奥硝唑浓度的反相高效液相色谱分析方法,并用此法研究了国产和进口奥硝唑片剂在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性.方法用甲醇/异丙醇(50/50)提取样本,采用Kromasil C18色谱柱,以甲醇:0.4%HAc(50∶50)为流动相,流速0.8mL·min-1,紫外检测波长316nm.18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服国产及进口奥硝唑片1.5g,测定其药动学参数,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果奥硝唑在2.0～20.0μg·mL-1范围内呈线性,r=0.9997,最低检测限0.2μg·mL-1.低、中、高浓度(2.0,10.0,20.0μg·mL-1)的方法回收率分别为100.36%,98.21%和97.42%,日间及日内RSD分别＜6%和＜7%.药动学研究表明,口服奥硝唑国产与进口制剂的药-时曲线符合有滞后时间的二室模型.其主要药动学参数如下:t1/2(β) 分别为(16.29±2.20)h 和(15.85±2.26)h ;Tmax 分别为(1.67±0.49)h 和(1.75±0.48)h; Cmax 分别为(22.03±3.53)mg·L-1 和(22.58±5.94)mg·L-1 ;AUC0～72 分别为(444.56±55.87)mg·h·L-1 和(433.31±58.52)mg·h·L-1 ;AUC0～∞分别为(462.95±55.35)mg·h·L-1 和(451.67±57.97)mg·h·L-1 .两种制剂主要药动学参数均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).国产奥硝唑片的相对生物利用度为(102.91±8.93)%.结论本法准确可靠,操作简便,适用于临床药动学研究及常规血药浓度监测.统计学检验结果提示,国产和进口奥硝唑片具有生物等效性.     

头孢泊肟酯片人体药动学及生物等效性评价

目的:研究国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片200 mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定其活性代谢产物头孢泊肟的经时血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片的主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(2.6±0.9)h和(2.7±1.1)h,tmax分别为(3.0±0.6)h和(3.0±0.5)h,Cmax分别为(4.3±0.7)mg·L-1和(4.2±0.8)mg·L-1,AUC0→12分别为(21.1±4.8)mg·h·L-1和(21.9±5.5)mg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(23.1±6.1)mg·h·L-1和(24.0±6.6)mg·h·L-1,国产头孢泊肟酯片的相对生物利用度为(97.8±13.5)%(F0→12)和(97.2±15.9)%(F0→∞).结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

人血清中左氧氟沙星的HPLC测定及其相对生物利用度

目的用HPLC法测定人血清中左氧氟沙星的含量,评价左氧氟沙星胶囊在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性。方法采用改进的反相HPLC法,测定20名健康受试者单剂量交叉口服100 mg左氧氟沙星供试片或参比片后不同时间点的血药浓度,计算其药动学参数及相对生物利用度,评价两药的生物等效性。结果左氧氟沙星供试片(T)与参比片(R)的药动学参数接近,主要药动学参数为:AUC0~t(R)为6.77±1.74 mg.L-1.h-1、AUC0~t(T)为7.26±1.34 mg.L-1.h-1,AUC0~∞(R)为8.58±1.72 mg.L-1.h-1、AUC0~∞(T)为8.96±1.27 mg.L-1.h-1,Cm ax(R)为0.99±0.16 mg.L-1、Cm ax(T)为0.98±0.18mg.L-1,Tm ax(R)0.93±0.23 h,Tm ax(T)0.96±0.26 h,T1/2α(R)为9.71±3.31 h、T1/2α(T)为11.15±3.55 h。相对生物利用度:分别为110.66±37.14%(T)和113.05±38.89%(R),两均值均在81%~126%内,符合相对生物利用度的要求。生物等效性评价:log(AUC0-t)和log(Cm ax)在制剂间、个体间差异均无显著性。结论两制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产盐酸米多君片在健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:比较国产与进口盐酸米多君片在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服国产(受试制剂)或进口盐酸米多君片(参比制剂)5 mg,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中盐酸米多君的活性代谢产物脱甘氨酸米多君的浓度,以DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数,进行生物等效性评价.结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数分别为:t1/ 2 (3.19±0.33)和(3.02±0.31)h,tmax(0.6±0.3)和(0.7±0.5)h,Cmax(21.72±6.06)和(21.83±6.24) μg/L,AUC0～t (65.27±8.43)和(65.64±7.08) μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞(70.08±9.05)和(69.85±7.83) μg·h·L-1.按AUC0～∞计算,国产盐酸米多君片的相对生物利用度为( 100.3±6.8)％.结论:国产与进口盐酸米多君片在健康人体内具有生物等效性.     

国产替米沙坦片健康人体生物等效性评价

目的:评价国产和进口替米沙坦片剂在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定18名健康志愿者单次、交叉口服替米沙坦片80 mg后血浆替米沙坦浓度.用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价.结果:两种替米沙坦片的药-时曲线均符合二室模型,参比制剂、受试制剂的主要药动学参数为:Cmax分别为(931.0±367.7)μg·L-1和(894.2±421.7)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(1.0±0.6)h和(1.4±0.8)h;T1/2β分别为(28.1±14.1)h和(27.0±10.8)h;AUC0-t分别为(4 085±2 313)μg·L-1·h和(3 920±2 199)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(4 751±2 742)μg·L-1·h和(4 352±2 569)μg·L-1·h.国产替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度F0-t为(97.5±15.6)%,F0-∞为(96.5±15.8)%.结论:方差分析和双单侧t检验证明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

硝呋太尔片在健康人体内的药动学研究

目的考察单剂量经口给予硝呋太尔片后健康人体内硝呋太尔的药动学特征,比较国内外制剂间的生物等效性。方法健康男性志愿者18名,采用双周期自身交叉对照法经口给予硝呋太尔片受试制剂(国内制剂)与参比制剂(国外原研制剂)。观察不良事件;LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中硝呋太尔的质量浓度,计算药动学参数。结果 18例健康志愿者分别经口给予硝呋太尔片受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中硝呋太尔的tmax分别为(2.42±0.67)h和(2.42±0.75)h;ρmax分别为(12.39±7.10)μg·L-1和(12.43±8.07)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(1.19±0.42)h和(1.28±0.44)h;AUC0-t分别为(33.68±17.09)μg·h·L-1和(33.54±18.37)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(34.03±17.26)μg·h·L-1和(33.84±18.43)μg·h·L-1。以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂相比,受试制剂中硝呋太尔的相对生物利用度为(102.4±17.0)%。结论硝呋太尔在人体内的个体差异性较大,药动学特征符合二室模型,国产的硝呋太尔片与国外原研制剂具有人体生物等效性。     

国产格列齐特片(Ⅱ)的相对生物利用度研究

目的:研究国产格列齐特片(Ⅱ)在正常人体内的相对生物利用度.方法:20例健康志愿者随机分为两组,分别交叉口服国产格列齐特片(Ⅱ)和合资产品格列齐特片,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中药物浓度,并计算受试片的主要药动学参数及相对生物利用度.结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为(7.9±0.9)和(8.0±0.4)h,Cmax分别为(3.44±1.01)和(3.24±0.97)mg·L-1,用梯形法计算所得的AUC0～48分别为(47.32±9.60)和(47.73±10.83)mg·h·L-1;经t检验,两种剂型的药动学差异无显著性;与参比制剂相比,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.3±12.2)%.结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

甲芬那酸分散片在健康人体的生物等效性评价

目的:研究甲芬那酸分散片和普通片在健康人体的药动学特征和生物等效性.方法:采用标准两周期交叉设计自身对照试验方法,18名健康志愿者单剂量口服500 mg甲芬那酸分散片或普通片,用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定血清中甲芬那酸的浓度,计算其药动学参数并评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:甲芬那酸分散片和普通片的主要药动学参数Tmax(实测值)分别为(1.1±0.6)h和(2.1±0.8)h,Cmax(实测值)分别为(5.8±2.2)mg·L-1和(5.9±3.0)mg·L-1,AUC(0-14 h)分别为(18.1±3.4)mg·L-1·h和(17.3±5.0)mg·L-1·h,AUC(0-inf)分别为(18.7±3.3)mg·L-1·h和(18.0±4.9)mg·L-1·h,T1/2Ke分别为(2.0±0.8)h和(2.3±1.2)h.除Tmax外,甲芬那酸分散片和普通片各主要药动学参数间差异无显著性(P＞0.05);甲芬那酸分散片对普通片的相对生物利用度为(111.3±31.9)%.结论:健康人单剂量口服500mg甲芬那酸分散片与普通片具有生物等效性.     

吉米沙星片在健康人体中的生物等效性

目的评价国产(受试制剂)及进口(参比制剂)吉米沙星片在中国健康人体内的生物等效性。方法 22名男性健康受试者采用随机交叉设计试验,用高效液相色谱-紫外检测(HPLC-UV)法测定单剂量口服吉米沙星片受试制剂和参比制剂各320 mg后吉米沙星的血药质量浓度。所得数据经WinNonlin4.2药动学计算程序处理计算主要药动学参数,并进行双单侧t检验确定是否生物等效。结果吉米沙星参比制剂与受试制剂主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(1.1±0.4)h和(1.0±0.5)h;ρmax分别为(2.39±0.58)mg·L-1及(2.54±0.76)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(7.2±1.2)h及(7.5±1.6)h;AUC0-36 h分别为(12.88±2.29)mg·h·L-1和(13.07±2.83)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(13.57±2.32)mg·h·L-1和(13.82±2.87)mg·h·L-1;吉米沙星片受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(102.5±17.9)%,统计学结果表明受试制剂与参比制剂的tmax、ρmax、t1/2、AUC均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论本文HPLC-UV法样品处理简便迅速,方法灵敏度高,可准确测定吉米沙星血药浓度。测定的国产吉米沙星片与进口品具有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.