HPLC和GC-MS检测两种提取法所得当归挥发油的化学成分

目的 比较两种提取方法所得挥发油的化学成分.方法 当归药材用水蒸气蒸馏和石油醚提取,用HPLC和GC-MS两种方法比较提取物.结果 HPLC和GC-MS分析当归两种提取方法所得两种挥发油,分别占100%、50%和34%、43%.石油醚法所得苯酞类化合物的种类比水蒸气蒸馏法的多.后者提取的为小分子易挥发的烯萜类成分,与文献报道相同.石油醚法收率是水蒸气蒸馏提取的2.5倍.结论 两种提取法所得挥发油化学成分有差异,石油醚提取当归挥发油较好.     

2种试剂检测人类免疫缺陷病毒结果的比较分析

目的 评价国产试剂与进口试剂检测效果.方法 选择了2种试剂(一种国产试剂,一种进口试剂),以2010年1月至2011年12月的样本进行检测,分析了2种试剂检测结果 的特异性、灵敏度和假阳性率;用国家参考品血清盘对2种试剂进行考核,讨论了他们的符合率、精密度.结果 进口试剂和国产试剂的灵敏度均为100%.在特异性和假阳性率方面不存在显著差异.经过国家参考品复核.2种试剂的符合率、精密度达到相关要求.结论 国产试剂的检测效果与进口试剂不存在差异.     

4种海参多肽抗氧化活性的比较研究

目的比较大西洋海参(Holothuria coluber Semper)、东海海参(Acaudina mobpadioides Semper)、刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)和加州拟刺参(Parastichopus californicus)这4种海参多肽的抗氧化活性。方法经酶解、超滤得到海参多肽,通过其对DPPH.、.OH和O2-.的清除效率来比较4种海参多肽的抗氧化活性。结果与结论4种海参多肽对自由基的清除能力总体上均随样品质量浓度的增加而增强,但同一种海参多肽对3种自由基的清除能力各不相同。大西洋海参多肽、刺参多肽和加州拟刺参多肽分别对.OH、DPPH.和O2-.的清除能力最强。此外,4种海参多肽中含有的主要氨基酸均为甘氨酸和丙氨酸。     

载盐酸普萘洛尔的SWELSTARTM MX-1骨架片及羟丙甲纤维素骨架片体外释药的比较

以水溶性药物盐酸普萘洛尔为模型药,分别制备了SWELSTARTM MX-1(下称MX-1)骨架片和羟丙甲纤维素(HPMC)骨架片.考察了两种空白骨架片在4种介质[0.1 mol/L盐酸、pH 6.8和7.2磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、水]中的吸水膨胀和溶蚀情况.结果表明,介质的pH和离子强度对MX-1骨架片的吸水膨胀和溶蚀无显著影响,而对HPMC骨架片的影响较大.采用零级、一级、Higuchi和Ritger-Peppas模型拟合两种骨架片在4种介质中的释药行为.结果表明,HPMC骨架片在pH 7.2 PBS中的释放比其他3种介质中快,而MX-1骨架片在4种介质中的释放行为没有明显变化.两种骨架片在4种介质中的释药机制均为药物扩散和骨架溶蚀协同作用,累积释放率数据均符合Ritger-Peppas模型.本研究表明,MX-1比HPMC有更好的抗高离子强度能力.     

4种中药材及其杂品的鉴别

目的 探讨4种常用中药材的正品、伪劣品、混淆品的鉴别方法.方法 运用来源鉴定、性状鉴定的方法区分4种常用中药材的真品和伪劣品、混淆品.结果 升麻、酸枣仁、肉苁蓉和五加皮均可采用来源鉴定、性状鉴定的方法区别伪劣品和混淆品.结论 通过探讨4种常用中药材及其伪劣品、混淆品的鉴别方法,引起医疗工作者和广大消费者的重视,保证中药材安全合理的使用,减少医疗事故的发生,提高临床疗效和患者的满意度.     

2005年～2007年我院降糖药物应用分析

采用限定日剂量分析方法 ,统计2005年～2007年我院降糖药物的销售金额、DDDs、DDC等数据.结果 我院降糖药物主要有14种,其中口服药10种,注射剂4种.3年来每年的销售金额增幅分别为26.16%和24.15%.总用药频度分别有17.52%和26.25%的增加幅度.     

1HNMR- PR研究4种基源种川贝母的整体差异性

目的 比较川贝母4种基源种的种内、种间化学成分的整体差异性.方法 采用1 HNMR采集川贝母样品的信息,采用模式识别分析法中的聚类分析、主成分分析法分析信息.结果 4种川贝母基源种间的相似度较高,但种内、种间样品存在细微差异.同一基源种川贝母样品间的主要差异体现在成分的含量上,而不同基源种样品间则存在成分含最和成分类别...     

头孢哌酮与丁胺卡那及环丙沙星在输液中的配伍变化

目的研究头孢哌酮、丁胺卡那及环丙沙星分别与5%葡萄糖、10%葡萄糖、5%葡萄糖盐和生理盐水榆液配伍的稳定性,以及这四种输液加入5%碳酸氢钠后的稳定性.方法将头孢哌酮、丁胺卡那及环丙沙星分别加入5%葡萄糖、1 0%葡萄糖、5%葡萄糖盐和生理盐水后,以及这四种输液加入5%碳酸氢钠后,在不同的时间检测含量、洲值及外观及微粒总数.结果这3种药物分别与4种输液的配伍在常温下9小时内是稳定的.头孢哌酮与4种输液配伍后加入5%内含量仍在95%以上,而微粒总数增加.结论这3种药物分别与四种输液能配伍,但应注意输液时间.     

韭菜子及其两种混淆品的鉴别

目的 区分韭菜子及其两种混伪品葱子和曼陀罗子,以便去伪存真.方法 从基源、性状、粉末显微、薄层色谱等方面对这3种种子进行鉴别.结果 所用方法可鉴别出韭菜子等3种药材有明显区别.结论 韭菜子、葱子和曼陀罗子虽外形相似,但只要掌握鉴别要点,则可区分.     

试论急性肝炎的预防与治疗

肝炎分为急性肝炎和慢性肝炎两种,急性肝炎指由肝炎病毒所引起的一种以肝脏损害为主的全身性急性传染病.病理学上以急性肝细胞坏死和炎症反应为特点.主要临床表现以乏力、精神不振、肝部疼痛、食欲减退、恶心、讨厌油腻、肝部肿大及肝功能异常为主,部分患者出现发热症状.如果诊治及时,调护得当,病情大多能顺利恢复,少数会迁延成慢性重症.该病的发病机制较为复杂,目前仍没有完全阐明,主要与病毒感染及免疫反应因素有关;目前能通过特异性检查明确的肝炎病毒至少有六种,即甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、庚型肝炎病毒,分别引起甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、庚型病毒性肝炎.临床上分为急性黄疸型肝炎和急性无黄疸型肝炎两种.由于与其他传染病一样,急性肝炎有传染源、传播途径和易感人群等特征.因此,笔者根据临床经验,进行阐述.     

Mode of action: inhibition of histone deacetylase, altering WNT-dependent gene expression, and regulation of beta-catenin--developmental effects of valproic acid

Valproic acid (VPA) has long been known to cause spina bifida, a neural tube defect, and other effects in fetuses of women treated with this drug. Toxicological tests in laboratory mice and rats at human therapeutic doses also show neural tube and other defects. Studies show that VPA alters Wnt signaling in human and animal cells, inducing Wnt-dependent gene expression at doses that cause developmental effects. Structural analogues of VPA that do not have this effect on Wnt signaling do not cause developmental effects. Similarly, Trichostatin A, a compound that mimics VPA in its effects on Wnt gene expression, also causes similar developmental effects. Alteration of Wnt signaling is empirically well supported as the postulated mode of action (MOA) for VPA's developmental effects in animals. VPA causes alteration of Wnt signaling in both human and animal cells systems at the same dose levels. The correspondence of effects on signaling and of effects on development in animals and humans supports the view that alteration of Wnt signaling is a relevant MOA in humans.     

Adverse effects of gabapentin and lack of anti-allodynic efficacy of amitriptyline in the streptozotocin model of painful diabetic neuropathy

Amitriptyline and gabapentin are the primary treatments for painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN), and it is clear that they produce beneficial effects, but there are questions about these treatments that have not been adequately addressed. For example, although there is a growing consensus that the therapeutic effects of amitriptyline in pain patients are independent of its effects on mood, it is not clear that amitriptyline has specific and direct effects on pain. There is also a fairly broad consensus that gabapentin is safe and well tolerated, but the side-effect profile of gabapentin has not been adequately assessed in pain populations. The rat streptozotocin (STZ) model of PDN was used (a) to assess the effects of amitriptyline on objective, quantitative measures of tactile allodynia, a common type of pain in PDN patients, and (b) to assess the side effects of gabapentin using measures of motor/ambulatory and cognitive function. Amitriptyline did not attenuate STZ-induced mechanical allodynia, even after chronic administration of high doses. Gabapentin produced robust anti-allodynic effects but also produced deficits in tests of motor/ambulatory and cognitive functions. The present experiments suggest that the beneficial effects of amitriptyline in PDN may not be a result of anti-allodynic efficacy and that gabapentin produces robust anti-allodynic effects but may also produce significant motor and cognitive deficits even at or near the lowest effective doses. These findings challenge the consensus opinions about these primary treatments for PDN and suggest that their therapeutic and adverse effects should be explored further in pain patients.     

Relationship of the behavioral effects of aprophen, atropine and scopolamine to antagonism of the behavioral effects of physostigmine

Behavioral effects of aprophen, atropine and scopolamine, in rats, were examined under a multiple schedule of food presentation and at different injection-test times. The effects of the varied treatments were compared to the ability of the drugs, under identical conditions, to prevent the behavioral effects of the anticholinesterase, physostigmine. Potencies of the antagonists to decrease response rates varied across three log units. All three antagonists produced dose-related attenuation of the response suppressant effects of physostigmine. In general, aprophen was a better antagonist than scopolamine or atropine. It blocked behavioral effects of physostigmine across a wider range of doses than the other compounds, and did so with less behavioral disruption. Although substantial differences between the three antagonists were observed, the behavioral effects of all three antagonists (when administered alone) were positively correlated with their efficacy as antagonists of the response suppressant effects of physostigmine.     

Exploration of the anti-depressant potential of L-DOPA

Upon reviewing the literature on L-DOPA in the treatment of depression, it was found that conflicting findings were reported on its usefulness as an antidepressant. We decided to investigate its potential usefulness as an antidepressant in an animal test model. In this test, a potential antidepressant should potentiate the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of yohimbine, a naturally occurring indole alkaloid, in conscious dogs. We have further investigated the interactions of L-DOPA with antagonists and drugs that potentiate its effects. Mongrel dogs were prepared aseptically by placing an indwelling cannula in the femoral artery for recording arterial pressure. Experiments were started one week post-operatively. Each dog was its own control. The effects of L-DOPA (30 mg/kg) and yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg) were recorded individually and in combination. L-DOPA produced sedative effects, whereas yohimbine produced stimulatory effects. L-DOPA failed to potentiate yohimbine effects; in fact it partially inhibited yohimbine. Ro 4-4602 (50 mg/kg), a decarboxylase inhibitor markedly inhibited the effects of L-DOPA. It was concluded that this dose of Ro 4-4602, probably also inhibited central decarboxylase. Haloperidol (0.1–0.2 mg/kg), a dopamine antagonist, completely prevented the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of L-DOPA. Following imipramine (1.5 mg/kg) pretreatment, L-DOPA failed to produce any behavioral effects. However, imipramine, when administered 10–15 min after L-DOPA, markedly increased behavioral effects but reduced the cardiovascular and emetic effects. The results of the present study are consistent with our review of the literature, finding L-DOPA not to be an antidepressant in man, but inducing, rather, motor mobilization.This work was supported by USPHS Grant MH-12383     

A synthesis of the effects of pesticides on microbial persistence in aquatic ecosystems

Pesticides have a pervasive presence in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. While pesticides are intended to control fungi, insects, and other pests, their mechanisms of action are often not specific enough to prevent unintended effects, such as on non-target microbial populations. Microorganisms, including algae and cyanobacteria, protozoa, aquatic fungi, and bacteria, form the basis of many food webs and are responsible for crucial aspects of biogeochemical cycling; therefore, the potential for pesticides to alter microbial community structures must be understood to preserve ecosystem services. This review examines studies that focused on direct population-level effects and indirect community-level effects of pesticides on microorganisms. Generally, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides were found to have adverse direct effects on algal and fungal species. Insecticides and fungicides also had deleterious direct effects in the majority of studies examining protozoa species, although herbicides were found to have inconsistent direct effects on protozoans. Our synthesis revealed mixed or no direct effects on bacterial species among all pesticide categories, with results highly dependent on the target species, chemical, and concentration used in the study. Examination of community-level, indirect effects revealed that all pesticide categories had a tendency to reduce higher trophic levels, thereby diminishing top-down pressures and favoring lower trophic levels. Often, indirect effects exerted greater influence than direct effects. However, few studies have been conducted to specifically address community-level effects of pesticides on microorganisms, and further research is necessary to better understand and predict the net effects of pesticides on ecosystem health.     

混合效应线性模型与单因素方差分析在重复测量数据中的应用比较

目的:通过混合效应线性模型与单因素方差分析在重复测量资料中的应用比较,旨在说明两方法在处理重复测量资料时的应用特点。方法:用混合效应线性模型和单因素方差分析处理重复测量资料并比较。结果:混合效应线性模型和单因素方差分析都是处理重复测量资料的重要统计方法,前者在选择协方差结构下可对重复测量资料的固定效应和随机效应参数及协方差矩阵进行参数估计和统计检验,后者可对重复测量资料的固定效应做出统计推断。结论:混合效应线性模型是处理重复测量资料的有力方法,它对资料的协方差结构要求宽松,且结论可靠;单因素方差分析对资料的协方差结构有严格的限定。     

Studies of the potential genotoxic effects of furoxans: the case of CAS 1609 and of the water-soluble analogue of CHF 2363

CAS 1609 (compound 1) and CHF 2363 (compound 2) are two furoxan derivatives able to release nitric oxide (NO) under physiological conditions, and display typical NO-dependent vasodilator activity. The potential genotoxic effects of compound 1 and of the water-soluble analogue of CHF 2363 (compound 2a) were investigated. The results show that the two compounds induce genotoxic effects only at concentrations that significantly reduce cell viability. However, in the case of compound 1 this range of concentrations is one order of magnitude higher than the one leading to the beneficial effects, while in the case of compound 2a these ranges partially overlap. In both cases the release of NO plays a key role in the induction of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, since the non-NO-donating furazan analogues display a different toxicological profile, and since the effects were reduced in the presence of oxyhaemoglobin, a well-known NO-scavenger.     

他克莫司药理作用及临床疗效的研究进展

目的:总结他克莫司的药理作用和临床疗效,以期为临床合理使用提供参考。方法:查阅近期国内外相关文献,对他克莫司重要药理作用及疗效、药物相互作用、不良反应进行归纳、总结。结果:他克莫司具有免疫抑制、促神经再生作用,能有效治疗特应性皮炎、类风湿性关节炎、重症肌无力等疾病,与许多药物存在相互作用,可引起神经毒性、心肌增厚、牙龈增生等不良反应。结论:他克莫司临床应用广泛,明确其药理作用及疗效、药物相互作用、不良反应,为临床安全、合理使用提供参考。     

Comparison of imipramine-imipraminium in mice. To elucidate central or peripheral origin of effects of imipramine

Imipramine hydrochloride shows effects in a battery of tests used for the screening of antidepressant drugs. The central origin of these pharmacological effects of imipramine has not been clearly established. Imipramine methiodide is a quaternary derivative of imipramine which does not cross the blood-brain barrier easily. The effects of the two forms of imipramine have been compared: on an effect known to have a central origin; on two effects known to have a peripheral origin; on a battery of tests used for the screening of antidepressant drugs. It has been demonstrated that imipramine methiodide is as active as imipramine hydrochloride on two effects of peripheral origin, less active than imipramine hydrochloride on an effect considered to have a central origin and less active than imipramine hydrochloride or inactive on the tests which are used for the screening of antidepressant drugs. Consequently, the tests used for the screening of antidepressant drugs represent, primarily or exclusively, effects of central origin.     

天麻素在神经系统的药理作用研究概况

天麻素是中药天麻中的主要活性成分之一,由于药理作用广泛,毒副作用小,受到人们的广泛关注。近年来,国内外多项研究证明,天麻素可以减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤、改善帕金森病与老年性痴呆症病情、抑制神经性疼痛,还能对其他神经系统疾病起到一定的防治作用。因此,本文对天麻素在神经系统的药理作用及作用机制做了详细阐述,并对其开发、利用提供思路和理论依据。