几种新的青霉素类及氨基糖甙类药物对尿糖测定的干扰研究

本文研究了四种新的国产青霉素类及二种氨基糖甙类药物对斑氏还原法及葡萄糖氧化酶试纸法测定尿糖的影响，结果表明，青霉素类药物能干扰斑氏法测定结果，干扰作用与被测液中药物浓度和葡萄糖浓度有关，氨基糖甙类药物不干扰斑氏法测定，葡萄糖氧化酶试纸法测定尿糖均不受上述两类药物干扰。     

几种青霉素类及氨基糖甙类药物对尿糖测定的干扰研究

本文研究了国产青霉素类和氨基糖甙类各三种药物对斑氏铜还原法及葡萄糖氧化酶试纸法测定尿糖的影响。结果表明青霉素类药物能干扰斑氏法测定结果,干扰作用与被测液中药物浓度和葡菊糖浓度有关。氨基糖甙类药物不干扰斑氏法测定。葡萄糖氧化酶试纸法测定尿糖均不受上述两类药物干扰。     

尿液分析仪用于尿糖定性试验检测的探讨

目的尿糖定性试验的方法有多种，探讨何种方法最适合于临床应用。方法以糖氧化酶仪器法，班氏法和糖氧化酶试纸法，对400例门诊和住院病人的空腹新鲜尿液进行检测。结果三种尿糖定性试验方法比较，葡萄糖氧化酶仪器法结果相符率最高。结论尿液分析仪检测尿糖定性试验方法简便易行，反应快速，灵敏度高，结果准确可靠，最适合于尿糖定性试验的应用。     

维生素C对尿糖检测的影响

尿糖常规检测主要应用干化学法（葡萄糖氧化酶法），该法快速、准确、便捷、特异性强，但易受维生素C的干扰。为了了解其影响程度，我们做了如下研究。     

老年人尿糖、血糖及餐后2h血糖测定结果分析

目的探讨老年人尿糖、血糖及餐后2h血糖的临床意义及相互关系。方法对600例老年人(其中男380例,女220例)与健康对照组400例用尿糖测定试纸测定尿糖,用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定血糖及餐后2h血糖。结果(1)糖尿病患病率随年龄增长而有上升的趋势;(2)老年人空腹血糖正常,也不能除外糖尿病,同时检测尿糖和血糖一方面可排除某些肾性糖尿及神经性糖尿,另一方面还可早期发现高血糖症和隐性糖尿;(3)发现餐后血糖比空腹血糖能够更好地反映血糖控制水平,同时,餐后高血糖与心血管合并症有着密切的相关性。结论检测尿糖、血糖、餐后2h血糖含量有助于筛选诊断糖尿病、判断病情与愈后转归、指导治疗。     

糖尿病患者血糖与尿糖临床意义的探讨

目的探讨血糖和尿糖的临床意义。方法血糖采用葡萄糖氧化酶法、尿糖采用干化学试剂带葡萄糖氧化酶法。结果150例患者中阳性率为5．33％，阴性率为94．67％。结论糖尿病的诊断应排除外界因素对血糖和尿糖检测结果的影响。     

尿液分析仪和班氏法测定尿液葡萄糖含量的评价

使用尿液分析仪和班氏定性法测定尿糖已被广大临床实验工作者所肯定 ,但由于仪器的性能、实验室条件、试剂、试纸质量、患者病因的差异诸多影响因素 ,一定程度上造成实验室结果与临术诊断出现不符。为此 ,我们用尿液分析仪与班氏法测定尿糖和尿液隔水煮沸后再行测定的结果进行比较 ,现将结果报告如下。1　材料和方法1.1　仪器　长春博曼实业有限公司生产ＵＳ - 2 0 0型尿液分析仪及配套试纸条。1.2　试剂　改良班氏定性试剂 :分别溶解ＣＵＳＯ4.5Ｈ2 Ｏ10ｇ、枸橼酸钠 4 2 .5ｇ ,无水Ｎａ2 ＳＯ42 5ｇ于适量蒸馏水中 ,将Ｎａ2 ＳＣＯ3 溶液…     

尿糖、血糖糖化血红蛋白关系探讨

目的糖尿病患者除了检测尿糖、血糖指标外,糖化血红蛋白是评价血糖控制情况的可靠的实验室指标。方法尿糖采用干化学试纸条葡萄糖氧化酶法,血糖为葡萄糖氧化酶法,糖化血红蛋白采用液相层析法。结果尿糖检测方便、经济、无痛感,对糖尿病的诊断无特异性,只能起到过筛和参考作用。空腹和餐后2h血糖是诊断糖尿病的主要指标,但不可依据一项血糖检测结果诊断为糖尿病或将其作为治疗该病控制程度的指标。结论糖化血红蛋白能稳定可靠地反映以前6～8周内血糖水平控制情况,是糖尿病患者血糖监控的金标准。     

Vit C对血液葡萄糖测定的干扰和影响

目的探讨维生素C(Vit C)对葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法(GOD法)测定血液葡萄糖(下称血糖)的干扰程度。方法用GOD法测定加入不同浓度Vit C的混合血清,对其结果进行分析、比较。结果VitC对GOD法测定血糖有明显的干扰作用。结论在用GOD法测定血糖时,极低浓度的Vit C即可对测定结果产生临床不可接受的误差。     

头孢菌素类抗生素皮肤过敏试验的探讨

［摘要］分析头孢菌素类药物的皮肤过敏试验的现状和存在问题，对头孢菌素类抗生素皮肤过敏试验的药物选择、药物浓度，皮试方法、药物放置时间等各方面进行探讨，提出严格控制好皮试的各环节，减少头孢菌素类药物致变态反应发生率。     

In vitro effect of penicillins and aminoglycosides on commonly used tests for glycosuria

The effect of penicillins (ampicillin, carbenicillin, penicillin G, and penicilloic acid) and aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tobramycin) on the accuracy of Clinitest, Diastix, and TesTape determinations of glycosuria was studied. Solutions of each of the drugs were prepared in urine in a range of clinically obtainable drug concentrations. In addition, urine solutions were prepared that contained the same drug concentrations and sufficient glucose to give final concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2%. All solutions were tested in triplicate using the five-drop Clinitest method, Diastix, and TesTape. Falsely elevated and falsely decreased Clinitest readings were obtained with the penicillins. These readings were influenced by the concentration of the penicillins and of glucose. The aminoglycosides had no effect of Clinitest determinations. Neither drug class interfered with Diastix or TesTape readings. The Clinitest-penicillin interaction is unpredictable. If Clinitest is used as a quantitative test for glycosuria in patients receiving penicillins, the results should be rechecked using a qualitative method such as the glucose oxidase tests, Diastix or TesTape. All three tests can be used to test for glycosuria in patients receiving aminoglycosides.     

Effect of ten new beta-lactam antibiotics on urine glucose test methods

The effect of ten new beta-lactam antibiotics (cefoperazone, cefotaxime and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin) on the accuracy of Clinitest, Diastix, and Tes Tape determinations of glycosuria was investigated. Solutions of each of the antibiotics were prepared in urine over a range of clinically obtainable drug concentrations. Urine samples from a healthy subject were used to prepare simulated diabetic urine by adding dextrose to achieve concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. With penicillin derivatives, falsely elevated Clinitest readings generally were observed at lower glucose concentrations. When no glucose was present, cephalosporins and the monobactam, aztreonam, gave a dark green-black color that could only be interpreted as 0% on the Clinitest color chart. At higher urine glucose concentrations (1% and 2%), no interaction with Clinitest could be demonstrated, with the exception of a few falsely reduced readings. All urine solutions containing beta-lactam antibiotics were estimated accurately by both Diastix and Tes Tape. The unpredictability of the Clinitest-beta-lactam antibiotics interaction should discourage the use of this urine glucose test in patients who receive these drugs. The glucose-oxidase tests, Diastix and Tes Tape, may be used as qualitative tests for glycosuria in patients treated with beta-lactam antibiotics.     

IMPROVING EFFECT OF CARTEOLOL ON BODYWEIGHT AND CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLIC RESPONSES IN THE OLETF RAT

1. Carteolol, a non-selective beta-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, admixed in a pellet diet was administered to Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an animal model of spontaneous non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with mild obesity. A high dose of carteolol (0.02%) suppressed bodyweight gain without affecting food and water consumption until the appearance of glycosuria. Carteolol tended to reduce the cumulative incidence of glycosuria at 26 weeks after the beginning of administration (55,17 and 25% in control rats, and in rats fed a low (0.002 %) and high dose of carteolol, respectively). 2. At the 26th week of administration, the high dose of carteolol decreased visceral fat weight, such as that of retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue, whereas the liver and the kidney were not affected. 3. Although plasma glucose and triglyceride levels in non-fasted rats were elevated with age, carteolol tended to delay the increases in those parameters. Carteolol suppressed the increase in plasma glucose levels, which indicate the diabetic pattern, in a 25th week oral glucose tolerance test. 4. These findings indicate that carteolol induces improvements in bodyweight and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in an obese condition. Consequently, carteolol may be useful for the treatment of hypertension with obesity in order to prevent cardiovascular events.     

Nephrotoxicity of D-propargylglycine in mice

When D-propargylglycine was injected intraperitoneally into mice, polyuria, glycosuria, and aminoaciduria were observed as has been previously reported in rats. The urine of the mice treated with D-propargylglycine contained twice as much protein as that of the control mice. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a new protein of approximately 62 kDa in the urine of the D-propargylglycine-treated mice. Protein sequencing revealed that this protein was serum albumin. Since the above-mentioned symptoms suggested dysfunction of the renal proximal tubules, the activity of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, a marker enzyme of injury to the proximal tubules, was measured. The urinary enzyme activity was 2.6 times higher in the D-propargylglycine-treated mice than in the control mice. Light- and electron-microscopy showed degenerative and necrotic cells in the straight part of the proximal tubules of the treated mice. However, none of these symptoms was observed in D-propargylglycine-treated mutant mice, lacking D-amino-acid oxidase. These results indicate that D-propargylglycine itself is not nephrotoxic but its metabolite produced by the D-amino-acid oxidase reaction is nephrotoxic and injures proximal tubular cells, resulting in an impairment of the reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids, and proteins.     

Accuracy of four methods of home blood glucose monitoring in hemodialysis patients

The accuracy of four techniques of home blood glucose monitoring in hemodialysis patients was compared. Arterial-venous blood samples were collected from 23 patients undergoing hemodialysis and analyzed for serum glucose concentrations using an automated laboratory method. Capillary-blood glucose concentrations were also determined in each patient by visual readings of the Chemstrip bG and Dextrostix reagent strips and by reflectometer readings of the StatTek Glucose and Dextrostix reagent strips. Readings of glucose concentration obtained by each of the four techniques were compared with laboratory-determined values, and the true and absolute deviations in these values for each technique were recorded. The effect of patient hematocrit on deviations in glucose concentration readings was evaluated by analysis of variance. The mean glucose concentration readings obtained using the visual and reflectometer (Dextrometer) readings of Dextrostix were substantially less accurate than the other two techniques when compared with serum glucose concentrations determined by the laboratory. The StatTek technique gave the smallest mean absolute deviation from laboratory-determined values. No correlation was found between the patient's hematocrit and either the true or absolute deviations in glucose concentrations. The Chemstrip bG and StatTek techniques are reasonably accurate methods for home monitoring of blood glucose concentrations in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis.     

Nitrite–glucose–glucose oxidase system directly induces rat heart homogenate oxidation and tyrosine nitration: Effects of some flavonoids

Protein tyrosine nitration is a common post-translational modification occurring under conditions of nitrative/oxidative stress in a number of diseases. It has been found that in the presence of nitrite and hydrogen peroxide, hemoprotein catalyzes protein tyrosine nitration. In this paper, it was found that in heart homogenate, protein nitration and oxidation could be induced by a nitrite–glucose–glucose oxidase system without addition of exogenous heme or hemoprotein. Several structural diversity flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, baicalein, baicalin, apigenin, puerarin, and (+)-catechin) could, more or less, protect rat heart homogenate from oxidative and nitrative injury induced by nitrite–glucose–glucose oxidase in vitro. The inhibitory effects of flavonoids on protein nitration and lipid peroxidation were consistent with their antioxidant activities, whereas the inhibitory effects on protein oxidation were almost contrary to their antioxidant activities. These results mean that nitrite–glucose–glucose oxidase system can cause heart homogenate protein nitration and protein oxidation in different pathways, and those flavonoids with strong antioxidant activities may contribute their protective effect partly through inhibiting protein nitration.     

Nitrofurantoin

For more than 30 years nitrofurantoin has been a widely prescribed and effective agent in the treatment of urinary tract infections. During this time, it has withstood the rigors of constant clinical evaluation and has competed successfully with more recent antibacterial agents. As with many widely used drugs, some serious and potentially hazardous reactions to therapy have been documented. This article reviews and analyzes major reported reactions and interactions from both published and unpublished sources. Incidence rates have been calculated for pulmonary, hepatic, neurological, and hematological responses. Calculated rates of occurrence were very low, and ranged from 0.001 percent of courses of therapy (all types of pulmonary reactions combined) to 0.0007 percent (neurological reactions). Reports on interactions of nitrofurantoin with alcohol, antacids, and oral contraceptives are unfounded and anecdotal. Interactions with nalidixic and oxolinic acids are not clinically significant, and only one case of interaction has been reported with phenytoin. Bioavailability is enhanced by food or propantheline. False positives occur with Benedict's test for urine glucose estimations.     

Reduction in lung functions in type-2 diabetes in Indian population: correlation with glycemic status

The purpose of this study was to evaluate pulmonary functions in patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus and to determine their correlation with glycemic status of diabetes in Indian population. Forty Type-2 diabetic patients, aged 30-60 years, with diabetic duration of 1-20 years, were included in the study. FVC, FEV1, & FEV1% are recorded by Benedict's Roth spirometer. PEFR and MEP were recorded by Wright's Peak flow meter & Modified Black's apparatus. Glycemic status of subjects was determined by FBS & PPBS by Glucose oxidase & peroxidase methods. And results were analyzed by calculating Mean +/- SD, using Student's t test, and Pearson correlation. All the respiratory parameters are reduced in Type-2 diabetic patients compared to control of which FEV1, FEV1%, & MEP show very highly significant reduction (P=0.000). Lung functions are negatively correlated with glycemic status & duration of diabetes. (r = -0.390, & -0.342) Reduction in dynamic lung functions and its negative correlation to glycemic status might be due to respiratory muscle weakness as indicated by highly significant reduction in MEP. Hence strict glycemic control and breathing exercises to strengthen the respiratory muscles may improve lung function in diabetics.     

吡格列酮改善氧化应激导致的脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗

目的:观察吡格列酮对氧化应激导致的脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的作用,初步探讨其机制。方法:葡萄糖氧化酶(GO)作用培养于高糖DMEM的3T3-L1细胞产生H2O212小时后观察胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取(ISGU)和胰岛素信号通路主要分子的活化状态以及吡格列酮的影响。结果:GO导致的氧化应激抑制ISGU和IRS-1酪氨酸及PKB磷酸化,其机制可能与氧化应激导致IRS-1丝氨酸307磷酸化有关;氧化应激的作用可被吡格列酮部分逆转。结论:吡格列酮可以减轻氧化应激导致的脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗,改善胰岛素信号传导。     

Synthesis of 7 beta-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrothieno[2,3-d] pyrimidyl-2-thioacetamido)cephalosporanic acid derivatives

Synthesis of new cephalosporins possessing thieno [2,3-d]pyrimidine is described in the present paper. Potassium salts of 2-thio-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrothieno [2,3-d]pyrimidines, which gave then 2-carboxymethylmercapto-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrothieno [2,3-d]pyrimidines, were prepared from 2-amino-3-carbethoxythiophene derivatives. These compounds were allowed to react with 7-aminocephalosporamic acid (ACA) benzhydryl esters or with 7 beta-chloroacetamidocephalosporanic acid derivatives to obtain new cephalosporins. Antibacterial activities of these new cephalosporins are summarized in the present paper as well.